[{"name":"Heart Failure (Left Sided)","after":{"null":["Dyspnea","Pulmonary Edema","Hyponatremia","Cardiorenal Syndrome","Wheezing","Pulmonary Hypertension WHO group II","T wave inversion on EKG","Heart Failure (Right Sided)"]},"before":{"null":["Myocarditis","Amyloidosis","Myocardial Infarction","Acromegaly","Takotsubo (Stress) Cardiomyopathy","Dilated Cardiomyopathy","Restrictive Cardiomyopathy","Cocaine\/ Methamphetamine","AV shunts within bone"]},"description":"Heart failure (left sided) is a condition in which the left side of the heart is unable to pump blood effectively, leading to fluid buildup in the lungs and throughout the body. This can occur due to damage to the heart muscle from various causes, such as high blood pressure, coronary artery disease, or previous heart attacks. Symptoms can include shortness of breath, fatigue, swelling of the legs and ankles, and coughing or wheezing. Treatment may involve medication, dietary changes, and sometimes surgery or other interventions to improve heart function."},{"name":"Peripheral Edema","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"Bilateral":["Renal Failure (ESRD)","Heart Failure (Right Sided)","Venous Insufficiency","Hypoalbuminemia"],"Unilateral":["Lymphedema","Deep Venous Thrombus (DVT)","Cellulitis"],"null":[]},"description":"Peripheral edema is a swelling of the tissues in the legs, ankles, and feet that is caused by fluid retention in the body. This can occur due to various medical conditions such as heart failure, liver disease, kidney disease, and certain medications. Symptoms of peripheral edema include swelling, puffiness, and tightness in the affected areas, as well as stretched and shiny skin and increased difficulty in moving the affected area."},{"name":"Dyspnea","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"Cardiac":["Heart Failure (Left Sided)","Cardiac Tamponade","Myocardial Infarction","Constrictive Pericarditis"],"Pulmonary":["Asthma","Pneumonia","Interstitial Lung Disease","COPD","Pulmonary Edema","Pulmonary Hypertension","Pulmonary Embolism","Bronchiectasis"],"Heme\/other":["Panic Attack","Anemia"],"null":[]},"description":"Dyspnea refers to shortness of breath or difficulty in breathing. It is a sensation of discomfort, tightness or a feeling of not getting enough air, and can be due to a variety of underlying medical conditions, such as respiratory disorders, heart problems or anxiety disorders. Dyspnea can occur at rest or during physical activity and can be an acute or chronic condition. It can also be accompanied by other symptoms such as wheezing, coughing, chest pain, or rapid breathing."},{"name":"Anemia","after":{"null":["Dyspnea","Weakness","Stable Angina","Fatigue","Headache"]},"before":{"Microcytic":["Iron Deficiency","Sideroblastic Anemia","Beta Thalassemia","Alpha Thalassemia"],"Normocytic":["Hemolysis","Aplastic Anemia","Parvovirus B19","Myelophthisic Process","Anemia of Renal Failure"],"Macrocytic":["Vitamin B12 Deficiency","Folate Deficiency","Alcoholism","Liver Cirrhosis","Myelodysplastic Syndrome"],"null":[]},"description":"Anemia is a condition characterized by a deficiency in the number or quality of red blood cells in the body, leading to a decreased oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood. This can result in fatigue, weakness, shortness of breath, and other symptoms. Anemia can be caused by a variety of factors, including nutritional deficiencies, blood loss, or certain medical conditions. Treatment may involve addressing the underlying cause, as well as iron supplements, blood transfusions, or other therapies to increase red blood cell production."},{"name":"Iron Deficiency","after":{"null":["Anemia","Low ferritin","High TIBC (>300 ug\/dL) or Transferrin","Low iron saturation (<33%)","Thrombocytosis","Restless Leg Syndrome","Pica (ice craving)"]},"before":{"null":["Malnutrition","Heavy Menstrual Bleeding","Malabsorption","Lower Gastrointestinal Bleed (LGIB)","Plummer Vinson Syndrome"]},"description":"Anemia due to decreased levels of iron. The most common type of anemia."},{"name":"Beta Thalassemia","after":{"null":["Anemia","High HbF (alpha2gamma2)","High HbA2 (alpha2delta2)","Low HbA (alpha2beta2)","High RBC Mass","Target cells on smear"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Anemia due to decreased synthesis of the beta globin chain of hemoglobin"},{"name":"Sideroblastic Anemia","after":{"null":["Anemia","High ferritin","Low TIBC (<300 ug\/dL) or Transferrin","High iron saturation (>33%)"]},"before":{"null":["Alcoholism","Lead poisoning","Vitamin B6 Deficiency","Aminolevulinic acid synthetase (ALAS) Deficiency"]},"description":"Sideroblastic anemia is a rare type of anemia characterized by the inability of red blood cells to efficiently produce hemoglobin due to defects in the iron utilization pathway. This leads to the accumulation of iron in the mitochondria of developing red blood cells, resulting in anemia, fatigue, and other symptoms. It can be either congenital or acquired, with the acquired form often caused by excessive alcohol consumption, lead poisoning, or certain medications. Treatment options include iron chelation therapy, blood transfusions, and, in some cases, bone marrow transplantation."},{"name":"Alpha Thalassemia","after":{"null":["Anemia","High RBC Mass"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Anemia due to decreased sythesis of the alpha glogin chain in hemoglobin"},{"name":"COPD","after":{"null":["Dyspnea","Respiratory Acidosis","Decreased DLCO","Wheezing","Obstructive lung disease","Pulmonary Hypertension WHO group III","Right Axis Deviation on EKG","Cough"]},"before":{"null":["Smoking","Alpha 1-Antitrypsin Deficiency"]},"description":"COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) is a lung disease characterized by airflow limitation that is not fully reversible. It is a progressive disease that typically involves the narrowing of airways and destruction of lung tissue, leading to symptoms such as chronic cough, shortness of breath, wheezing, chest tightness, and excessive production of mucus. COPD is most commonly caused by cigarette smoking but can also be caused by exposure to other air pollutants and genetic factors. The disease is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide."},{"name":"Alcoholism","after":{"null":["Anemia","Sideroblastic Anemia","Folate Deficiency","Pancreatitis","Peptic Ulcer","Vitamin B1 Deficiency","Seizure","Hypophosphatemia","Atrial fibrillation","GERD","Alcoholic Liver Disease","Chronic Pancreatitis","Dilated Cardiomyopathy","Mallory Weiss Tear","Laryngeal Carcinoma","Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma","Gastritis"]},"before":{"null":["Kartagener syndrome (ciliary dysfunction)"]},"description":"Alcoholism is a chronic disorder in which a person has a dependency on alcohol, leading to a range of negative physical, emotional, and social effects on their life. An individual with alcoholism may suffer from cravings, withdrawal symptoms, and an inability to control their drinking despite negative consequences, such as relationship problems, job loss, and legal issues. Alcoholism can lead to serious health problems, including liver disease, heart disease, and cancer, and can ultimately be fatal if not effectively treated."},{"name":"Liver Cirrhosis","after":{"Decreased Detoxification":["Hepatopulmonary Syndrome","Hepatorenal Syndrome","Hepatic Encephalopathy","Spider Angioma","Palmar Erythema","Indirect Hyperbilirubinemia","Direct Hyperbilirubinemia","Anemia","Hepatocellular Carcinoma"],"Decreased Synthesis":["Vitamin D Deficiency","Coagulopathy","Decreased Alpha2-antiplasmin","Thrombocytopenia","Hypoglycemia","Hypoalbuminemia"],"Mechanical Pressure":["Portal Hypertension","Portopulmonary Hypertension","Hyponatremia"],"null":["Gynecomastia"]},"before":{"null":["Congestive hepatopathy","Hepatitis B","Hepatitis C","Primary Biliary Cirrhosis","Alcoholic Liver Disease","Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease","Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis","Alpha 1-Antitrypsin Deficiency","Hemochromatosis","Wilson Disease","Autoimmune Hepatitis"]},"description":"Liver cirrhosis is a chronic liver disease characterized by the formation of fibrous scar tissue in the liver. This scarring gradually replaces healthy liver tissue, causing dysfunction and impeding blood flow through the liver. As a result, the liver is unable to perform its vital functions, including filtering toxins from the blood, producing bile to aid digestion, and storing nutrients. Cirrhosis can be caused by various factors, including excessive alcohol consumption, chronic hepatitis, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)."},{"name":"Nephrotic Syndrome","after":{"null":["Hypoalbuminemia","Hyponatremia","Hypercoagulable State","Hypogammaglobulinemia","Proteinuria","Hyperlipidemia","Fatty casts in urine","Glomerular disease"]},"before":{"null":["Amyloidosis","Diabetic Nephropathy","Minimal Change Disease","Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis","Membranous Nephropathy","Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis"]},"description":"Nephrotic syndrome is a kidney disorder characterized by excessive protein loss in urine, low levels of protein in the blood, elevated blood cholesterol levels, and swelling due to fluid retention, especially in the legs and feet. It can be caused by various underlying health conditions, including glomerulonephritis, diabetes, lupus, and other kidney diseases. The symptoms of nephrotic syndrome can vary in severity, and treatment may involve medications and lifestyle changes to manage symptoms and prevent further complications."},{"name":"Hypoalbuminemia","after":{"null":["Peripheral Edema","Pleural Effusion","Pseudohypocalcemia"]},"before":{"null":["Liver Cirrhosis","Nephrotic Syndrome","Malnutrition","Sepsis","Protein Losing Enteropathy"]},"description":"Hypoalbuminemia is a medical condition in which there is abnormally low levels of the protein albumin in the blood. Albumin is the most abundant protein in the blood and is produced by the liver. It plays a vital role in maintaining the proper pressure gradients in the blood vessels and transporting various substances, such as hormones, medications, and nutrients. Hypoalbuminemia is usually a sign of an underlying health condition, such as liver disease, kidney disease, malnutrition, inflammatory conditions, or a chronic illness. Sustained hypoalbuminemia can lead to several complications, including fluid retention, increased risk of infections, and compromised healing ability."},{"name":"Malnutrition","after":{"null":["Iron Deficiency","Hypoalbuminemia","Folate Deficiency","Hypovolemia","Cachexia","Hypoglycemia","Starvation Ketosis"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":""},{"name":"Vitamin B12 Deficiency","after":{"null":["Anemia","Hyperhomocysteinemia","Elevated Methylmalonic Acid","Peripheral Neuropathy","Dementia","Hypersegmented neutrophils (>5 lobes) (megaloblasts)","Glossitis","Pancytopenia"]},"before":{"null":["Crohn Disease","Chronic Pancreatitis","Tropical Sprue","Veganism","Pernicious anemia","Proton pump inhibitor use","Pancreatic exocrine insufficiency","Diphyllobothrium latum (fish tapeworm) infection"]},"description":"Vitamin B12 deficiency is a condition in which the body does not have enough vitamin B12 to carry out essential functions. This vitamin is important for maintaining nerve function, making red blood cells, and DNA synthesis. Symptoms of a deficiency may include fatigue, weakness, nervous system problems, and anemia. The deficiency can be caused by various factors, including inadequate dietary intake, poor absorption, or certain medical conditions. Treatment may include dietary changes, vitamin supplements, and in severe cases, injections of vitamin B12."},{"name":"Folate Deficiency","after":{"null":["Anemia","Hyperhomocysteinemia","Hypersegmented neutrophils (>5 lobes) (megaloblasts)","Glossitis","Pancytopenia"]},"before":{"null":["Alcoholism","Malnutrition","Hemolysis","State of Malignancy","Methotrexate use"]},"description":"Folate deficiency is a condition where an individual has low levels of folate (vitamin B9) in their body. Folate is an essential vitamin that is required for proper growth and development of the body. It plays a crucial role in the formation of red blood cells, the synthesis of DNA, and other important biological processes. A deficiency in folate can lead to a variety of health problems, including anemia, birth defects, and increased risk of certain types of cancer. Symptoms of folate deficiency include fatigue, weakness, sore tongue, mouth ulcers, and poor concentration."},{"name":"Pulmonary Edema","after":{"null":["Dyspnea","Crackles (Rales)"]},"before":{"null":["Heart Failure (Left Sided)","Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)","Mitral Stenosis"]},"description":"Pulmonary edema is a condition in which fluid accumulates in the air spaces and tissues within the lungs, making it difficult to breathe. This can be caused by various factors including heart failure, pneumonia, high altitude, or exposure to certain toxins. It is a serious condition that requires medical attention and treatment to prevent complications. Symptoms may include shortness of breath, coughing, wheezing, and chest pain. Treatment may include oxygen therapy, diuretics, and medication to manage the underlying cause."},{"name":"Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)","after":{"null":["Pulmonary Edema","Decreased DLCO","pO2\/FiO2<200"]},"before":{"null":["Sepsis","Pancreatitis","Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation","Pneumonia","Aspiration","Transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI)"]},"description":"Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) is a severe respiratory illness that occurs when fluid builds up in the tiny air sacs (alveoli) in the lungs, causing difficulty in breathing, low oxygen levels in the blood, and organ failure. It can be caused by various factors, including infections, inhalation of harmful substances, and injuries to the chest or head. ARDS is a medical emergency that requires immediate treatment in an intensive care unit."},{"name":"Sepsis","after":{"null":["Hypoalbuminemia","Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)","Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation","Neutropenia","Increased glycolysis"]},"before":{"null":["Bacteremia"]},"description":""},{"name":"Pancreatitis","after":{"null":["Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)","Abdominal Pain","Pleural Effusion","Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation","Hypocalcemia","Nausea","Chronic Pancreatitis","Pancreatic pseudocyst"]},"before":{"null":["Alcoholism","Gallstones (Cholelithiasis)","Hypertriglyceridemia","Hypercalcemia","Mumps","Abdominal trauma","Posterior duodenal ulcer rupture"]},"description":"Pancreatitis is a condition characterized by inflammation of the pancreas, a glandular organ located behind the stomach. It can range from mild to severe, acute or chronic, and can cause abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, fever, and other symptoms. Pancreatitis can be caused by various factors, including alcohol consumption, gallstones, high levels of triglycerides in the blood, infections, certain medications, and genetic factors. Treatment may involve hospitalization, medication to manage pain and inflammation, changes in diet and lifestyle, and, in severe cases, surgery."},{"name":"Gallstones (Cholelithiasis)","after":{"null":["Pancreatitis","Choledocolithiasis","Biliary colic","Cholecystitis","Ascending Cholangitis","Gallstone Ileus"]},"before":{"null":["Cholesterol stone","Bilirubin stone"]},"description":"Gallstones (cholelithiasis) are small, solid masses or stones that form in the gallbladder, a small organ located near the liver that produces and stores bile. Bile helps in the digestion of fats and cholesterol in the body. When there is an excess of cholesterol or bilirubin in the bile, it can harden into gallstones. These stones can range in size from tiny pebbles to large, round, golf ball-sized stones. Gallstones may cause symptoms such as pain in the upper right abdomen, nausea, vomiting, and bloating. In severe cases, they may require surgical removal."},{"name":"Coronary Artery Disease","after":{"null":["Myocardial Infarction","Stable Angina"]},"before":{"null":["Atherosclerosis"]},"description":"Coronary artery disease is a condition in which the blood vessels that supply the heart muscle become narrow or blocked due to the buildup of plaque. This can result in reduced blood flow to the heart and may cause chest pain or a heart attack. Risk factors for coronary artery disease include high blood pressure, high cholesterol, diabetes, smoking, and a family history of heart disease. Treatment may involve lifestyle changes, medications, and procedures such as angioplasty or bypass surgery."},{"name":"Hypertriglyceridemia","after":{"null":["Pancreatitis"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Hypertriglyceridemia is a condition characterized by abnormally high levels of triglycerides in the blood, which are a type of fat or lipid. It is a common condition that can increase the risk for cardiovascular disease, pancreatitis, and other health problems. The exact threshold for a diagnosis of hypertriglyceridemia varies by age, sex, and other factors, but generally it is defined as a fasting triglyceride level greater than 150 mg\/dL. Lifestyle changes such as diet and exercise, along with medications, can be used to manage and treat hypertriglyceridemia."},{"name":"Hypercalcemia","after":{"null":["Pancreatitis","Peptic Ulcer","Hypertension","Altered Mental Status","Acute Tubular Necrosis","Weakness","Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus","Constipation","Short QT on EKG","GERD","Hypercalciuria","Nephrocalcinosis"]},"before":{"null":["Respiratory Acidosis","Metabolic Acidosis","Primary Hyperparathyroidism","Sarcoidosis","Thyrotoxicosis","Milk-Alkali Syndrome","Bone lytic lesions","Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Lung","Familial Hypocalciuric Hypercalemia","Vitamin D Intoxication"]},"description":"Hypercalcemia is a condition characterized by abnormally high levels of calcium in the blood, usually defined as a serum calcium level exceeding 10.5 mg\/dL (2.5 mmol\/L). This can be caused by a variety of factors, including overactive parathyroid glands, certain medications, cancer, and some other medical conditions. Symptoms may include nausea, vomiting, constipation, bone pain, confusion, weakness, and fatigue. Treatment may involve addressing the underlying cause, medications, and dietary changes."},{"name":"Abdominal Pain","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Pancreatitis","Appendicitis","Peptic Ulcer","Crohn Disease","Aortic Dissection","Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm","Diverticulitis","Non-Ulcer Dyspepsia","Chronic Pancreatitis","Irritable Bowel Syndrome","Hepatic Vein Thrombus (Budd-Chiari Syndrome)","Mesenteric Ischemia","Hepatitis","Ulcerative Colitis","Pancreatic Carcinoma","Biliary colic","Cholecystitis","Ascending Cholangitis","Ectopic Pregnancy","Ketoacidosis"]},"description":"Abdominal pain refers to discomfort or pain felt in the area between the chest and the pelvis, also known as the abdomen. This pain can vary in intensity, location, and duration. It can be caused by a variety of factors, such as inflammation, infection, injury, digestive disorders, and other medical conditions. The pain can present as sharp, dull, cramping, or aching and can be accompanied by other symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, or constipation."},{"name":"Appendicitis","after":{"null":["Abdominal Pain","Peritonitis","Periappendiceal abscess"]},"before":{"null":["Lymphoid hyperplasia","Fecalith"]},"description":"Appendicitis is an inflammation of the appendix, a small pouch attached to the large intestine on the lower right side of the abdomen. It is usually caused by a blockage of the appendix, often by a small piece of hardened stool, which leads to the growth of bacteria and swelling of the appendix. Symptoms include abdominal pain, fever, nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, and difficulty passing gas. Appendicitis is usually treated with surgery to remove the inflamed appendix."},{"name":"Peptic Ulcer","after":{"null":["Abdominal Pain","Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding (UGIB)","GI Chest Pain"]},"before":{"null":["Alcoholism","Hypercalcemia","H. Pylori Infection","NSAID use","Gastrinoma (Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome)","Burns","Head Trauma","Gastric Carcinoma","Mechanical Ventilation"]},"description":"Peptic ulcer is a type of ulcer that occurs in the lining of the stomach, esophagus, or small intestine due to erosion caused by the stomach acid and digestive juices. It is mainly caused by a bacterial infection with Helicobacter pylori and\/or by prolonged use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Symptoms may include pain, discomfort, indigestion, nausea, and vomiting. Peptic ulcers are typically treated with antibiotics, acid reducers, and lifestyle changes."},{"name":"Colon Cancer","after":{"null":["Lower Gastrointestinal Bleed (LGIB)","Intussusception","Metastasis to Liver"]},"before":{"null":["Crohn Disease","Ulcerative Colitis","Colonic polyp","Familial Adenomatous Polyposis (FAP)","Hereditary non-polyposis colon cancer"]},"description":"Colon cancer is a type of cancer that develops in the colon, which is the longest part of the large intestine. It usually starts as a small, noncancerous growth called a polyp, which can over time become cancerous and invade nearby tissues or spread to other parts of the body. Common symptoms include changes in bowel habits, rectal bleeding, abdominal discomfort, and unintended weight loss. Early detection and treatment are important for a good prognosis."},{"name":"Heavy Menstrual Bleeding","after":{"null":["Iron Deficiency"]},"before":{"null":["Uterine Fibroids"]},"description":"Heavy menstrual bleeding, also known as menorrhagia, is defined as excessive or prolonged menstrual bleeding that lasts more than seven days or leads to the need to change sanitary protection frequently. It can be caused by hormonal imbalances, fibroids, polyps, adenomyosis, or other underlying medical conditions. Heavy menstrual bleeding can cause anemia, fatigue, and interfere with daily activities. Treatment options include hormonal therapies, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and surgical interventions."},{"name":"Uterine Fibroids","after":{"null":["Heavy Menstrual Bleeding"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Uterine fibroids, also known as leiomyomas or myomas, are non-cancerous growths that develop in the uterus. They are made up of smooth muscle cells and fibrous tissue and can range in size from small, pea-sized nodules to large tumors that can distort the shape of the uterus. Fibroids can be located within the uterus (intramural), outside the uterus (subserosal), or in the wall of the uterus (submucosal). They are very common, particularly in women of reproductive age, and may affect up to 80% of women by the age of 50. Most fibroids do not cause symptoms, but in some cases, they may cause heavy or prolonged periods, pain or discomfort, pressure on the bladder or bowel, or problems with fertility or pregnancy."},{"name":"Hyponatremia","after":{"null":["Seizure","Altered Mental Status","Cerebral Edema"]},"before":{"Hypervolemic":["Nephrotic Syndrome","Heart Failure (Left Sided)","Liver Cirrhosis","Renal Failure (ESRD)"],"Euvolemic":["SIADH","Hypothyroidism","Primary Polydipsia","Reset Osmostat","Tea\/Toast Syndrome ","Hypocortisolism"],"Hypovolemic":["Diuretics","Cerebral Salt Wasting","Mineralocorticoid Insufficiency"],"null":[]},"description":"Hyponatremia is a medical condition characterized by low levels of sodium in the blood. Sodium is an important electrolyte that helps regulate the fluid balance in the body. When the concentration of sodium in the blood drops to a dangerous level, it can result in a variety of symptoms, including nausea, headache, confusion, seizures, and coma. Hyponatremia can be caused by a variety of factors, including excessive sweating, dehydration, drinking too much water, kidney disease, and certain medications. Treatment usually involves addressing the underlying cause, and in severe cases, intravenous fluids or medications may be needed to restore the sodium levels in the blood."},{"name":"Congestive hepatopathy","after":{"null":["Liver Cirrhosis","Hepatomegaly"]},"before":{"null":["Hepatic Vein Thrombus (Budd-Chiari Syndrome)","Constrictive Pericarditis","Heart Failure (Right Sided)"]},"description":"Congestive hepatopathy is a medical condition that refers to liver dysfunction due to congestive heart failure. It is a result of elevated venous pressure and reduced blood flow through the liver, leading to accumulation of fluid and toxins in liver cells. It often causes liver enlargement, mild jaundice, and elevated liver enzymes. Treatment focuses on managing the underlying heart condition and reducing liver congestion."},{"name":"Pleural Effusion","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"Exudative":["State of Malignancy","Pneumonia","Rheumatoid Arthritis","Eosinophilic Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis (Churg-Strauss)","Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis","Uremia","Lupus","Pancreatitis"],"Transudative":["Heart Failure (Right Sided)","Hypoalbuminemia","Constrictive Pericarditis","Hepatic Hydrothorax","Hypothyroidism"],"null":[]},"description":"Pleural effusion is a medical condition in which excess fluid accumulates in the pleural space, which is the space between the two layers of tissue (pleura) that surrounds the lungs. This fluid may compress the lung, making it difficult to breathe, and may also lead to inflammation and infection. Pleural effusion can be caused by a variety of underlying conditions, including heart failure, liver or kidney disease, pneumonia, cancer, or tuberculosis. Treatment typically involves draining the excess fluid and treating the underlying cause of the effusion."},{"name":"Ascites","after":{"null":["Hepatic Hydrothorax","Abdominal Compartment Syndrome"]},"before":{"SAAG > 1.1":["Portal Hypertension"],"SAAG < 1.1":["Peritonitis","Ovarian Cancer"],"null":[]},"description":"Ascites is the accumulation of fluid within the abdominal cavity, typically causing abdominal swelling or distension. This fluid buildup is often a result of underlying medical conditions such as liver disease, heart failure, and certain types of cancer. Ascites can cause discomfort and make it difficult to breathe or move around, and can also be a sign of a more serious medical issue. Treatment depends on the underlying cause and may involve medications, dietary changes, and procedures to drain excess fluid."},{"name":"Hepatitis B","after":{"null":["Liver Cirrhosis","Hepatitis","Gamma globulin gap","Hepatocellular Carcinoma","Membranous Nephropathy","Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Hepatitis B is a viral infection that causes inflammation and damage to the liver. It is transmitted through contact with infected blood or bodily fluids, such as through unprotected sex, sharing of needles, or from an infected mother to her baby during childbirth. Symptoms may include fever, fatigue, abdominal pain, jaundice, and nausea. In some cases, chronic infection can lead to long-term liver damage and increased risk of liver cancer. Vaccination is available for prevention of hepatitis B."},{"name":"Hepatitis C","after":{"null":["Liver Cirrhosis","Hepatitis","Gamma globulin gap","Hepatocellular Carcinoma","Membranous Nephropathy","Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis","Lichen Planus","Cryoglobulinemia"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Hepatitis C is a viral infection that causes inflammation of the liver. It is caused by the hepatitis C virus (HCV) and spreads through contaminated blood, commonly through sharing needles, receiving a blood transfusion prior to 1992, or being exposed to contaminated medical equipment. It can lead to chronic liver disease, including cirrhosis and liver cancer, and is a leading cause of liver-related deaths worldwide."},{"name":"Primary Biliary Cirrhosis","after":{"null":["Liver Cirrhosis","Direct Hyperbilirubinemia","Antimitochondrial antibody (AMA) on labs"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) is a chronic autoimmune liver disease characterized by the progressive destruction of small bile ducts within the liver, leading to bile accumulation, inflammation, and scarring (cirrhosis). It is more common in middle-aged women and often presents with fatigue, pruritus, and jaundice. PBC is typically diagnosed through blood tests to detect the presence of antimitochondrial antibodies (AMAs) and liver function tests, along with a liver biopsy to confirm the diagnosis and assess the extent of damage. Treatment options include ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) to slow the progression of the disease and relieve symptoms, as well as liver transplantation for advanced cases."},{"name":"Spider Angioma","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Liver Cirrhosis"]},"description":"Spider Angioma is a type of vascular lesion that usually appears on the skin as a red central spot with radiating blood vessels, resembling a spider. It is caused by an abnormal collection of blood vessels near the surface of the skin and can occur as a solitary lesion or in clusters. Spider angiomas are commonly seen in liver disease, pregnancy, and hormonal imbalances. They are usually harmless and do not require treatment, but can be removed for cosmetic reasons or if they bleed excessively."},{"name":"Palmar Erythema","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Liver Cirrhosis"]},"description":"Palmar erythema is a condition characterized by the reddening of the palms of the hands. It can be caused by various factors such as hormonal changes, liver disease, medication side effects, or it may simply be a benign condition. The reddening of the palms is due to the increased blood flow to the area caused by the dilation of small blood vessels. Palmar erythema can be a symptom of an underlying medical condition or simply a cosmetic concern."},{"name":"Vitamin B1 Deficiency","after":{"null":["Dilated Cardiomyopathy"]},"before":{"null":["Alcoholism"]},"description":"Vitamin B1 deficiency is a condition that occurs when there is an inadequate intake or absorption of thiamine (vitamin B1) in the body. Thiamine is an essential nutrient that helps convert food into energy and plays a key role in the proper functioning of the nervous system. When there is a deficiency of this vitamin, it can lead to a variety of symptoms including muscle weakness, fatigue, nerve damage, and cardiovascular problems. Severe thiamine deficiency can also result in a condition known as beriberi, which can be life-threatening if left untreated."},{"name":"Myocarditis","after":{"null":["Heart Failure (Left Sided)","Cardiac Chest pain","Dilated Cardiomyopathy","ST Elevation on EKG","T wave inversion on EKG"]},"before":{"null":["Coxsackievirus","Influenza Virus","Acute Rheumatic Fever"]},"description":"Myocarditis is a medical condition characterized by inflammation of the heart muscle, which is the myocardium. This inflammation can weaken the heart\u2019s ability to pump blood and can cause damage to heart cells. It can be caused by a viral, bacterial, or fungal infection or an autoimmune response. Symptoms of myocarditis may include chest pain, shortness of breath, fatigue, or swollen legs and ankles. If left untreated, myocarditis can lead to heart failure or sudden death."},{"name":"Amyloidosis","after":{"null":["Heart Failure (Left Sided)","Nephrotic Syndrome","Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus","Infiltration","Carpal Tunnel Syndrome","Spinal Stenosis","Restrictive Cardiomyopathy","Mononeuritis Multiplex"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Amyloidosis is a group of rare diseases caused by the abnormal accumulation of protein in one or more organs or tissues. The accumulation of protein forms amyloid deposits that can interfere with normal organ function. Amyloidosis can affect different organs in the body, including the heart, kidneys, liver, spleen, nervous system, and digestive system. There are several types of amyloidosis, each with distinct clinical features, treatments, and prognoses."},{"name":"Portal Hypertension","after":{"null":["Ascites","Splenomegaly","Esophageal Varices","Gastric Varices","Caput Medusae","Hemorrhoids"]},"before":{"null":["Liver Cirrhosis","Cystic Fibrosis","Hepatic Vein Thrombus (Budd-Chiari Syndrome)","Constrictive Pericarditis","Heart Failure (Right Sided)"]},"description":"Portal hypertension is a condition involving increased pressure in the portal vein, which carries blood from the digestive organs to the liver. This increased pressure can cause complications such as varices (enlarged veins) in the esophagus and stomach, ascites (fluid buildup in the abdomen), and hepatic encephalopathy (brain dysfunction due to liver failure). It is commonly associated with liver disease, such as cirrhosis."},{"name":"Splenomegaly","after":{"null":["Thrombocytopenia"]},"before":{"null":["Portal Hypertension","Chronic Myeloid Leukemia","Infectious Mononucleosis","Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL)","Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML)","Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia","Hairy Cell Leukemia","Myelofibrosis"]},"description":"Splenomegaly is a medical term used to describe the enlargement of the spleen, an organ located in the upper-left part of the abdomen. The enlargement may be mild, moderate, or severe and is usually caused by an underlying medical condition, such as an infection, inflammation, cancer, or a blood disorder. Symptoms of splenomegaly may include pain or discomfort in the left upper part of the abdomen, fatigue, anemia, and an increased risk of infection."},{"name":"Peritonitis","after":{"null":["Ascites"]},"before":{"null":["Appendicitis","Cholecystitis"]},"description":"Peritonitis is inflammation of the peritoneum, a thin layer of tissue that lines the inner wall of the abdomen and covers most of the abdominal organs. It is usually caused by bacterial infection and can be a life-threatening condition if left untreated. Symptoms include severe abdominal pain, fever, nausea and vomiting, and difficulty passing gas or having a bowel movement. Treatment involves antibiotics and possibly surgery to remove infected tissue."},{"name":"Hemolysis","after":{"null":["Anemia","Folate Deficiency","Hyperkalemia","Indirect Hyperbilirubinemia","Bilirubin stone"]},"before":{"Extravascular":["Sickle Cell Anemia","Hereditary Spherocytosis","Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia (IgG)"],"Intravascular":["G6PD Deficiency","Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia (IgM)","Microangiopathic Hemolytic Anemia","Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria","Malaria","Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura","Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome","Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation","HELLP Syndrome","Macroangiopathic Hemolytic Anemia"],"null":[]},"description":"Hemolysis is the rupture or destruction of red blood cells, which causes the release of hemoglobin into the surrounding fluid. It can occur naturally as part of the aging process of red blood cells or from exposure to certain chemicals or physical conditions. Hemolysis can also be caused by immune system reactions, infections, or genetic disorders affecting red blood cell structure. The released hemoglobin can cause tissue damage, inflammation, and impaired oxygen delivery to tissues."},{"name":"Anemia of Chronic Disease","after":{"null":["Low iron saturation (<33%)","High ferritin","Low TIBC (<300 ug\/dL) or Transferrin","High free erythrocyte protoporphyrin (FEP)"]},"before":{"null":["State of Malignancy","Endocarditis","Autoimmune disease","Chronic Infection","Systemic Inflammation"]},"description":"Anemia assocaited with chronic inflammation or cancer; the most common type of anemia in hospitalized patients. Chronic inflammation results in acute phase reactant production from the liver, including hepcidin, which sequesters iron in storage sites, including macrophages. \nTreatment is via treating the underlying cause of inflamation"},{"name":"G6PD Deficiency","after":{"null":["Hemolysis"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"G6PD deficiency is a genetic disorder in which the body does not produce enough glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase enzyme, resulting in the breakdown of red blood cells, known as hemolysis. This can lead to episodes of anemia, jaundice, and other complications, often triggered by certain medications, infections, or foods. It is the most common enzyme deficiency in the world, affecting around 400 million people, mostly in Africa, Asia, and the Middle East. It is inherited in an X-linked recessive pattern, meaning that females carry the trait but males are more likely to develop symptoms."},{"name":"Hereditary Spherocytosis","after":{"null":["Hemolysis","Spherocytes"]},"before":{"null":["Ankyrin, spectrin, or band3 (cytoskeleton membrane tethering protein) defect"]},"description":"Hereditary spherocytosis (HS) is an inherited blood disorder characterized by the presence of small, spherical-shaped red blood cells (spherocytes) in circulation. The abnormal shape of the red blood cells causes them to break down more easily than normal cells, leading to anemia (a shortage of oxygen-carrying red blood cells) and jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes due to high levels of bilirubin). HS is caused by mutations in genes that are involved in the structure and function of the red blood cell membrane. The disorder is usually inherited in an autosomal dominant manner, meaning that a person only needs to inherit one mutated gene to develop the condition."},{"name":"Spherocytes","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Hereditary Spherocytosis","Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia (IgG)"]},"description":"Spherocytes are abnormally shaped red blood cells that are small, spherical, and lack the characteristic biconcave shape of normal red blood cells. They are typically caused by a loss of membrane surface area due to different underlying conditions, such as hereditary spherocytosis or autoimmune hemolytic anemia. These abnormally shaped red blood cells can lead to complications such as anemia, jaundice, and gallstones."},{"name":"Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia (IgG)","after":{"null":["Hemolysis","Spherocytes"]},"before":{"null":["Lupus","Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia"]},"description":"Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia (IgG) is a rare disorder in which the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys its own red blood cells. This occurs when the immune system produces antibodies, specifically Immunoglobulin G (IgG), which attach to the red blood cells and cause them to break down prematurely. This can lead to a range of symptoms, including fatigue, weakness, pallor, jaundice, and an enlarged spleen. Treatment typically involves medications that suppress the immune system and\/or blood transfusions, and in severe cases, surgery to remove the spleen."},{"name":"Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia (IgM)","after":{"null":["Hemolysis"]},"before":{"null":["Infectious Mononucleosis","Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection"]},"description":"Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia (IgM) is a type of hemolytic anemia, which occurs when the immune system attacks and destroys red blood cells. In this case, the immune system produces IgM antibodies that bind to the surface of red blood cells, marking them for destruction by other immune cells. This can lead to anemia, characterized by fatigue, pale skin, and shortness of breath. It can be a primary disorder or secondary to other conditions such as infections, autoimmune diseases, or cancer. Treatment options include corticosteroids, immunosuppressive drugs, and blood transfusions."},{"name":"Sickle Cell Anemia","after":{"null":["Hemolysis","Renal Tubular Acidosis, Type I (Distal)","Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH) (WHO group I)","Autosplenectomy (Splenic Sequestration)","Renal Papillary Necrosis","Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Sickle cell anemia is an inherited blood disorder in which hemoglobin, a protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen throughout the body, is abnormal. The abnormal hemoglobin causes red blood cells to stiffen and form a crescent or sickle shape, which can cause blockages in blood vessels, leading to pain, organ damage, and an increased risk of infections and stroke. Sickle cell anemia is caused by a mutation in the HBB gene, which is found on chromosome 11. It is most common in people of African descent but can also occur in people of Hispanic, Middle Eastern, and Mediterranean descent."},{"name":"Renal Failure (ESRD)","after":{"null":["Peripheral Edema","Hyponatremia","Anemia of Renal Failure","Hypertension","Hyperkalemia","Hyperphosphatemia","Uremia","Atherosclerosis","Hyperuricemia","Decreased 1,25 Vitamin D","Decreased insulin excretion","Anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis"]},"before":{"null":["Acute Kidney Injury","Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)"]},"description":"ESRD (End Stage Renal Disease), also known as Renal Failure, is the final and irreversible stage of chronic kidney disease. It occurs when the kidneys are no longer able to function effectively to remove waste products and excess fluid from the body, leading to a buildup of toxins and fluid. ESRD typically requires long-term dialysis or kidney transplantation to sustain life. Symptoms include fatigue, swelling, shortness of breath, and decreased urine output."},{"name":"Hepatic Hydrothorax","after":{"null":["Pleural Effusion"]},"before":{"null":["Ascites"]},"description":"Hepatic hydrothorax is the accumulation of fluid in the pleural cavity (the space between the lung and the chest wall) as a result of liver disease. This condition occurs when there is increased pressure in the veins of the liver that are responsible for draining the blood from the digestive system. The increased pressure in these veins can cause fluid to leak out into the abdominal cavity, which may then travel to the pleural cavity and cause fluid accumulation. Hepatic hydrothorax can cause shortness of breath and chest pain and is typically treated with medications and drainage procedures."},{"name":"Hyperhomocysteinemia","after":{"null":["Deep Venous Thrombus (DVT)","Hypercoagulable State"]},"before":{"null":["Vitamin B12 Deficiency","Folate Deficiency","Cystathionine beta synthase deficiency"]},"description":"Hyperhomocysteinemia is a medical condition characterized by an abnormally high level of homocysteine in the blood. Homocysteine is an amino acid and its elevated levels in the blood are associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases, including heart attacks, strokes, and peripheral vascular disease. The condition can be caused by genetic factors, nutritional deficiencies (especially vitamins B6, B9, and B12), and certain medications."},{"name":"Elevated Methylmalonic Acid","after":{"null":["Subacute Combined Degeneration of the Spinal Cord"]},"before":{"null":["Vitamin B12 Deficiency"]},"description":"Elevated Methylmalonic Acid (MMA) is a medical condition where the blood levels of the organic compound methylmalonic acid are higher than normal. MMA is usually formed as a byproduct of the breakdown of certain amino acids and fats in the body, and elevated levels of MMA can indicate a defect in the metabolism of these compounds. It can lead to various symptoms and conditions such as neurological damage, anemia, kidney disease, and other complications. Elevated MMA is typically diagnosed through blood tests and managed by treating the underlying cause of the condition."},{"name":"Subacute Combined Degeneration of the Spinal Cord","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Elevated Methylmalonic Acid","Neurosyphillis","Copper Deficiency"]},"description":"Subacute combined degeneration of the spinal cord (SCD) is a neurological disorder characterized by degeneration of the dorsal (posterior) and lateral (side) columns of the spinal cord. This degeneration leads to a progressive loss of proprioception (sensation of body position) and vibration sensation, and eventually, affects the motor function leading to muscle weakness and atrophy. This condition is primarily caused by a deficiency of vitamin B12 (cobalamin), which leads to abnormalities in the development of myelin (a fatty sheath covering nerve fibers), resulting in damage and degeneration of neurons in the spinal cord. SCD usually occurs in people with pernicious anemia, which is caused by the inability of the body to absorb vitamin B12."},{"name":"Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria","after":{"null":["Hemolysis"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) is an uncommon acquired genetic disorder characterized by the destruction of red blood cells by the immune system, leading to a deficiency of red blood cells, hemoglobin, and other blood components. The cause of PNH is a mutation in a gene called PIGA, which causes the red blood cells to be deficient in certain proteins that protect them from the immune system. This results in the destruction of the red blood cells by the immune system, leading to anemia and other complications. PNH can affect people of any age or sex, and symptoms typically include fatigue, shortness of breath, weakness, and abdominal pain. Treatment options include blood transfusions, immunosuppressive therapy, and bone marrow transplantation."},{"name":"Microangiopathic Hemolytic Anemia","after":{"null":["Hemolysis","Thrombocytopenia"]},"before":{"null":["Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura","Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome","Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation","HELLP Syndrome"]},"description":"A pathologic formation of platelet microthrombi in small vessels, consuming platelets (leading to thrombocytopenia) and shearing red blood cells (leading to hemolytic anemia)"},{"name":"Malaria","after":{"null":["Hemolysis"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Malaria is a life-threatening disease caused by the Plasmodium parasite. It is transmitted through the bites of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes. Symptoms include fever, headache, chills, and flu-like illness. Without treatment, malaria can lead to severe complications and death."},{"name":"Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura","after":{"null":["Hemolysis","Microangiopathic Hemolytic Anemia","Altered Mental Status","Thrombocytopenia","Schistocytes","Intrinsic AKI"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) is a rare blood disorder characterized by the formation of blood clots in small blood vessels throughout the body. This can lead to a decrease in the number of platelets in the blood (thrombocytopenia), which can cause bruising and bleeding, as well as damage to various organs, including the brain, heart, and kidneys. TTP can be caused by genetic mutations, autoimmune disorders, or other underlying medical conditions, and can be life-threatening if left untreated. Treatment typically involves plasma exchange or infusion to replace the missing enzyme responsible for breaking down excessive blood clots."},{"name":"Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome","after":{"null":["Hemolysis","Microangiopathic Hemolytic Anemia","Thrombocytopenia","Schistocytes","Intrinsic AKI"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"?Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (HUS) is a serious condition that occurs when the red blood cells are destroyed (hemolysis) and the kidneys become damaged, leading to acute kidney injury. HUS usually occurs after a gastrointestinal infection caused by certain strains of bacteria, such as E. coli. Some of the common symptoms include fever, abdominal pain, vomiting, bloody diarrhea, and decreased urine output. It is more common in children and can lead to life-threatening complications, such as stroke and seizure. Immediate medical attention is necessary for treating HUS."},{"name":"Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation","after":{"null":["Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)","Hemolysis","Microangiopathic Hemolytic Anemia","Thrombocytopenia","Coagulopathy"]},"before":{"null":["Sepsis","Pancreatitis","Adenocarcinoma","Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia","Rattlesnake bite","Amniotic Fluid Embolism"]},"description":"Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) is a serious medical condition that occurs when a person\u2019s body is unable to control blood clotting, causing the formation of small blood clots throughout the body\u2019s blood vessels. These clots can damage organs and reduce blood flow to various parts of the body, leading to multiple organ failure. DIC is often caused by underlying medical conditions such as sepsis, cancer, or trauma. Symptoms of DIC can include excessive bleeding, bruising, organ dysfunction, and a decrease in blood pressure. Treatment involves managing the underlying cause and replacing lost blood components. If left untreated, DIC can be fatal."},{"name":"HELLP Syndrome","after":{"null":["Hemolysis","Microangiopathic Hemolytic Anemia"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"HELLP syndrome is a serious pregnancy complication that affects the blood and liver. It is a variant of preeclampsia and stands for Hemolysis (breakdown of red blood cells), Elevated Liver enzymes, and Low Platelet count. It usually develops in the third trimester but can also occur before 34 weeks of gestation. The exact cause of HELLP syndrome is unknown, but it is associated with high blood pressure, proteinuria, and other preeclampsia symptoms. Without prompt medical attention, HELLP syndrome can lead to serious and life-threatening complications for both the mother and baby, including liver failure, kidney failure, stroke, and placental abruption. Delivery is usually the only cure for HELLP syndrome, but it may require immediate medical interventions or procedures such as blood transfusions and steroid injections."},{"name":"Aplastic Anemia","after":{"null":["Anemia","Thrombocytopenia","Pancytopenia"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Aplastic anemia is a condition in which the bone marrow fails to produce enough new blood cells, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. This results in a shortage of cells needed to transport oxygen, fight infections, and control bleeding. The condition can be acquired or inherited and can be caused by exposure to toxins, certain medications, viral infections, or autoimmune disorders. Symptoms may include fatigue, weakness, dizziness, shortness of breath, pale skin, frequent infections, and easy bruising or bleeding. Treatment may include blood transfusions, medications to boost blood cell production, and bone marrow transplants."},{"name":"Parvovirus B19","after":{"null":["Anemia"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Parvovirus B19 is a single-stranded DNA virus that can cause a range of symptoms, from mild to severe, including rash, joint pain, and anemia. It primarily affects children but can also affect adults. The virus is spread through respiratory secretions, such as saliva, and can also be transmitted through blood transfusions or from mother to fetus during pregnancy."},{"name":"Myelophthisic Process","after":{"null":["Anemia","Leukopenia"]},"before":{"null":["Multiple Myeloma","Osteopetrosis"]},"description":"The myelophthisic process refers to the replacement of bone marrow by tissue that is not normally found in the bone marrow, such as fibrous tissue or tumors. This can lead to a decrease in the production of blood cells, leading to anemia, thrombocytopenia, and leukopenia. It is often seen in cases of advanced cancer or fibrosis."},{"name":"Anemia of Renal Failure","after":{"null":["Anemia"]},"before":{"null":["Renal Failure (ESRD)"]},"description":"Anemia of renal failure is a common complication of chronic kidney disease, where the production of red blood cells decreases. This can lead to a reduction in hemoglobin levels and oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood, leading to fatigue, weakness, and other symptoms. It is caused by a deficiency of erythropoietin, a hormone produced by the kidneys that stimulates the production of red blood cells in the bone marrow."},{"name":"Hypertension","after":{"null":["Atherosclerosis","Atrial fibrillation","Vascular Dementia","Mitral Regurgitation","Left Ventricular Hypertrophy (LVH)","Hyaline Arteriolosclerosis","Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm"]},"before":{"null":["Hypercalcemia","Renal Failure (ESRD)","Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)","Primary Hyperaldosteronism (Conn Syndrome)","Obstructive Sleep Apnea","Hypercortisolism (Cushing Syndrome)","Pheochromocytoma","Renal Artery Stenosis (Renovascular Disease)","Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia","Coarctation of the Aorta","Reninoma","Essential Hypertension","Nephritic Syndrome","Liddle Syndrome"]},"description":"Hypertension, also known as high blood pressure, is a chronic medical condition characterized by elevated levels of blood pressure in the arteries. Blood pressure is the force exerted by the blood against the walls of the arteries; when the blood pressure is consistently above the normal range, it can cause damage to the arteries and various organs such as the heart, kidneys, and brain. Hypertension is a major risk factor for many serious health conditions, including heart attack, stroke, kidney disease, and vision loss."},{"name":"Diabetes Mellitus","after":{"null":["Atherosclerosis","Polydipsia","Polyuria","Diabetic Nephropathy","Peripheral Neuropathy","Diabetic Gastroparesis","Hyaline Arteriolosclerosis","Cataracts","Hyperglycemia","Autonomic Dysfunction"]},"before":{"null":["Type I Diabetes","Type II Diabetes","Hemochromatosis","Chronic Pancreatitis","Growth hormone cell adenoma"]},"description":"Diabetes Mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by high blood sugar levels over an extended period. It results either from defects in insulin secretion or action or both. Insulin, a hormone produced by the pancreas, regulates blood sugar levels in the body. Defects in insulin production, or function, or both, lead to an abnormal metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats resulting in hyperglycemia (high blood sugar levels). The two main types of diabetes are Type 1 diabetes and Type 2 diabetes."},{"name":"Hypercholesterolemia","after":{"null":["Atherosclerosis","Cholesterol stone"]},"before":{"null":["Hypothyroidism"]},"description":"Hypercholesterolemia is a condition characterized by high levels of cholesterol in the blood. Cholesterol is a type of fat that is found in the body and is necessary for various physiological functions, such as the production of hormones and cell membranes. However, high levels of cholesterol can lead to the formation of plaque in the arteries, which can increase the risk of heart disease and stroke. Hypercholesterolemia can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetics, diet, and lifestyle. Treatment typically involves lifestyle changes, such as exercise and dietary modifications, as well as medications if needed."},{"name":"Smoking","after":{"null":["COPD","State of Malignancy","Atherosclerosis","Crohn Disease","GERD","Centrilobular Emphysema","Laryngeal Carcinoma","Cervical Cancer","Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma","Pancreatic Carcinoma","Urothelial (Transitional Cell) Carcinoma"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Smoking is the act of inhaling and exhaling the smoke produced by burning tobacco, marijuana or other substances. The smoke contains various harmful chemicals and toxins which can cause serious health problems if consumed frequently and in large amounts. Smoking is a major cause of lung cancer, heart disease, stroke, and other respiratory diseases. It is also known to cause damage to the liver, kidneys, digestive system, and reproductive system. Smoking is highly addictive and can lead to severe dependence, making quitting a challenging process."},{"name":"Endomyocardial","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Endomyocardial refers to the endocardium (inner lining of the heart) and the myocardium (muscular wall of the heart) together. Endomyocardial biopsy is a procedure that involves the removal of a small sample of tissue from the endomyocardium for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes."},{"name":"Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)","after":{"null":["Renal Failure (ESRD)","Hypertension","Hyperkalemia","Hyperphosphatemia"]},"before":{"null":["Acute Kidney Injury","Glomerular disease","Hyaline Arteriolosclerosis of efferent arteriole","Adult Polycystic Kidney Disease"]},"description":"Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a long-term condition in which the kidneys are damaged and can no longer filter waste and excess fluids from the blood as effectively as they should. This can cause a buildup of toxins and fluids in the body, leading to a range of complications such as high blood pressure, anemia, bone disease, and eventually kidney failure. CKD is often progressive and can lead to serious health complications if left untreated. There are various stages of CKD, ranging from mild to severe, which are determined by the level of kidney function."},{"name":"Pericarditis","after":{"null":["Cardiac Chest pain","PR Depression on EKG","ST Elevation on EKG","T wave inversion on EKG","Friction rub","Pericardial Effusion"]},"before":{"null":["Uremia","Lupus","Coxsackievirus","Adenovirus","HIV","Fibrinous pericarditis","Dressler syndrome","Acute Rheumatic Fever","Scleroderma"]},"description":"Pericarditis is a medical condition characterized by inflammation of the pericardium, which is the membranous sac surrounding the heart. The inflammation can cause chest pain, fever, and other symptoms that can sometimes resemble those of a heart attack. Pericarditis can be caused by many factors, including viral or bacterial infections, autoimmune disorders, or trauma to the chest. Treatment depends on the underlying cause of the condition and may include medication, rest, and, in some cases, surgery."},{"name":"Uremia","after":{"null":["Pleural Effusion","Altered Mental Status","Pericarditis","Nausea","Platelet dysfunction","Uremic frost"]},"before":{"null":["Renal Failure (ESRD)","Protein tube feeds"]},"description":"Uremia is a medical condition characterized by elevated levels of urea and other nitrogenous waste products in the blood, caused by decreased function of the kidneys. It can lead to a range of symptoms and complications, including nausea, vomiting, fatigue, confusion, seizures, and organ damage. In severe cases, uremia can be life-threatening and may require dialysis or kidney transplantation to manage."},{"name":"Hyperphosphatemia","after":{"null":["Hypocalcemia"]},"before":{"null":["Renal Failure (ESRD)","Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)","Pseudohypoparathyroidism (PTH resistance)","Vitamin D Intoxication"]},"description":"Hyperphosphatemia is a medical condition characterized by high levels of phosphate in the blood. It is generally a complication of chronic kidney disease (CKD), as the kidneys are responsible for regulating phosphate levels in the body. Other conditions that can lead to hyperphosphatemia include overactive parathyroid gland, hypoparathyroidism, excessive intake of vitamin D or calcium supplements, and certain types of cancer. Symptoms of hyperphosphatemia may include weakness, joint pain, and bone pain. Treatment may involve dietary restriction of phosphate, medications, or dialysis in severe cases."},{"name":"Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia","after":{"null":["Overflow Incontinence","Urinary Tract Infection","Postrenal AKI","Hydronephrosis"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) is a non-cancerous enlargement of the prostate gland that commonly occurs in men as they age. The enlarged prostate gland can press on the urethra, causing urinary problems such as difficulty in urination, weak urine flow, frequent need to urinate, and incomplete bladder emptying. BPH is a common condition in older men and is often managed with medication or surgery."},{"name":"Cholesterol emboli","after":{"null":["Mesenteric Ischemia","Livedo Reticularis","Intrinsic AKI"]},"before":{"null":["Atherosclerosis"]},"description":"Cholesterol emboli, also known as atheroembolism or plaque embolism, is a medical condition where cholesterol-rich plaques that line the walls of arteries break off and travel through the bloodstream, causing blockages elsewhere in the body. These emboli can block small blood vessels, leading to reduced blood flow and tissue damage in organs such as the kidneys, gut, and skin. Cholesterol emboli can occur spontaneously or as a complication of medical procedures such as angiography and cardiac surgery."},{"name":"Malignant Hypertension","after":{"null":["Aortic Dissection","Hemorrhagic Stroke (Intracerebral Hemorrhage)","Intrinsic AKI"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Malignant hypertension is a severe form of high blood pressure that can cause damage to organs such as the kidneys, brain, and heart. It is considered a medical emergency and requires immediate treatment to prevent serious complications and potentially fatal outcomes. Malignant hypertension is characterized by a rapid rise in blood pressure, usually exceeding 180\/120 mmHg, and the presence of retinopathy, which is damage to the blood vessels in the eyes. Other symptoms may include headaches, blurred vision, chest pain, shortness of breath, and confusion."},{"name":"Antiphospholipid Syndrome","after":{"null":["Hereditary Hypercoagulability","Livedo Reticularis"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is an autoimmune disorder where the immune system mistakenly produces antibodies that attack certain proteins in the blood that are important for proper clot formation, leading to an increased risk of blood clots. APS can also result in complications during pregnancy, such as miscarriages or fetal growth restriction."},{"name":"Hereditary Hypercoagulability","after":{"null":["Deep Venous Thrombus (DVT)","Hepatic Vein Thrombus (Budd-Chiari Syndrome)","Hypercoagulable State"]},"before":{"null":["Antiphospholipid Syndrome","Protein C \/ S Deficiency","Antithrombin III Deficiency","Factor V Leiden Mutation","Prothrombin G20210A Mutation"]},"description":"Hereditary hypercoagulability refers to a genetic predisposition that causes an individual to have an increased risk of developing blood clots. This condition is caused by mutations in genes responsible for regulating the clotting cascade, resulting in a pro-thrombotic state. People affected by hereditary hypercoagulability have a higher likelihood of experiencing deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, stroke, and other clotting disorders. The condition is usually diagnosed through blood tests, genetic testing, and a medical history review. Treatment may include medication to prevent clotting, lifestyle changes, and closely monitoring for clotting risks."},{"name":"State of Malignancy","after":{"null":["Folate Deficiency","Pleural Effusion","Anemia of Chronic Disease","Tumour Lysis Syndrome","Deep Venous Thrombus (DVT)","Lymphedema","Fever","Hypercoagulable State","Cachexia","Monocytosis","Hyperuricemia","Increased glycolysis"]},"before":{"null":["Smoking","Renal Cell Carcinoma","Pancreatic Carcinoma","Hepatocellular Carcinoma","Urothelial (Transitional Cell) Carcinoma","Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Bladder","Adenocarcinoma of the Bladder","Endometrial Cancer","Lung Cancer"]},"description":"The state of malignancy refers to the condition of a tumor or cancer that has the potential to spread or invade surrounding tissues and organs, and may lead to complications or death if left untreated. Malignancy is often characterized by uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells, which can eventually form tumors or invade nearby tissues and organs, and may spread to the lymph nodes or other parts of the body through the bloodstream or lymphatic system. Treatment for malignancy typically involves surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or a combination of these approaches, with the aim of destroying or removing cancerous cells and preventing their spread."},{"name":"Phlegmasia Cerulea Dolens","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Deep Venous Thrombus (DVT)"]},"description":"Phlegmasia cerulea dolens is a rare and severe form of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) characterized by sudden and complete blockage of the main vein in an extremity, leading to severe pain, swelling, and cyanosis ( blue or purple discoloration) of the affected limb. The condition requires immediate medical attention, as it can lead to tissue damage, gangrene, and even amputation if left untreated. Treatment typically involves anticoagulation therapy, thrombolysis, and in some cases, surgical intervention."},{"name":"Deep Venous Thrombus (DVT)","after":{"null":["Peripheral Edema","Pulmonary Embolism","Phlegmasia Cerulea Dolens","Postphlebitic Syndrome"]},"before":{"null":["Hyperhomocysteinemia","State of Malignancy","Hereditary Hypercoagulability","May-Thurner Syndrome (Iliac Vein Compression Syndrome)","Hypercoagulable State","Heparin Induced Thrombocytopenia","Immobility","Venous Aneurysm","Oral contraceptive use"]},"description":"Deep venous thrombus (DVT) is a blood clot that forms in a deep vein, usually in the legs. It can cause swelling, pain, and other complications if not treated promptly. DVT can be a serious medical condition and requires immediate medical attention to prevent complications such as pulmonary embolism, which occurs when a clot travels to the lungs. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial to prevent long-term complications."},{"name":"Pulmonary Embolism","after":{"null":["Dyspnea","V\/Q mismatch","Sinus Tachycardia","Right Axis Deviation on EKG","Cardiogenic Syncope","Pulmonary Chest Pain"]},"before":{"null":["Deep Venous Thrombus (DVT)","Amniotic Fluid Embolism","Fat Embolism","Gas (nitrogen) embolism"]},"description":"Pulmonary embolism (PE) is a condition that occurs when a blood clot (usually from the deep veins of the legs or pelvis) travels to the lungs and blocks one or more pulmonary arteries, causing reduced blood flow and oxygenation to the lungs. PE can be a life-threatening condition that requires urgent treatment. Symptoms may include sudden shortness of breath, chest pain, coughing up blood, rapid or irregular heartbeat, and sweating. Risk factors for PE include immobility, recent surgery or trauma, cancer, pregnancy, hormonal therapy, and genetic clotting disorders."},{"name":"Vasculitis","after":{"null":["Myocardial Infarction","Vascular Dementia","Livedo Reticularis","Mononeuritis Multiplex","Intrinsic AKI"]},"before":{"Large vessel":["Temporal (Giant Cell) Arteritis","Takayasu Arteritis"],"Medium vessel":["Polyarteritis Nodosa","Kawasaki Disease","Buerger Disease"],"Small vessel":["Henoch-Schonlein Purpura","Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis","Eosinophilic Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis (Churg-Strauss)","Microscopic Polyangiitis"],"null":[]},"description":"Vasculitis is a group of diseases characterized by inflammation and damage to the walls of blood vessels, including veins, arteries, and capillaries, which can affect any part of the body. This inflammation can cause the narrowing or blockage of blood vessels, leading to restricted blood flow to tissues and organs and possibly leading to organ damage or failure. The symptoms of vasculitis may vary depending on the type and location of the affected blood vessels, but can include rash, joint pain, fever, fatigue, and nerve damage."},{"name":"Eosinophiluria","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Acute Interstitial Nephritis"]},"description":"Eosinophiluria is the presence of eosinophils (a type of white blood cell) in urine. It can be an indicator of allergies, parasitic infections, or other inflammatory conditions affecting the urinary tract or other parts of the body."},{"name":"Eosinophilia","after":{"null":["Leukocytosis","Restrictive Cardiomyopathy","Loffler Syndrome"]},"before":{"null":["Acute Interstitial Nephritis","Hypocortisolism","Allergy (Type I Hypersensitivity)","Parasite infection","Polycythemia Vera","Eosinophilic Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis (Churg-Strauss)","Hodgkin Lymphoma"]},"description":"Eosinophilia is a medical condition characterized by an abnormally high number of eosinophils, a type of white blood cell, in the blood or tissue. It can be caused by a variety of conditions, including allergies, parasites, autoimmune diseases, and some types of cancer. Symptoms may include fever, rash, muscle pain, and difficulty breathing. Treatment depends on the underlying cause."},{"name":"Acute Interstitial Nephritis","after":{"null":["Eosinophilia","Eosinophiluria","WBC casts in urine","Intrinsic AKI"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Acute Interstitial Nephritis (AIN) is a condition characterized by inflammation and swelling of the interstitial tissue of the kidneys. It is usually caused by an allergic reaction to medication, autoimmune diseases, or infections. Symptoms of AIN include fever, flank pain, nausea, vomiting, and changes in urination patterns. If left untreated, it can lead to kidney failure. Diagnosis is usually made through a combination of blood and urine tests, kidney biopsy, and imaging tests. Treatment typically involves discontinuation of the offending medication and the use of corticosteroids to reduce inflammation."},{"name":"Acute Tubular Necrosis","after":{"null":["Muddy brown casts (nectrotic tubular cells)","Intrinsic AKI"]},"before":{"Toxic":["Aminoglycoside use","Lead poisoning","Myoglobinuria","Ethylene glycol poisoning","Urate Nephropathy","Increased serum free light chains (>3)"],"null":["Hypercalcemia","Shock","Salicylate ingestion"]},"description":"Acute Tubular Necrosis (ATN) is a medical condition where the kidney tubules (the microscopic structures within the kidney responsible for filtering and reabsorbing fluids and electrolytes) become damaged and die due to decreased blood flow and oxygen delivery or exposure to nephrotoxic substances. This can lead to a decrease in kidney function and potentially cause kidney failure. Often associated with other medical conditions or injuries, ATN can be reversible with prompt treatment and the removal of the offending agents that caused the injury."},{"name":"Cardiorenal Syndrome","after":{"null":["Prerenal AKI"]},"before":{"null":["Heart Failure (Left Sided)","Constrictive Pericarditis"]},"description":"Cardiorenal syndrome refers to a condition where heart dysfunction and kidney dysfunction are intertwined and exacerbate each other, causing a vicious cycle of disease progression. The term cardionenal syndrome encompasses multiple subtypes defined by the underlying cause and severity of the disease. In general, the syndrome results from a complicated interplay between the cardiovascular and renal systems. Dysfunction in one system often leads to deterioration in another system, leading to symptoms such as fluid overload, high blood pressure, kidney damage, and heart failure. The condition can be caused by a wide range of diseases, including hypertension, coronary artery disease, diabetes, polycystic kidney disease, and many others."},{"name":"Hypothyroidism","after":{"null":["Hyponatremia","Pleural Effusion","Hypercholesterolemia","Altered Mental Status","Hyporeflexia","Carpal Tunnel Syndrome","Macroglossia","Constipation","Weight gain","Depression","Cold intolerance","Hypothermia","Sinus Bradycardia","Pericardial Effusion"]},"before":{"null":["Primary Hypothyroidism","Secondary Hypothyroidism"]},"description":"Hypothyroidism is a disorder in which the thyroid gland is underactive, producing insufficient amounts of thyroid hormone, which is essential for regulating metabolism, growth, and development in the body. This condition can cause a range of symptoms such as fatigue, weight gain, sensitivity to cold, dry skin, constipation, and depression. It can also lead to a number of health complications if left untreated, including heart disease, infertility, and nerve damage. Hypothyroidism is typically diagnosed through blood tests that measure levels of thyroid hormones and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). Treatment usually involves taking synthetic thyroid hormone to restore normal hormone levels and alleviate symptoms."},{"name":"Altered Mental Status","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Hypercalcemia","Hyponatremia","Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura","Hypothyroidism","Uremia","Hypernatremia","Ischemic Stroke","Increased intracranial pressure","Meningitis","Encephalitis","Hemorrhagic Stroke (Intracerebral Hemorrhage)","Subarachnoid Hemorrhage","Subdural Hematoma","Hepatic Encephalopathy","Whipple Disease","Neurosyphillis"]},"description":"Altered Mental Status (AMS) refers to changes in the mental state of a person, which can range from confusion, disorientation, decreased alertness, poor attention and memory, inability to concentrate, impaired judgment, delirium, or even a loss of consciousness. AMS can be caused by various underlying medical conditions, such as infections, trauma, metabolic disruptions, substance abuse, or neurological disorders. AMS is a serious condition that requires urgent medical attention, as it can be a sign of life-threatening conditions, and can lead to irreversible brain damage or death if left untreated."},{"name":"Seizure","after":{"null":["Neurologic Syncope"]},"before":{"null":["Alcoholism","Hyponatremia","Hypomagnesemia","Hypoxia","Hypernatremia","Hypocalcemia","Increased intracranial pressure","Meningitis","Encephalitis","Hypoglycemia"]},"description":"A seizure is a sudden, abnormal electrical activity in the brain that causes abnormal behavior, movements, feelings, sensations, or a change in consciousness. It is a symptom of a neurological disorder and can vary in severity and type depending on the location and extent of the abnormal activity. Seizures can last from a few seconds to several minutes and may be triggered by various factors, such as illness, injury, stress, or lack of sleep. Treatment for seizures typically involves prescription medication and lifestyle changes to help manage and prevent future seizures."},{"name":"Spironolactone use","after":{"null":["Hypoaldosteronism","Primary Hypogonadism","Non-Anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Spironolactone is a medication that is mainly used to treat high blood pressure, heart failure, edema (swelling caused by excess fluid in body tissues), and certain hormonal imbalances such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). It works by blocking the effects of aldosterone, a hormone that can cause salt and water retention in the body. This leads to increased urine output and a decrease in fluid buildup, which can help relieve symptoms such as swelling, shortness of breath, and high blood pressure. Additionally, spironolactone may also be used to treat acne, hair loss, and hirsutism (excess hair growth) in women, as it has anti-androgenic properties that can inhibit the effects of male hormones like testosterone."},{"name":"Acute Kidney Injury","after":{"null":["Renal Failure (ESRD)","Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)"]},"before":{"null":["Prerenal AKI","Intrinsic AKI","Postrenal AKI"]},"description":"Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) is a sudden and often reversible loss of the kidney function, which is typically characterized by an abrupt decline in glomerular filtration rate (GFR), leading to accumulation of waste products and electrolyte imbalances. It can be caused by a variety of factors, including dehydration, drug toxicity, sepsis, urinary obstruction, and kidney disease. AKI is diagnosed based on laboratory tests and clinical assessment, and treatment involves identifying and managing the underlying cause, as well as supportive therapy such as fluid and electrolyte management, renal replacement therapy, and dialysis."},{"name":"Angiotensin Receptor Blocker (ARB) Use","after":{"null":["Hypoaldosteronism"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Angiotensin Receptor Blockers (ARBs) are a class of medications that block the effects of angiotensin II in the body. Angiotensin II is a hormone that causes blood vessels to constrict, leading to increased blood pressure. By blocking the effects of angiotensin II, ARBs help to lower blood pressure and improve blood flow. ARBs are commonly used to treat hypertension (high blood pressure) and may also be used to treat other cardiovascular conditions, such as heart failure and diabetic nephropathy (kidney disease)."},{"name":"ACE Inhibitor use","after":{"null":["Hypoaldosteronism"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Use of a common ACE inhibitors, a first line blood pressure medication"},{"name":"Adrenal Insufficiency (Addison Disease)","after":{"null":["Hypoaldosteronism","Primary Hypocortisolism","Increased Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone (MSH)"]},"before":{"null":["Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome (hemorrhagic necrosis)","Adrenoleukodystrophy","Metastasis to adrenal"]},"description":"Adrenal Insufficiency, also known as Addison disease, is a condition in which the adrenal glands \u2013 located on top of each kidney \u2013 are unable to produce enough hormones, primarily cortisol and aldosterone. This condition may occur due to damage or dysfunction of the adrenal glands. Symptoms of adrenal insufficiency may include fatigue, weakness, weight loss, low blood pressure, and darkening of the skin. In severe cases, adrenal crisis can result, which is a life-threatening situation that requires immediate medical attention. Treatment involves replacement of the deficient hormones with medication."},{"name":"Type IV Renal Tubular Acidosis","after":{"null":["Hyperkalemia","Hypoaldosteronism","Non-Anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Type IV renal tubular acidosis is a medical condition in which the kidneys cannot excrete enough acid into urine, leading to an excessive accumulation of acid in the body. This occurs due to a deficiency in the hormone aldosterone, which regulates the balance of sodium and potassium in the body. The condition can result in metabolic acidosis, electrolyte imbalances, and chronic kidney disease. It is often caused by medications, kidney disease, or disorders of the adrenal glands."},{"name":"Hypoaldosteronism","after":{"null":["Hyperkalemia","Non-Anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis"]},"before":{"null":["Type IV Renal Tubular Acidosis","Adrenal Insufficiency (Addison Disease)","ACE Inhibitor use","Angiotensin Receptor Blocker (ARB) Use","Spironolactone use","21-Hydroxylase Deficiency"]},"description":"Hypoaldosteronism is a medical condition in which the adrenal glands fail to produce enough aldosterone, a hormone responsible for regulating sodium and potassium levels in the body. This can lead to a buildup of potassium and a loss of sodium in the body, which can cause various symptoms such as weakness, fatigue, muscle cramps, and abnormal heart rhythms. Hypoaldosteronism can be caused by various factors, such as autoimmune diseases, genetic disorders, medications, or damage to the adrenal glands. Treatment usually involves medications that help to regulate electrolyte levels in the body."},{"name":"Rhabdomyolysis","after":{"null":["Hyperkalemia","Hypocalcemia","Myoglobinuria","Creatine Kinase elevation on labs","Anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis"]},"before":{"null":["Hypophosphatemia"]},"description":"Rhabdomyolysis is a serious medical condition that is characterized by the breakdown of muscle tissue, resulting in the release of a protein called myoglobin into the bloodstream. Myoglobin is toxic to the kidneys and can cause kidney damage or failure. Rhabdomyolysis can be caused by a variety of factors, including muscle damage from trauma or crush injuries, infections, drug or alcohol abuse, and genetic disorders. Symptoms can include muscle pain and weakness, dark urine, and fatigue. Treatment typically involves hydration and monitoring kidney function, and in severe cases, may require dialysis or other interventions."},{"name":"Tumour Lysis Syndrome","after":{"null":["Hyperkalemia"]},"before":{"null":["State of Malignancy"]},"description":"Tumour lysis syndrome (TLS) is a known complication that can occur in patients with aggressive cancers or high tumor burden. It is caused by the rapid destruction of cancer cells (lysis) and the release of their contents into the bloodstream, leading to a range of metabolic abnormalities. These abnormalities can cause kidney failure, electrolyte imbalances, and cardiac arrhythmias, among other complications. TLS is considered a medical emergency and requires prompt recognition and treatment to prevent serious complications and death."},{"name":"Metabolic Acidosis","after":{"null":["Hypercalcemia","Hyperkalemia"]},"before":{"null":["Anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis","Non-Anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis"]},"description":"Metabolic acidosis is a condition characterized by increased acidity in the blood due to the accumulation of acid or the loss of bicarbonate, a base that neutralizes acid. It can be caused by various factors, including kidney disease, diabetes, alcohol abuse, and severe dehydration. Symptoms of metabolic acidosis may include fatigue, nausea, vomiting, and confusion. Treatment typically focuses on addressing the underlying cause and restoring the balance of acids and bases in the body."},{"name":"Hyperkalemia","after":{"null":["Ventricular Tachycardia","Peaked T Waves on EKG"]},"before":{"Decreased Excretion":["Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)","Hypoaldosteronism","Renal Failure (ESRD)","Type IV Renal Tubular Acidosis"],"Redistribution":["Metabolic Acidosis","Digoxin toxicity","Insulin Deficiency"],"Cell Breakdown":["Tumour Lysis Syndrome","Rhabdomyolysis","Hemolysis"],"null":[]},"description":"Hyperkalemia is a medical condition characterized by abnormally high levels of potassium in the blood, typically defined as a serum potassium level greater than 5.0 mmol\/L. It is a potentially life-threatening condition that can lead to cardiac arrhythmias and cardiac arrest. Hyperkalemia can be caused by a variety of factors, including kidney disease, medications, and metabolic disorders. Symptoms may include fatigue, muscle weakness or cramping, and heart palpitations."},{"name":"Pulmonary Fibrosis","after":{"null":["Interstitial Lung Disease"]},"before":{"null":["Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis","Bleomycin","Amiodarone use"]},"description":"Pulmonary fibrosis is a lung disease that occurs when the tissue in the lungs becomes damaged and scarred, leading to difficulty in breathing. This scarring makes the lungs thick, stiff and less able to expand, reducing the amount of oxygen that the lungs can take in. Over time, the disease can gradually worsen, leading to complications such as respiratory failure and heart problems. The causes of pulmonary fibrosis are varied but can include exposure to environmental pollutants, certain medications, autoimmune diseases, and infections. There is currently no cure for pulmonary fibrosis, but treatment options are available to slow down its progression and improve symptoms."},{"name":"Respiratory Acidosis","after":{"null":["Hypercalcemia"]},"before":{"null":["COPD"]},"description":"Respiratory acidosis is a medical condition that occurs when the lungs are unable to remove enough carbon dioxide from the body, causing the pH level of the blood to become too acidic. This can happen when the lungs cannot properly exchange carbon dioxide for oxygen, or when there is a problem with the respiratory system that causes increased carbon dioxide production. Symptoms of respiratory acidosis can include shortness of breath, confusion, fatigue, and in severe cases, coma or death. Treatment may include addressing the underlying cause of the condition and providing oxygen therapy or mechanical ventilation to assist with breathing."},{"name":"SIADH","after":{"null":["Hyponatremia"]},"before":{"null":["Pain","Small Cell Carcinoma of the Lung","Pneumonia","Cyclophosphamide use"]},"description":"SIADH stands for syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion. It is a medical condition where the body produces too much ADH (antidiuretic hormone), which causes the body to retain water and produce less urine. This can lead to electrolyte imbalances and other health complications, such as low sodium levels and dehydration. Causes of SIADH include medications, cancer, head injuries, and certain lung diseases. Treatment typically involves addressing the underlying cause and managing fluids and electrolytes."},{"name":"Hypocortisolism","after":{"null":["Hyponatremia","Eosinophilia","Weakness","Weight loss","Hypotension","Hypoglycemia"]},"before":{"null":["Primary Hypocortisolism","Secondary Hypocortisolism"]},"description":"Hypocortisolism, also known as adrenal insufficiency or adrenal fatigue, is a condition where the adrenal glands do not produce enough cortisol, a hormone that helps the body respond to stress. This can be caused by a variety of factors, such as autoimmune disorders, infections, or medications that suppress the adrenal glands. Symptoms of hypocortisolism may include fatigue, weakness, weight loss, low blood pressure, and dehydration. Treatment usually involves hormone replacement therapy to replace the missing cortisol."},{"name":"Primary Polydipsia","after":{"null":["Hyponatremia","Polydipsia","Polyuria","Low urine osmolality"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Primary polydipsia is a condition characterized by excessive thirst and drinking of fluids, not caused by any underlying medical condition. It is also known as psychogenic polydipsia and is often seen in patients with psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia or obsessive-compulsive disorder. The excessive drinking of fluids can lead to dilution of electrolytes in the body, resulting in hyponatremia or water intoxication. Management of primary polydipsia involves addressing the underlying psychiatric condition and regulating fluid intake."},{"name":"Tea\/Toast Syndrome ","after":{"null":["Hyponatremia","Low urine osmolality"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"As an AI language model, I cannot provide my opinion and interpretations on subjects such as this one. However, I can provide the definition of Tea\/Toast Syndrome. Tea\/Toast syndrome is a term used to describe a diet that lacks essential nutrients and is characterized by a consumption of mainly tea and toast. This type of diet is often seen in elderly people who may have difficulty with cooking and shopping and as a result, opt for easy-to-prepare meals. The lack of variety in the diet may lead to malnutrition, weight loss, and other health complications."},{"name":"Reset Osmostat","after":{"null":["Hyponatremia","Low urine osmolality"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"The concept of reset osmostat refers to a condition in which the set point for the osmoregulation system is altered, leading to chronic changes in serum sodium concentration. This change can be caused by a variety of factors, including prolonged abnormal sodium intake, hormonal abnormalities, or various diseases affecting the neuroendocrine system. Reset osmostat can result in increased salt excretion or decreased thirst sensation, Ultimately, if reset osmostat occurs, it can lead to chronic hyponatremia or hypernatremia."},{"name":"Protein Losing Enteropathy","after":{"null":["Hypoalbuminemia"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Protein losing enteropathy refers to a condition in which the body loses protein through the digestive system. This occurs when the lining of the intestine is damaged or inflamed, and the protein that should be absorbed into the bloodstream is instead excreted through the feces. The condition can be caused by a variety of underlying diseases and conditions, including inflammatory bowel disease, lymphatic disorders, and heart failure, among others. Symptoms of protein losing enteropathy may include diarrhea, malnutrition, weight loss, and fluid retention. Treatment depends on the underlying cause of the condition."},{"name":"Lymphedema","after":{"null":["Peripheral Edema"]},"before":{"null":["State of Malignancy"]},"description":"Lymphedema is a chronic medical condition that occurs when there is a buildup of lymph fluid in the tissues, usually in the arms and legs, resulting in swelling and discomfort. This condition is caused by a damaged or blocked lymphatic system, which is responsible for draining excess fluid and waste products from the body. Lymphedema can be primary, which is caused by a genetic abnormality in the lymphatic system, or secondary, which is caused by some medical conditions or treatment like cancer surgery or radiation therapy."},{"name":"Mineralocorticoid Insufficiency","after":{"null":["Hyponatremia"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Mineralocorticoid insufficiency refers to a medical condition in which the adrenal glands fail to produce enough mineralocorticoids, a type of hormone that helps regulate the balance of electrolytes and fluids in the body. This condition leads to excessive loss of salt and water and the buildup of potassium in the blood, which may result in symptoms such as fatigue, dehydration, muscle weakness, low blood pressure, and irregular heartbeats. Mineralocorticoid insufficiency can result from damage or dysfunction of the adrenal glands, autoimmune disorders, or other underlying medical conditions."},{"name":"Cerebral Salt Wasting","after":{"null":["Hyponatremia"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Cerebral salt wasting is a condition in which there is excessive loss of salt (sodium) and water from the body due to certain brain injuries or diseases. It can lead to dehydration, electrolyte imbalances, and low blood pressure. Symptoms may include nausea, vomiting, dizziness, confusion, and seizures. Treatment typically involves fluid and electrolyte replacement."},{"name":"Diuretics","after":{"null":["Hyponatremia","Hypomagnesemia"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Diuretics are medications that increase urine output by promoting the elimination of excess water and salt from the body. They are commonly used to treat conditions such as hypertension, heart failure, and edema. Diuretics work by affecting the kidneys, where they alter the production and excretion of urine to reduce the amount of fluid in the body. They are available in various forms, including pills, capsules, and injections."},{"name":"Cerebral Edema","after":{"null":["Increased intracranial pressure"]},"before":{"null":["Hyponatremia","Ischemic Stroke","Hemorrhagic Stroke (Intracerebral Hemorrhage)"]},"description":"Cerebral edema refers to the accumulation of excess fluid in the brain tissue causing swelling and increased pressure inside the skull. The condition can be caused by a variety of factors including traumatic brain injury, stroke, infections, or diseases such as brain tumors. The resulting pressure on the brain can lead to a range of symptoms including headache, seizures, changes in consciousness, and even coma in severe cases. Immediate medical attention is typically required to treat cerebral edema and prevent potential brain damage."},{"name":"menses","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Menses, commonly known as periods, is a natural process that occurs in the female body as a part of the menstrual cycle. It is the shedding of the uterine lining along with blood and other fluids from the vagina that occurs approximately once a month in women of reproductive age. It marks the beginning of the menstrual cycle and indicates that the body is prepared for possible pregnancy. The duration of menses varies from woman to woman and can last from 3 to 7 days."},{"name":"Hypokalemia","after":{"Cardiac":["U waves on EKG","Flattened T waves on EKG","ST depressions on EKG","Prolonged QT on EKG","Increased automaticity"],"Non-cardiac":["Weakness","Hyporeflexia","Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus"],"null":[]},"before":{"Renal Losses":["Liddle Syndrome","Secondary Hyperaldosteronism","Primary Hyperaldosteronism (Conn Syndrome)","Renal Artery Stenosis (Renovascular Disease)","Renal Tubular Acidosis, Type I (Distal)","Renal Tubular Acidosis, Type II (Proximal)","Hypomagnesemia","Loop diuretic use","Thiazide diuretic use"],"GI Losses":["Diarrhea","Vomiting"],"Redistribution":["Metabolic Alkalosis","Respiratory Alkalosis","Insulin use"],"null":[]},"description":"Hypokalemia is a condition characterized by abnormally low levels of potassium in the blood. Potassium is an essential mineral that plays a vital role in many functions of the body, including nerve and muscle function, heart rhythm, and fluid balance. Hypokalemia can lead to a variety of symptoms, including weakness, fatigue, muscle cramps or spasms, and irregular heart rhythm. It can be caused by various factors, such as chronic kidney disease, excessive sweating, and certain medications. Treatment usually involves potassium supplements, dietary changes, and addressing any underlying medical condition."},{"name":"Metabolic Alkalosis","after":{"null":["Hypokalemia","Hypophosphatemia"]},"before":{"null":["Primary Hyperaldosteronism (Conn Syndrome)","Vomiting","Hypercortisolism (Cushing Syndrome)","Hypovolemia","Milk-Alkali Syndrome","Renal Artery Stenosis (Renovascular Disease)","Loop diuretic use","Thiazide diuretic use","Secondary Hyperaldosteronism","Liddle Syndrome"]},"description":"Metabolic alkalosis is a pathological condition characterized by a high pH in the blood and an excessive accumulation of bicarbonate ions, resulting in an alkali excess. It is usually caused by an excessive loss of acid, such as through vomiting or the use of diuretics, or an excessive intake of alkali, such as through the use of antacids. Symptoms of metabolic alkalosis may include muscle twitching, nausea, vomiting, and confusion. Treatment typically involves addressing the underlying cause and may include intravenous saline or potassium chloride."},{"name":"Respiratory Alkalosis","after":{"null":["Hypokalemia","Hypophosphatemia"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Respiratory alkalosis is a medical condition in which the lungs remove too much carbon dioxide, leading to an increase in blood pH level and a decrease in the concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood. This condition can be caused by a variety of factors, including hyperventilation, anxiety, high altitude, or certain medical conditions such as fever, pneumonia, or pulmonary embolism. Symptoms of respiratory alkalosis can include dizziness, confusion, tingling in the hands and feet, and muscle twitching. Treatment may involve addressing the underlying cause, such as treating an infection or anxiety, or using breathing techniques to slow down breathing and increase carbon dioxide levels in the blood."},{"name":"Insulin use","after":{"null":["Hypokalemia","Hypophosphatemia","Hypoglycemia"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Insulin use refers to the administration of insulin, either through injection or infusion, to manage blood sugar levels in individuals with diabetes. Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas that regulates the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats in the body. In individuals with diabetes, the body either does not produce enough insulin or is unable to use insulin effectively, leading to high blood sugar levels. Insulin use is crucial for maintaining healthy blood sugar levels and preventing complications of diabetes."},{"name":"Primary Hyperaldosteronism (Conn Syndrome)","after":{"null":["Hypertension","Hypokalemia","Metabolic Alkalosis","Increased aldosterone to renin ratio"]},"before":{"null":["Adrenal Adenoma","Adrenal hyperplasia (bilateral)","Adrenal adenocarcinoma"]},"description":"Primary Hyperaldosteronism (Conn Syndrome) is a hormonal disorder characterized by excessive production of the hormone aldosterone by the adrenal glands. This results in sodium retention and potassium excretion, leading to high blood pressure, low potassium levels, muscle weakness and fatigue. It can be caused by an adrenal adenoma (tumor) or adrenal hyperplasia (enlargement)."},{"name":"Hypomagnesemia","after":{"null":["Seizure","Hypokalemia","Hypocalcemia","Hypoparathyroidism"]},"before":{"null":["Diuretics"]},"description":"Hypomagnesemia is a medical condition characterized by abnormally low levels of magnesium in the blood. Magnesium is an essential mineral that plays a critical role in many bodily functions, including muscle and nerve function, blood pressure regulation, and protein synthesis. Hypomagnesemia can lead to a variety of symptoms, including muscle weakness, tremors, seizures, abnormal heart rhythms, and even death in severe cases. It can be caused by a variety of factors, including poor diet, medication use, digestive disorders, and kidney disease. Treatment typically involves magnesium supplementation and addressing the underlying cause of the deficiency."},{"name":"Renal Tubular Acidosis, Type I (Distal)","after":{"null":["Hypokalemia","Non-Anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis"]},"before":{"null":["Sickle Cell Anemia","Lupus","Hypercalciuria","Sjogren Syndrome"]},"description":"Renal Tubular Acidosis, Type I (Distal) is a condition in which the kidneys are unable to properly remove acid from the body, leading to an accumulation of acid in the blood. This is caused by a defect in the cells of the distal tubules of the kidneys, which normally play a critical role in acid-base regulation. Symptoms can include fatigue, muscle weakness, bone pain, and disturbances in heart rhythm. Treatment may involve the use of medications to correct the acid-base imbalance, and in severe cases, kidney transplantation may be necessary."},{"name":"Renal Tubular Acidosis, Type II (Proximal)","after":{"null":["Hypokalemia","Non-Anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis"]},"before":{"null":["Multiple Myeloma","Carbonic Anhydrase II mutation","Fanconi Syndrome"]},"description":"Renal Tubular Acidosis Type II (Proximal) is a rare kidney disorder in which the renal tubules are unable to reabsorb bicarbonate from the urine, leading to a build-up of acid in the blood. This disorder can cause several symptoms such as dehydration, growth failure, vomiting, muscle weakness, and bone disease. This disorder can be caused by genetic conditions or can be acquired due to some medical conditions such as Fanconi Syndrome, Chronic kidney disease, etc. Treatment includes restoring the normal acid-base balance by administering oral medications. In severe cases, dialysis may be needed."},{"name":"Vomiting","after":{"null":["Hypokalemia","Metabolic Alkalosis"]},"before":{"null":["Increased intracranial pressure"]},"description":"Vomiting, also known as emesis or throwing up, is the involuntary act of forcefully expelling the contents of the stomach through the mouth and sometimes the nose. It is a reflex action that occurs when the brain detects something harmful or irritating in the digestive system, such as a toxic substance or an infection. Vomiting can be accompanied by nausea, abdominal pain, sweating, dizziness, and other symptoms. It is a common symptom of many medical conditions, including gastroenteritis, food poisoning, motion sickness, pregnancy, chemotherapy, and others."},{"name":"Diarrhea","after":{"null":["Hypokalemia","Erythema Nodosum","Hypovolemia","Non-Anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis"]},"before":{"null":["Crohn Disease","Thyrotoxicosis","Gastrinoma (Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome)","Celiac Disease","Tropical Sprue","Whipple Disease","Irritable Bowel Syndrome","Lactose Intolerance","Carcinoid Syndrome"]},"description":"Diarrhea is a common digestive disorder characterized by frequent watery or loose bowel movements that occur more than three times in a day. It is usually caused by bacterial, viral, or parasitic infections, but can also be caused by certain medications, food intolerance, and digestive disorders. It can lead to dehydration, electrolyte imbalances, and other complications if left untreated."},{"name":"Weakness","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Anemia","Hypercalcemia","Hypocortisolism","Hypokalemia","Hypophosphatemia","Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)","Dermatomyositis","Polymyositis","Muscular Dystrophy","Myasthenia Gravis","Lambert-Eaton Syndrome (presynaptic calcium channel Ab)","Guillain-Barre Syndrome"]},"description":"Weakness is the state or condition of lacking physical, mental, or emotional strength or vitality. It can also refer to a vulnerability or susceptibility to harmful or negative influences or situations."},{"name":"Hyporeflexia","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Hypothyroidism","Hypokalemia","Hypermagnesemia","Lower Motor Neuron Disease (Flaccid Paralysis)"]},"description":"Hyporeflexia is a medical condition characterized by abnormally decreased or absent reflexes. It may be a sign of a medical condition affecting the brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves or muscles. Hyporeflexia may cause symptoms such as muscle weakness, atrophy and difficulty in movement coordination. It is often diagnosed by a medical professional through a neurological exam, which involves testing various reflexes such as the knee-jerk reflex."},{"name":"Deleted","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Deleted refers to the act of removing something from existence or erasing something from a particular location or repository. In the context of digital systems, deleted typically means to remove a file or data from a storage drive, making it inaccessible and invisible to users."},{"name":"Atherosclerosis","after":{"null":["Coronary Artery Disease","Cholesterol emboli","Erectile Dysfunction","Ischemic Stroke","Vascular Dementia","Renal Artery Stenosis (Renovascular Disease)","Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm","Peripheral Artery Disease"]},"before":{"null":["Renal Failure (ESRD)","Hypertension","Diabetes Mellitus","Hypercholesterolemia","Smoking","Systemic Inflammation"]},"description":"Atherosclerosis is a medical condition characterized by the formation of plaques or fatty deposits in the walls of the arteries, leading to their narrowing and hardening, which can limit blood supply to vital organs and tissues. It is a chronic and progressive disease that can affect any artery of the body, but most commonly affects the heart, brain, legs, and kidneys. Atherosclerosis is a major cause of cardiovascular diseases, including heart attacks, strokes, and peripheral artery disease. It can be managed with lifestyle changes and medications, but severe cases may require surgery or other invasive treatments."},{"name":"Myocardial Infarction","after":{"Hours":["Dyspnea","Ventricular fibrillation","Cardiac Chest pain","T wave inversion on EKG"],"1-3 days":["Fibrinous pericarditis"],"4-7 days":["Ventricular wall rupture","Papillary muscle rupture","Septal rupture"],"Weeks-Months":["Ventricular aneurysm","Mural thrombus","Dressler syndrome"],"null":["Heart Failure (Left Sided)","Ventricular Tachycardia","Cardiogenic Syncope","Cardiogenic Shock","Ventricular Reentrant Circuit","Peaked T Waves on EKG"]},"before":{"null":["Coronary Artery Disease","Vasculitis","Aortic Dissection","Cardiac Embolism","Vasospasm"]},"description":"Myocardial Infarction, also known as a heart attack, is a condition in which a portion of the heart muscle dies due to lack of blood flow and oxygen supply to that area. This occurs when the coronary arteries, which supply blood to the heart muscle, become narrowed or blocked by plaque buildup or a blood clot. Myocardial Infarction can lead to serious or even fatal complications and requires immediate medical attention. Symptoms typically include chest pain or discomfort, shortness of breath, sweating, nausea, and lightheadedness. Treatment may include medications, invasive procedures, and lifestyle changes to prevent further incidents."},{"name":"Polydipsia","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Diabetes Mellitus","Primary Polydipsia","Diabetes Insipidus"]},"description":"Polydipsia is a medical term that refers to excessive thirst and abnormally increased drinking of fluids. This condition is often associated with various disorders and diseases, such as diabetes, hypercalcemia, adrenal gland disorders, dehydration, and certain medications that cause dry mouth. Patients with polydipsia may experience frequent urination, fatigue, and other symptoms associated with fluid imbalance and electrolyte disturbances. Treatment for this condition depends on its underlying cause and may include medication, lifestyle changes, and other interventions to manage the excessive thirst and fluid intake."},{"name":"Polyuria","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Diabetes Mellitus","Primary Polydipsia","Diabetes Insipidus","Nephrocalcinosis"]},"description":"Polyuria is a medical term used to describe the frequent passage of large amounts of urine, typically more than 2.5 to 3 liters per day. It is often associated with conditions that affect the kidneys, such as diabetes mellitus, diabetes insipidus, and chronic kidney disease. Other causes may include urinary tract infections, medication side effects, and certain neurological disorders. Polyuria can cause dehydration, electrolyte imbalances, and other complications, and it requires prompt diagnosis and treatment."},{"name":"Diabetic Nephropathy","after":{"null":["Nephrotic Syndrome","Microalbuminuria"]},"before":{"null":["Diabetes Mellitus"]},"description":"Diabetic nephropathy refers to kidney damage caused by long-term diabetes, which can result in the loss of kidney function and ultimately, kidney failure. It is also known as diabetic kidney disease or diabetic glomerulosclerosis. The condition is caused by high levels of sugar in the blood, which damages the blood vessels in the kidneys and affects their ability to filter waste products from the body. Over time, this damage can cause a buildup of toxins in the blood and lead to other complications, such as high blood pressure, anemia, and nerve damage."},{"name":"Obesity","after":{"null":["Obstructive Sleep Apnea","Atrial fibrillation","Restrictive Lung Disease","Osteoarthritis","GERD","Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease","Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)","Increased estrogen exposure"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Obesity is a medical condition characterized by an excessive accumulation of body fat that poses a risk to health. It is commonly defined by body mass index (BMI), with a BMI of 30 or higher indicating obesity. Obesity is associated with an increased risk of many chronic diseases, including type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. It is often linked to poor diet and physical inactivity, but can also result from genetic and environmental factors."},{"name":"Peripheral Neuropathy","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Vitamin B12 Deficiency","Diabetes Mellitus","Lupus","Guillain-Barre Syndrome"]},"description":"Peripheral neuropathy refers to a condition that affects the peripheral nervous system, which consists of nerves outside the brain and spinal cord. It causes damage to the nerves that carry signals between the brain and spinal cord to the rest of the body, leading to symptoms such as numbness, tingling, pain, weakness, and loss of sensation in the hands and feet. Peripheral neuropathy may result from a wide range of factors, including diabetes, infections, autoimmune disorders, medications, and trauma. The condition can be managed through various treatments, including medication, physical therapy, and lifestyle changes."},{"name":"Overflow Incontinence","after":{"null":["Urinary Incontinence"]},"before":{"null":["Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia"]},"description":"Overflow incontinence is a type of urinary incontinence where the bladder cannot empty properly, causing urine to accumulate and leak out of the bladder involuntarily. It occurs when the bladder is too full and cannot contract properly or when the outlet of the bladder is blocked. This can be caused by conditions such as an enlarged prostate in men, nerve damage, or medications that affect the bladder muscles. Symptoms include frequent urination, dribbling, and a weak urine stream."},{"name":"Tachycardia","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Sinus Tachycardia","Supraventricular Tachycardia","Ventricular Tachycardia"]},"description":"Tachycardia is a medical condition characterized by a rapid heart rate, typically faster than 100 beats per minute in adults. It is caused by a disruption in the electrical signals that regulate the timing and rhythm of the heartbeat, leading to an increased heart rate and sometimes irregular heartbeats. Tachycardia can be a normal physiological response to exercise or stress, but it can also be a symptom of an underlying medical condition such as heart disease, high blood pressure, or an overactive thyroid gland. Treatment options for tachycardia vary depending on the underlying cause and severity of the condition, but can include medication, lifestyle changes, or medical procedures such as electrophysiological studies or ablation therapy."},{"name":"V\/Q mismatch","after":{"null":["Hypoxia"]},"before":{"null":["Pulmonary Embolism"]},"description":"A V\/Q (ventilation\/perfusion) mismatch occurs when there is a mismatch between the amount of air being ventilated to the lungs and the amount of blood perfusing the lung tissue. This can result in impaired gas exchange and decreased oxygenation of blood. Causes of V\/Q mismatch include pulmonary embolism, pneumonia, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)."},{"name":"Hypoxia","after":{"null":["Seizure","Central Diabetes Insipidus","Erythrocytosis","Clubbing"]},"before":{"null":["V\/Q mismatch","Hypoventilation","High altitude","Right to left shunt","Decreased DLCO"]},"description":"Hypoxia is a medical condition characterized by an inadequate amount of oxygen reaching the body tissues, organs, or cells. This can be caused by a decrease in the amount of oxygen in the air, respiratory diseases, circulatory disorders, or certain medical conditions that affect the ability of the body to absorb or distribute oxygen properly. Hypoxia can range from mild to severe and can cause a wide range of symptoms such as shortness of breath, fatigue, dizziness, confusion, and even loss of consciousness in extreme cases."},{"name":"Hypoventilation","after":{"null":["Hypoxia"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Hypoventilation is a condition in which a person\u2019s breathing is insufficient to meet the body\u2019s needs for oxygen and to remove carbon dioxide from the lungs. This leads to decreased levels of oxygen and increased levels of carbon dioxide in the blood. Hypoventilation can be caused by a variety of factors, including obesity, sleep apnea, sedative or alcohol use, certain medications, lung diseases, and neurological disorders. It can result in symptoms such as drowsiness, confusion, headache, and shortness of breath, and can lead to serious complications such as respiratory failure and damage to the heart and other organs."},{"name":"High altitude","after":{"null":["Hypoxia"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"High altitude is typically defined as any altitude above 8,000 feet (2,438 meters) above sea level. At high altitudes, atmospheric pressure and oxygen levels decrease, which can cause a number of physiological effects on the human body. Some common symptoms of high altitude include fatigue, headache, shortness of breath, and dizziness. High altitude can be challenging for anyone, but it can be particularly difficult for people with certain medical conditions, such as heart or lung disorders."},{"name":"Right to left shunt","after":{"null":["Hypoxia"]},"before":{"null":["Hepatopulmonary Syndrome","Septal rupture","Eisenmenger Syndrome","Tetralogy of Fallot"]},"description":"Right to left shunt is a medical condition where blood flows from the right side of the heart to the left side without going through the lungs for oxygenation. This can occur due to various congenital heart defects or acquired conditions like pulmonary hypertension. It results in the mixing of oxygen-poor blood with oxygen-rich blood and a decrease in oxygen levels in the circulation. This can lead to symptoms like cyanosis (blue discoloration of skin), shortness of breath, fatigue, and difficulty in exercising."},{"name":"Decreased DLCO","after":{"null":["Hypoxia"]},"before":{"null":["COPD","Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)","Interstitial Lung Disease","Pneumocysis Jiroveci (PJP) Pneumonia","Centrilobular Emphysema","Panacinar Emphysema"]},"description":"Decreased DLCO refers to a reduction in the diffusion capacity of the lungs for carbon monoxide. This means that the lungs are not able to transfer oxygen from the air to the blood as efficiently as they should. Decreased DLCO can be caused by a variety of factors, including lung diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and interstitial lung disease, as well as heart disease and anemia. It is usually diagnosed through pulmonary function testing. Treatment depends on the underlying cause of the reduced DLCO and may include medications, oxygen therapy, and lifestyle changes."},{"name":"Pain","after":{"null":["SIADH"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage. It can be acute or chronic, and can be caused by various factors such as physical injury, disease, or emotional distress. Pain is subjective and can vary in intensity and duration from person to person."},{"name":"Small Cell Carcinoma of the Lung","after":{"null":["SIADH","Lung Cancer"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Small cell lung cancer is a type of lung cancer that is characterized by the presence of small, tightly packed cells that are often round or oval-shaped. It is an aggressive form of lung cancer that tends to grow and spread quickly, making it difficult to treat. Small cell lung cancer is often caused by smoking or exposure to other environmental toxins and is more common in men than in women. Symptoms of small cell lung cancer may include coughing, shortness of breath, chest pain, and unintentional weight loss. Treatment for small cell lung cancer typically involves a combination of chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and sometimes surgery."},{"name":"Ventricular ectopy (PVCs)","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Ventricular Reentrant Circuit","Increased automaticity","Early After Depolarizations","Delayed After Depolarizations"]},"description":"Ventricular ectopy (PVCs) is a medical condition in which the heart experiences an irregular heart rhythm caused by premature depolarization, which leads to an extra beat in the ventricle. It is also known as premature ventricular contraction (PVC), and it can be identified during routine electrocardiogram (ECG) testing. PVCs may occur in individuals with heart disease or in individuals with no underlying medical conditions. In most cases, PVCs are not harmful and do not require treatment, but in some cases, they can lead to arrhythmias, which can be life-threatening."},{"name":"U waves on EKG","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Hypokalemia"]},"description":"U waves are small, rounded deflections that occur after the T wave in an electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG). They are usually only a few millimeters in height and can be difficult to see in some cases. The exact mechanism behind the formation of U waves is not well understood, but it is believed that they are related to the repolarization of the papillary muscles in the heart. U waves are generally considered to be benign and are not usually associated with any specific clinical conditions. However, in some cases, they can be a sign of underlying electrolyte imbalances, particularly hypokalemia (low potassium levels), and may indicate an increased risk of arrhythmias."},{"name":"Flattened T waves on EKG","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Hypokalemia"]},"description":"Flattened T waves on an EKG refer to a change in the T wave deflection on the electrocardiogram that is less peaked than normal, and appears flattened or almost isoelectric. This can be seen in various clinical conditions, including electrolyte disturbances, medications, ischemia, and others. It may serve as a clue to abnormal cardiac or non-cardiac function and therefore, considered by doctors in the evaluation of patients."},{"name":"ST depressions on EKG","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Hypokalemia","Posterior STEMI","Myocardial Ischemia","Digoxin toxicity"]},"description":"ST depressions on an electrocardiogram (EKG) indicate a decrease in electrical activity in the heart muscle during the period between depolarization and repolarization. It can be a sign of myocardial ischemia (lack of blood flow to the heart muscle), coronary artery disease, or other heart conditions. The severity and location of the ST depression can help healthcare providers determine the cause and appropriate treatment."},{"name":"Diabetes Insipidus","after":{"null":["Polydipsia","Polyuria","Hypernatremia","Low urine osmolality"]},"before":{"null":["Central Diabetes Insipidus","Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus"]},"description":"Diabetes Insipidus is a rare condition that occurs when the kidneys are unable to retain or regulate the balance of fluids in the body. It is not related to diabetes mellitus which is caused by problems with insulin production and metabolism. People with diabetes insipidus have excessive thirst and urination, and may experience dehydration and electrolyte imbalances if left untreated."},{"name":"Hypernatremia","after":{"null":["Seizure","Altered Mental Status"]},"before":{"null":["Diabetes Insipidus"]},"description":"Hypernatremia is a medical condition in which there is an elevated level of sodium in the blood. This occurs when there is an excess of sodium relative to the amount of water in the body, or a deficit of water relative to the amount of sodium. It can be caused by dehydration, excessive intake of salt, kidney disease, and certain medications. Symptoms may include thirst, dry mouth, restlessness, irritability, confusion, seizures, and coma. Treatment involves addressing the underlying cause and correcting fluid and sodium levels in the body."},{"name":"Hypophosphatemia","after":{"null":["Rhabdomyolysis","Weakness"]},"before":{"Decreased Absorption":["Vitamin D Deficiency","Alcoholism","Decreased 1,25 Vitamin D"],"Transcellular Shift":["Metabolic Alkalosis","Insulin use","Refeeding Syndrome","Respiratory Alkalosis"],"Urinary Loss":["Fanconi Syndrome","Primary Hyperparathyroidism"],"null":[]},"description":"Hypophosphatemia is a medical condition characterized by abnormally low levels of phosphorus in the blood. This condition can be caused by a variety of factors, including poor dietary intake, certain medications, underlying medical conditions like kidney disease, and hormonal imbalances. Symptoms of hypophosphatemia may include weakness, fatigue, and muscle pain, among others. Treatment is typically focused on identifying and addressing the underlying cause of the condition, as well as supplementing with phosphorus as necessary."},{"name":"Refeeding Syndrome","after":{"null":["Hypophosphatemia"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Refeeding syndrome is a serious and potentially fatal condition that can occur when a severely malnourished or starved person begins to eat again after a period of deprivation. It is characterized by a rapid shift in electrolytes, fluids, and metabolic processes in the body, which can lead to serious complications such as cardiac arrhythmias, respiratory failure, and neurological disturbances. Refeeding syndrome is a medical emergency that requires prompt treatment and close monitoring to prevent complications or death."},{"name":"Cardiac Chest pain","after":{"null":["Chest Pain"]},"before":{"null":["Myocarditis","Pericarditis","Myocardial Infarction","Cardiac Tamponade","Aortic Dissection","Takotsubo (Stress) Cardiomyopathy","Stable Angina","Sinus of Valsalva Aneurysm","Prinzmetal Angina","Mitral Valve Prolapse","Vasospasm"]},"description":"Cardiac chest pain refers to pain or discomfort in the chest that is caused by a problem with the heart. This type of chest pain may be caused by a narrowing or blockage in one or more of the arteries that supply blood to the heart. Cardiac chest pain may be felt as a pressure, tightness, or squeezing sensation in the chest, and may be accompanied by shortness of breath, sweating, and nausea. It is a serious symptom that requires prompt medical attention."},{"name":"Venous Insufficiency","after":{"null":["Peripheral Edema","Stasis Dermatitis"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Venous insufficiency is a condition in which the veins in the legs cannot efficiently return blood to the heart. This can lead to pooling of blood in the legs and swelling, pain, and other symptoms. It is most commonly caused by damage or weakness in the vein walls or valves. The condition may be chronic or acute and can be accompanied by the formation of varicose veins or ulcers. Treatment options may include compression stockings, lifestyle changes, medication, or surgical procedures."},{"name":"Postphlebitic Syndrome","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Deep Venous Thrombus (DVT)"]},"description":"Postphlebitic syndrome (also known as post-thrombotic syndrome) is a condition that occurs as a complication of deep vein thrombosis (DVT), which is a blood clot that forms in a deep vein, usually in the leg. The condition is characterized by chronic pain, swelling, and discomfort in the affected area, as well as skin changes such as discoloration, thickening, and ulceration. Other symptoms may include itching, fatigue, and leg cramps. The syndrome usually develops several months after the initial thrombotic event and may become progressive over time. Treatment options may include compression stockings, medication, and surgery."},{"name":"May-Thurner Syndrome (Iliac Vein Compression Syndrome)","after":{"null":["Deep Venous Thrombus (DVT)"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"May-Thurner syndrome (MTS), also known as iliac vein compression syndrome, is a medical condition that occurs when the left iliac vein, which carries blood from the left leg to the heart, is compressed by the right iliac artery. This compression can lead to a partial or complete blockage of the vein, causing blood to pool in the leg and increasing the risk of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) or other vascular complications. MTS is more common in women than in men, and often presents in individuals between the ages of 20 and 50. Treatment typically involves anticoagulation therapy, endovascular interventions, or a combination of both."},{"name":"Stasis Dermatitis","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Venous Insufficiency"]},"description":"Stasis dermatitis, also known as venous eczema or gravitational dermatitis, is a condition that affects the skin on the lower legs in individuals with poor circulation. It is caused by blood pooling in the legs due to weakened or damaged vein valves, which results in swelling, redness, itching, and dry, scaly skin. Stasis dermatitis can lead to skin breakdown, ulcers, and infections if left untreated. It is often seen in individuals with venous insufficiency, varicose veins, or a history of blood clots."},{"name":"Primary Hyperparathyroidism","after":{"null":["Hypercalcemia","Hypophosphatemia","Osteitis Fibrosa Cystica"]},"before":{"null":["Parathyroid Adenoma","Parathyroid Carcinoma","Parathyroid Hyperplasia"]},"description":"Primary hyperparathyroidism is a condition that occurs when one or more of the parathyroid glands become overactive and produce too much parathyroid hormone (PTH). This can lead to high levels of calcium in the blood (hypercalcemia), which can cause a variety of symptoms and complications such as bone loss, kidney stones, and gastrointestinal problems. Primary hyperparathyroidism is most commonly caused by a non-cancerous growth (adenoma) on one of the parathyroid glands, but can also be caused by hyperplasia (enlargement) or cancer of the glands. It is often diagnosed through blood tests that measure calcium and PTH levels, as well as imaging studies to locate any abnormal parathyroid tissue. Treatment may involve surgery to remove the affected glands or medications to control calcium levels."},{"name":"Obstructive Sleep Apnea","after":{"null":["Hypertension","Atrial fibrillation","Pulmonary Hypertension WHO group III"]},"before":{"null":["Obesity","Acromegaly"]},"description":"Obstructive Sleep Apnea is a sleep disorder where the upper airway repeatedly collapses during sleep, resulting in breathing pauses or shallow breathing. This can lead to interrupted sleep, daytime fatigue, and other health complications."},{"name":"Lithium use","after":{"null":["Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Lithium use refers to the use of lithium compounds or salts as a medication for treating mood disorders such as bipolar disorder and depression. It is a mood stabilizer that helps balance the levels of certain chemicals in the brain, including serotonin and norepinephrine. Lithium use can also be prescribed for other conditions, such as cluster headaches and nerve pain. It is important to take lithium as directed by a healthcare provider, as it can have potentially serious side effects if not taken properly."},{"name":"Central Diabetes Insipidus","after":{"null":["Diabetes Insipidus"]},"before":{"null":["Hypoxia","Infiltration","Hypopituitarism","Pituitary Adenoma"]},"description":"Central Diabetes Insipidus (CDI) is a rare disorder characterized by a deficiency of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) due to damage or dysfunction of the hypothalamus or pituitary gland, causing excessive thirst and urination. It is not related to diabetes mellitus, which involves high blood sugar levels. Symptoms may include frequent urination, extreme thirst, dehydration, and fatigue. Treatment involves replacement therapy with synthetic ADH or medications that increase ADH production."},{"name":"Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus","after":{"null":["Diabetes Insipidus"]},"before":{"null":["Hypercalcemia","Amyloidosis","Hypokalemia","Lithium use","Pyelonephritis","Democlocycline use"]},"description":"Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus (NDI) is a condition characterized by excessive thirst and urination caused by a defect in the kidneys. In this disorder, the kidneys are unable to respond to the hormone vasopressin, which regulates the amount of water reabsorption in the body. This leads to the production of large volumes of dilute urine and dehydration due to the loss of water. NDI can be caused by a genetic mutation or as a side effect of certain medications. It can be managed by maintaining hydration with increased water consumption and medications that enhance the response of the kidneys to vasopressin."},{"name":"Mass effect","after":{"null":["Increased intracranial pressure"]},"before":{"null":["Pituitary Adenoma","Brain Tumor"]},"description":"Mass Effect is a science-fiction video game franchise that follows the story of Commander Shepard, a human soldier who must save the galaxy from an ancient synthetic race known as the Reapers. The series features advanced technology, interstellar travel, diverse alien races, complex societal and political structures, and a deep, branching narrative that is shaped by player choices."},{"name":"Infiltration","after":{"null":["Central Diabetes Insipidus","Hypopituitarism"]},"before":{"null":["Amyloidosis","Sarcoidosis","Hemochromatosis"]},"description":"Infiltration is the process of gradually penetrating and gaining access to a system or organization with the intention of gathering information, gaining influence or control, or carrying out a specific mission. It may involve covert or undercover activities, such as conducting surveillance, gathering intelligence, or building relationships with key individuals within the targeted group or network. Infiltration can be carried out by individuals or groups seeking political, economic, or military advantage, and is often associated with espionage, terrorism, or organized crime."},{"name":"Sarcoidosis","after":{"null":["Hypercalcemia","Infiltration","Erythema Nodosum","Elevated ACE level","Interstitial Lung Disease","Restrictive Cardiomyopathy","Noncaseating Granulomas","Uveitis","Hilar lymphadenopathy"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Sarcoidosis is a multisystem disease that results from an exaggerated immune response to an unknown antigenic stimulus. It primarily affects the lungs and lymph nodes, but can also involve other organs such as the skin, eyes, liver, heart, and brain. The hallmark of sarcoidosis is the formation of non-caseating granulomas, which are clusters of immune cells that can damage surrounding tissue. The exact cause of sarcoidosis is unknown, and the disease can have a wide range of symptoms and outcomes."},{"name":"Erythema Nodosum","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Diarrhea","Sarcoidosis","Coccidiodomycosis","Crohn Disease"]},"description":"Erythema nodosum is a skin condition characterized by tender, red bumps or nodules that develop under the skin, typically on the shins, but sometimes on other parts of the body. It is often associated with underlying medical conditions, such as infections, autoimmune disorders, or medications, but in some cases may appear without a clear cause. Symptoms may include pain and swelling, and the nodules may eventually disappear on their own or with treatment of the underlying condition."},{"name":"Coccidiodomycosis","after":{"null":["Erythema Nodosum"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Coccidioidomycosis, also known as Valley fever, is a fungal infection caused by inhalation of spores from the soil-dwelling fungus Coccidioides immitis or Coccidioides posadasii. The infection usually results in flu-like symptoms, such as fever, cough, and muscle aches, but can also lead to pneumonia and other severe complications. Coccidioidomycosis is endemic to the southwestern United States, particularly in California and Arizona."},{"name":"Crohn Disease","after":{"null":["Vitamin B12 Deficiency","Abdominal Pain","Colon Cancer","Diarrhea","Erythema Nodosum","Lower Gastrointestinal Bleed (LGIB)","Aphthous Ulcer","Uveitis","Fissures","Strictures","Fistula formation","Ankylosing Spondylitis","Pyoderma Gangrenosum"]},"before":{"null":["Smoking"]},"description":""},{"name":"Acromegaly","after":{"null":["Heart Failure (Left Sided)","Obstructive Sleep Apnea","Carpal Tunnel Syndrome","Macroglossia","Hyperprolactinemia","Hyperlipidemia","Increased IGF-1"]},"before":{"null":["Growth hormone cell adenoma","Exogenous growth hormone use"]},"description":"Acromegaly is a hormonal disorder that occurs when the pituitary gland produces too much growth hormone during adulthood. This results in excessive growth of bones, especially in the hands, feet, and face. It can also cause other health problems such as heart disease, diabetes, and joint pain."},{"name":"Carpal Tunnel Syndrome","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Amyloidosis","Hypothyroidism","Acromegaly"]},"description":"Carpal Tunnel Syndrome is a condition that occurs when the median nerve, which runs down the arm and through the carpal tunnel in the wrist, becomes compressed or squeezed. This compression of the nerve can cause pain, numbness, tingling, and weakness in the hand and fingers. It is a common condition, often caused by repetitive hand and wrist movements or by certain medical conditions such as arthritis or diabetes. Treatment may include a combination of physical therapy, medication, splinting, and in some cases, surgery."},{"name":"Macroglossia","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Hypothyroidism","Acromegaly","Glossitis"]},"description":"Macroglossia is defined as an abnormal enlargement of the tongue, either proportional to the size of the oral cavity or in excess of it. It can be caused by a variety of factors, including congenital conditions, metabolic disorders, trauma, or tumors. Symptoms may include difficulty speaking, eating, or breathing, as well as sleep apnea and dental problems. Treatment options may include speech therapy, medical management, or surgical intervention."},{"name":"Primary Hypothyroidism","after":{"null":["Hypothyroidism","Hyperprolactinemia"]},"before":{"null":["Thyroiditis","Iodine Deficiency","Cold nodule"]},"description":"Primary Hypothyroidism is a condition where the thyroid gland fails to produce enough thyroid hormones, specifically thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). This condition is usually caused by an autoimmune disorder, radiation therapy, congenital disorders, or iodine deficiency. Symptoms of Primary Hypothyroidism include fatigue, weight gain, dry skin, hair loss, sensitivity to cold, and muscle weakness, among others."},{"name":"Secondary Hypothyroidism","after":{"null":["Hypothyroidism"]},"before":{"null":["Hypopituitarism"]},"description":"Secondary hypothyroidism is a medical condition where the thyroid gland is normal, but the pituitary gland, which regulates its activity, fails to produce enough thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). This results in decreased production of thyroid hormones, leading to symptoms such as fatigue, weight gain, cold intolerance, and cognitive impairment, among others. Secondary hypothyroidism is usually caused by a malfunction of the pituitary gland or hypothalamus, which can be due to tumors, radiation therapy, head trauma, infections, or genetic disorders."},{"name":"Hypopituitarism","after":{"Anterior Pituitary":["Secondary Hypothyroidism","Secondary Hypocortisolism","Secondary Hypogonadism","Low Growth Hormone","Hypoprolactinemia"],"Posterior Pituitary":["Central Diabetes Insipidus","Low Oxytocin"],"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Infiltration","Hemochromatosis","Pituitary Adenoma","Craniopharyngioma","Pituitary apoplexy","Sheehan syndrome (pregnancy-related infarction)","Empty sella syndrome"]},"description":"Hypopituitarism is a disorder in which the pituitary gland in the brain fails to produce one or more hormones or does not secrete sufficient amounts of them. This can cause a range of symptoms depending on which hormones are affected, including decreased sex drive, infertility, growth failure, fatigue, weight gain, and low blood pressure. The condition can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetic abnormalities, traumatic brain injury, infections, tumors, or radiation therapy. Treatment typically involves hormonal replacement therapy."},{"name":"Primary Hypocortisolism","after":{"null":["Hypocortisolism"]},"before":{"null":["Adrenal Insufficiency (Addison Disease)","21-Hydroxylase Deficiency"]},"description":"Primary hypocortisolism, also known as Addison\u2019s disease, is a rare disorder in which your adrenal glands don\u2019t produce enough hormones. This can lead to decreased levels of cortisol, aldosterone, and other hormones. Symptoms include fatigue, muscle weakness, weight loss, abdominal pain, and low blood pressure. It can be caused by autoimmune diseases, infections, cancer, or inherited genetic mutations. Treatment typically involves lifelong hormone replacement therapy."},{"name":"Secondary Hypocortisolism","after":{"null":["Hypocortisolism"]},"before":{"null":["Hypopituitarism"]},"description":"Secondary hypocortisolism is a medical condition that occurs when the body\u2019s pituitary gland fails to produce enough adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), which stimulates the adrenal glands to produce cortisol. As a result, the adrenal glands do not produce enough cortisol, leading to a deficiency of this hormone in the body. This condition is also known as secondary adrenal insufficiency. It can be caused by various factors, including pituitary tumors, infections, autoimmune diseases, and the long-term use of corticosteroid drugs. Symptoms of secondary hypocortisolism can include fatigue, weakness, weight loss, low blood pressure, and dehydration. Treatment usually involves hormone replacement therapy with synthetic cortisol."},{"name":"Bradycardia","after":{"null":["Cardiogenic Syncope"]},"before":{"null":["Sinus Bradycardia","Sinus node dysfunction","Sinoatrial exit block","Sinus arrest","Bradycardia-Tachycardia Syndrome","Atrioventricular Block"]},"description":"Bradycardia is a medical condition characterized by an abnormally slow heart rate, typically below 60 beats per minute in adults. It may be a symptom of an underlying medical issue or a side effect of certain medications. Symptoms of bradycardia include fatigue, dizziness, fainting, shortness of breath, and chest pain. It can be diagnosed through an electrocardiogram (ECG) and may require treatment depending on the severity and underlying cause."},{"name":"Constipation","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Hypercalcemia","Hypothyroidism","Diabetic Gastroparesis","Irritable Bowel Syndrome","Opiate use","Little fiber intake"]},"description":"Constipation is a condition in which a person experiences difficulty or infrequency in passing stools or waste from the bowels, usually less than three times a week. It is characterized by dry and hard stools that are difficult to pass, bloating, and discomfort in the abdominal area. Constipation can be caused by various factors, including a lack of fiber in the diet, dehydration, certain medications, hormonal changes, and underlying health conditions."},{"name":"Weight gain","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Hypothyroidism","Hypercortisolism (Cushing Syndrome)"]},"description":"Weight gain refers to an increase in body weight due to an increase in muscle mass, body fat, or fluid retention. It can occur due to several factors, such as overeating, lack of physical activity, hormonal imbalances, genetics, certain medications, or a medical condition. Weight gain can lead to obesity and increase the risk of various health issues, including heart disease, diabetes, and certain types of cancer."},{"name":"Depression","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Hypothyroidism"]},"description":"Depression is a mental health disorder characterized by persistent sadness, loss of interest or pleasure in activities, changes in appetite and sleep patterns, low energy and self-esteem, difficulty concentrating, and sometimes suicidal thoughts or behaviors. It is a serious condition that can interfere with daily life and relationships."},{"name":"Cold intolerance","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Hypothyroidism"]},"description":"Cold intolerance refers to a person\u2019s decreased ability to tolerate cold temperatures. It is a condition where individuals feel extremely cold even at temperatures that are normally comfortable or tolerable for others. This may result in discomfort, pain, or numbness in the extremities, such as hands and feet. Cold intolerance can be caused by a variety of factors, including medical conditions, medication side effects, hormonal imbalances, or exposure to cold environments for prolonged periods of time."},{"name":"Hypothermia","after":{"null":["T wave inversion on EKG"]},"before":{"null":["Hypothyroidism"]},"description":"Hypothermia is a medical emergency condition in which the body temperature drops below the normal level, typically defined as a core body temperature of less than 95\u00b0F (35\u00b0C). This can occur due to prolonged exposure to cold weather conditions or from immersion in cold water, and can lead to tissue damage, organ failure, and in severe cases, death. Symptoms of hypothermia include shivering, confusion, slurred speech, slow heart rate, and loss of consciousness. Immediate medical attention is necessary to treat hypothermia."},{"name":"Thyrotoxicosis","after":{"null":["Hypercalcemia","Diarrhea","Atrial fibrillation","Weight loss","Anxiety","Hyperreflexia","Heat intolerance","Fever","Osteoporosis","Sinus Tachycardia","Increased gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis"]},"before":{"null":["Hyperthyroidism","Thyroiditis","Exogenous thyroid hormone use"]},"description":"Thyrotoxicosis is a condition that occurs due to excessive levels of thyroid hormone in the body. This can result from an overactive thyroid gland, thyroiditis, taking excessive amounts of thyroid medication, or the presence of thyroid nodules or tumors. Symptoms of thyrotoxicosis can include weight loss, tremors, sweating, heat intolerance, heart palpitations, and anxiety. Treatment may involve medications to decrease thyroid hormone production or surgery to remove the affected thyroid tissue."},{"name":"Atrial fibrillation","after":{"null":["Supraventricular Tachycardia","Mitral Regurgitation","Cardiac Embolism","Mural thrombus"]},"before":{"null":["Alcoholism","Hypertension","Obesity","Obstructive Sleep Apnea","Thyrotoxicosis","Atrial Dilation"]},"description":"Atrial fibrillation is a type of arrhythmia characterized by an irregular and often rapid heartbeat that originates in the atria (upper chambers of the heart). This irregular heartbeat can cause blood to pool and form clots in the atria, increasing the risk of stroke. Symptoms of AFib may include palpitations, shortness of breath, fatigue, dizziness, and chest discomfort."},{"name":"Weight loss","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Hypocortisolism","Thyrotoxicosis","Rheumatoid Arthritis","Gastrinoma (Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome)"]},"description":"Weight loss refers to the reduction of body mass, particularly fat, which results from a decrease in the consumption or absorption of calories, an increase in physical activity, or a combination of both. It can be intentional or unintentional and is usually measured in terms of pounds or kilograms lost over a certain period of time. Weight loss can have various health benefits such as reducing the risk of obesity-related diseases, improving cardiovascular health and reducing the risk of certain cancers."},{"name":"Anxiety","after":{"null":["Takotsubo (Stress) Cardiomyopathy","Hyperprolactinemia","Secondary Amenorrhea","Aphthous Ulcer"]},"before":{"null":["Thyrotoxicosis"]},"description":"Anxiety is a psychological and physiological state characterized by excessive worry, fear, apprehension, or nervousness about future events or situations. It is often accompanied by physical symptoms such as increased heart rate, sweating, trembling, and difficulty concentrating. Anxiety can be a normal and adaptive response to stressors, but when it becomes excessive and interferes with daily functioning, it may be considered a clinical disorder."},{"name":"Hyperreflexia","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Thyrotoxicosis"]},"description":"Hyperreflexia is a condition characterized by abnormally brisk and excessive reflex responses to stimuli. This can occur as a result of damage to the central nervous system, such as in spinal cord injury, or as a symptom of certain medical conditions, such as multiple sclerosis or cerebral palsy. Symptoms of hyperreflexia may include muscle spasticity, muscle stiffness, and exaggerated reflex responses. Depending on the underlying cause, treatment for hyperreflexia may involve medications, physical therapy, or surgery."},{"name":"Heat intolerance","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Thyrotoxicosis"]},"description":"Heat intolerance refers to the inability of the body to regulate or cope with an increase in temperature. This can lead to symptoms such as profuse sweating, weakness, dizziness, nausea, headache, and even fainting or heat stroke in severe cases. It may occur due to an underlying medical condition, certain medications, aging, or simply individual variability in thermoregulation. Heat intolerance can significantly affect quality of life, particularly in hot and humid environments, and prompt medical evaluation is recommended."},{"name":"Fever","after":{"null":["Sinus Tachycardia"]},"before":{"null":["State of Malignancy","Thyrotoxicosis","Rheumatoid Arthritis","Adult Still Disease","Diverticulitis","Bacteremia","Viral infection","Cocaine\/ Methamphetamine"]},"description":"Fever is a medical condition characterized by an increase in body temperature above the normal range of 97\u201399\u00b0F (36.1\u201337.2\u00b0C) due to an underlying illness or infection. The body raises its temperature to fight off these infections and to activate the immune system response. Common symptoms of fever include sweating, shivering, headache, body ache, fatigue, and loss of appetite."},{"name":"Hyperthyroidism","after":{"null":["Thyrotoxicosis"]},"before":{"null":["TSH cell adenoma","Primary Hyperthyroidism","Graves Disease"]},"description":"Hyperthyroidism is a medical condition in which the thyroid gland produces an excessive amount of thyroid hormones, resulting in a hypermetabolic state. Symptoms may include weight loss, increased appetite, sweating, tremors, anxiety, irritability, and rapid heart rate. It can be diagnosed with blood tests, and treatment may involve medication, radioactive iodine therapy, or surgery."},{"name":"Thyroiditis","after":{"null":["Primary Hypothyroidism","Thyrotoxicosis","Goiter"]},"before":{"Acute":["Acute thyroiditis"],"Subacute":["Lymphocytic (silent) thyroiditis","Granulomatous (DeQuervain) thyroiditis"],"Chronic":["Hashimoto thyroiditis","Reidel Fibrosing thyroiditis"],"null":[]},"description":"Thyroiditis is an inflammation of the thyroid gland that often results in decreased thyroid function. It can be caused by a viral infection, an autoimmune condition, or radiation exposure. Symptoms may include fatigue, weight gain, sensitivity to cold, and joint pain. Treatment may involve medications or, in severe cases, surgery to remove part or all of the thyroid gland."},{"name":"Exogenous thyroid hormone use","after":{"null":["Thyrotoxicosis"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Exogenous thyroid hormone use refers to the administration of synthetic thyroid hormones, such as levothyroxine or liothyronine, to supplement or replace the insufficient or absent hormones produced by the thyroid gland. This can help to treat hypothyroidism, goiter, and certain types of thyroid cancer."},{"name":"Acute thyroiditis","after":{"null":["Thyroiditis"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Acute thyroiditis is a rare condition characterized by an inflammation of the thyroid gland caused by bacterial or viral infections. It is usually accompanied by pain, swelling, and tenderness in the neck area. Other symptoms may include fever, fatigue, and difficulty swallowing. Treatment typically involves antibiotics or antiviral medications, and in severe cases, surgery may be required to remove part of the thyroid gland."},{"name":"Lymphocytic (silent) thyroiditis","after":{"null":["Thyroiditis"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Lymphocytic (silent) thyroiditis is a type of autoimmune thyroid disease that is characterized by inflammation of the thyroid gland. It is also referred to as painless thyroiditis as it does not cause any pain or discomfort. The condition occurs when the immune system attacks the thyroid gland, leading to the destruction of thyroid cells and ultimately the development of hypothyroidism. The condition is called silent because it does not usually cause any symptoms, and it is often discovered incidentally during routine blood tests."},{"name":"Granulomatous (DeQuervain) thyroiditis","after":{"null":["Thyroiditis"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Granulomatous (DeQuervain) thyroiditis is a rare form of thyroid disease that causes inflammation of the thyroid gland. It can result in fever, neck pain, and swelling of the thyroid gland. This condition can cause hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism but is usually self-limiting and resolves on its own within a few months. The cause is still not fully understood, but it is thought to be triggered by a viral infection. Treatment may include anti-inflammatory medications or thyroid hormone replacement therapy, depending on the severity of symptoms."},{"name":"Hashimoto thyroiditis","after":{"null":["Thyroiditis","Anti-thyroperoxidase (TPO) Antibodies"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Hashimoto thyroiditis is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system attacks and damages the thyroid gland, leading to inflammation and a decrease in thyroid hormone production. It is the most common cause of hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid) in the United States. Women are more likely to develop Hashimoto thyroiditis than men, and it tends to run in families. Symptoms can include fatigue, weight gain, sensitivity to cold, dry skin, constipation, joint pain, and depression. Treatment typically involves hormone replacement therapy to replace the missing thyroid hormones."},{"name":"Short QT on EKG","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Hypercalcemia"]},"description":"Short QT syndrome (SQTS) is a rare genetic heart disorder characterized by abnormally short QT intervals on the electrocardiogram (ECG), which may lead to an increased risk of life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death. The QT interval represents the time taken for the heart to repolarize after depolarization, and a shortened QT interval can increase the risk of arrhythmias such as ventricular fibrillation or polymorphic ventricular tachycardia. SQTS can be caused by mutations in several genes involved in cardiac ion channels and their regulation, including KCNH2, SCN5A, and KCNQ1. Diagnosis of SQTS usually involves a combination of ECG findings, family history, and genetic testing. Treatment may involve medications to prolong the QT interval and prevent arrhythmias or implantation of a defibrillator to prevent sudden cardiac death."},{"name":"Nephrolithiasis (Kidney Stones)","after":{"null":["Hematuria","Flank pain","Postrenal AKI","Hydronephrosis"]},"before":{"null":["Calcium oxalate precipitation","Calcium phosphate precipitation","Ammonium magnesium phosphate (struvite) precipitation","Uric acid precipitation","Cysteine precipitation"]},"description":"Nephrolithiasis, commonly known as kidney stones, is a condition characterized by the formation of small crystal-like structures in the kidneys, which can cause severe pain and discomfort as they pass through the urinary tract. These stones can vary in size, from as small as a grain of salt to as large as a golf ball. Nephrolithiasis can occur in both men and women, and can be caused by a variety of factors including genetics, diet, and lifestyle habits. Common symptoms of kidney stones include sharp pain in the lower back or side, difficulty urinating, and blood in the urine. Treatment options include pain relief medication, medication to dissolve the stones, or surgery."},{"name":"Hypocalcemia","after":{"null":["Seizure","Chvostek sign (facial nerve hyperexcitability)","Trousseau sign (Tetany)","Perioral numbness","Prolonged QT on EKG","Osteoporosis","Secondary hyperparathyroidism","Osteomalacia"]},"before":{"null":["Pancreatitis","Rhabdomyolysis","Hyperphosphatemia","Hypomagnesemia","Hypoparathyroidism","Vitamin D Deficiency","Malabsorption","Pseudohypoparathyroidism (PTH resistance)","Ethylene glycol poisoning","Decreased 1,25 Vitamin D","Thyroid Medullary Carcinoma"]},"description":"Hypocalcemia is a condition in which the level of calcium in the blood is too low. This can cause a variety of symptoms, including muscle cramps, seizures, numbness and tingling in the fingers and face, and muscle spasms. Hypocalcemia can be caused by a range of conditions, including kidney disease, vitamin D deficiency, and hypoparathyroidism. Treatment typically involves addressing the underlying cause and may involve calcium supplements or medication to help regulate calcium levels."},{"name":"Hypoparathyroidism","after":{"null":["Hypocalcemia"]},"before":{"null":["Hypomagnesemia","DiGeorge Syndrome","Surgical excision","Autoimmune Hypoparathyroidism"]},"description":"Hypoparathyroidism is a rare condition characterized by a decrease in parathyroid hormone (PTH) production, leading to low levels of calcium in the blood (hypocalcemia) and high levels of phosphorus in the blood (hyperphosphatemia). Symptoms can include muscle cramps, twitching, numbness, and tingling in the hands, feet, and around the mouth, as well as seizures and weakened bones. The condition can be caused by a variety of factors, including damage or removal of the parathyroid glands, genetic mutations, autoimmune disorders, or certain medications."},{"name":"Vitamin D Deficiency","after":{"null":["Hypophosphatemia","Hypocalcemia","Osteomalacia"]},"before":{"null":["Liver Cirrhosis","Malabsorption","Renal osteodystrophy","Decreased sun exposure"]},"description":"Vitamin D deficiency is a condition of having low levels of vitamin D in the body. Vitamin D is a vital nutrient that our body requires to absorb calcium and maintain strong bones. Lack of exposure to sunlight or not consuming adequate amounts of vitamin D through diet can lead to a deficiency. Symptoms of vitamin D deficiency may include bone pain, muscle weakness, fatigue, and increased risk of fractures. Severe deficiency can lead to rickets in children or osteomalacia in adults. Treatment for the deficiency involves increasing intake of vitamin D through diet, supplements, and increasing sun exposure."},{"name":"Pseudohypocalcemia","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Hypoalbuminemia"]},"description":"Pseudohypocalcemia is a condition in which the level of calcium in the blood appears to be low, while the actual amount of calcium circulating in the blood is normal. This can occur when there is an abnormality in the proteins that bind calcium in the blood, leading to a falsely low level of calcium when measured. It can also occur when other substances in the blood, such as citrate or phosphate, bind calcium and create the appearance of lower levels of calcium than what is actually present."},{"name":"Malabsorption","after":{"null":["Iron Deficiency","Hypocalcemia","Vitamin D Deficiency","Vitamin K Deficiency"]},"before":{"null":["Gastrinoma (Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome)","Celiac Disease","Tropical Sprue","Whipple Disease","Pancreatic exocrine insufficiency","Abetalipoproteinemia"]},"description":"Malabsorption is a condition where the body is unable to properly absorb nutrients from the digestive system. This can be caused by a variety of factors, including damage to the intestinal lining, inadequate production of digestive enzymes, or an imbalance of bacteria in the gut. Common symptoms of malabsorption include diarrhea, weight loss, abdominal bloating and pain, and nutritional deficiencies. Treatment may involve dietary changes, medication, and\/or surgical intervention, depending on the underlying cause of the condition."},{"name":"Chvostek sign (facial nerve hyperexcitability)","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Hypocalcemia"]},"description":"Chvostek sign refers to a physical sign indicating hyperexcitability of the facial nerve. It is elicited by tapping or stroking the facial nerve in front of the ear, resulting in a brief twitching of the nose, lips, or eyelids on the same side of the face. This sign is often associated with hypocalcemia, or low levels of calcium in the blood, which can lead to nerve and muscle hyperexcitability."},{"name":"Trousseau sign (Tetany)","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Hypocalcemia"]},"description":"Trousseau sign, also called carpopedal spasm, is an involuntary spasm or cramp in the hand or foot that occurs due to decreased blood flow to the nerves and muscles. It is a sign of tetany, a condition caused by low levels of calcium in the blood and often associated with hyperventilation syndrome or hypoparathyroidism. The sign is named after Armand Trousseau, a French physician who first described it in 1861."},{"name":"Perioral numbness","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Hypocalcemia"]},"description":"Perioral numbness is a condition in which there is a loss of sensation or tingling or burning sensation around the mouth and lips. It is caused by various factors such as nerve damage, infections, allergies, medications, and underlying medical conditions. It can also be a side effect of dental or facial surgeries or injuries. Perioral numbness can affect the ability to speak, eat, and drink and can also be associated with other symptoms such as weakness or paralysis of the facial muscles."},{"name":"Prolonged QT on EKG","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Hypokalemia","Hypocalcemia"]},"description":"Prolonged QT on EKG refers to a delay in the time it takes for the ventricles of the heart to contract and return to their resting state, as measured by the QT interval on an electrocardiogram (EKG or ECG). It is defined as a QT interval greater than 440 milliseconds in men or greater than 460 milliseconds in women. Prolonged QT interval can be a sign of an underlying heart condition, and can lead to an increased risk of arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death."},{"name":"Hypercortisolism (Cushing Syndrome)","after":{"null":["Hypertension","Metabolic Alkalosis","Weight gain","Osteoporosis","Erectile Dysfunction","Fat redistribution (moon facies, buffalo hump)","Skin striae","Lymphopenia","Neutrophilia","Leukocytosis","Hyperlipidemia"]},"before":{"null":["Primary Hypercortisolism","Pituitary ACTH (Cushing Disease)","Ectopic ACTH","Exogenous steroid use"]},"description":"Hypercortisolism, also known as Cushing Syndrome, is a condition characterized by an excessive production of the hormone cortisol by the adrenal glands. This can result in a range of symptoms including weight gain, high blood pressure, muscle weakness, mood changes, and excessive hair growth. It can be caused by various factors including tumors in the adrenal gland or pituitary gland, long-term use of corticosteroid medications, or rare genetic conditions. Treatment may involve surgery, radiation therapy, or medication to reduce cortisol levels."},{"name":"Primary Hypercortisolism","after":{"null":["Hypercortisolism (Cushing Syndrome)"]},"before":{"null":["Adrenal Adenoma","Adrenal hyperplasia (bilateral)","Adrenal Carcinoma"]},"description":"Primary hypercortisolism, also known as Cushing syndrome, is a disorder characterized by excessive production of cortisol, a hormone produced by the adrenal glands. This can be caused by a variety of factors, including a tumor in the adrenal gland, an inherited condition, or prolonged exposure to high levels of cortisol. Symptoms may include weight gain, diabetes, mood changes, and hypertension."},{"name":"Osteoporosis","after":{"null":["Pathological Fracture"]},"before":{"null":["Thyrotoxicosis","Hypocalcemia","Hypercortisolism (Cushing Syndrome)","Hypogonadism","Renal osteodystrophy"]},"description":"Osteoporosis is a medical condition characterized by weak and brittle bones, caused by a loss of bone density and mass. This loss of bone density and mass results in the bones becoming fragile and susceptible to fractures. Osteoporosis is commonly found among older individuals, women who have gone through menopause, and those with a family history of the condition. The condition can lead to chronic pain, disability, and a reduced quality of life."},{"name":"Erectile Dysfunction","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Atherosclerosis","Hypercortisolism (Cushing Syndrome)","Hypogonadism"]},"description":"Erectile dysfunction, also known as ED or impotence, refers to the inability of a man to achieve or maintain an erection sufficient enough for sexual intercourse. It is a common sexual health problem, particularly in men over the age of 40, but it can occur at any age. Erectile dysfunction can have physical or psychological causes, or a combination of both. It can also be a symptom of underlying health problems such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, or hormonal imbalances."},{"name":"Pituitary ACTH (Cushing Disease)","after":{"null":["Hypercortisolism (Cushing Syndrome)","Increased Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone (MSH)"]},"before":{"null":["ACTH cell adenoma"]},"description":"Pituitary ACTH (Cushing Disease) is a condition in which the pituitary gland produces too much of the hormone adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), which stimulates the adrenal glands to release excess cortisol. This results in a rare hormonal disorder called Cushing Disease, which can cause a range of symptoms such as weight gain, high blood pressure, skin changes, and muscle weakness. The condition is caused by a non-cancerous tumor on the pituitary gland, which can often be treated with surgery or medication."},{"name":"Ectopic ACTH","after":{"null":["Hypercortisolism (Cushing Syndrome)"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Ectopic ACTH refers to a medical condition in which the body produces too much adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) from a non-pituitary source, such as a tumor or other abnormal growth. This can cause overstimulation of the adrenal glands, leading to excess production of cortisol and other hormones that can lead to a variety of symptoms and health problems. Ectopic ACTH production is most commonly associated with small cell lung cancer, but can also occur with other types of tumors or conditions. Treatment typically involves surgically removing the underlying tumor or using medications to block the production of ACTH."},{"name":"Fat redistribution (moon facies, buffalo hump)","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Hypercortisolism (Cushing Syndrome)"]},"description":"Fat redistribution refers to the redistribution of body fat from one area to another due to certain medical conditions or medications. Two common examples of fat redistribution in individuals with HIV or those receiving long-term steroid therapy are moon facies and buffalo hump. Moon facies refers to the round and swollen appearance of the face due to fat accumulation, while buffalo hump refers to the build-up of fat on the upper back and neck."},{"name":"Skin striae","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Hypercortisolism (Cushing Syndrome)"]},"description":"Skin striae, also known as stretch marks, are long, thin, reddish or purplish lines that appear on the skin due to rapid stretching or shrinking of the skin. This can be caused by pregnancy, weight gain, or sudden weight loss. The lines usually fade over time to a lighter or white color and may be slightly indented or raised. Striae can occur on various areas of the body, including the abdomen, thighs, hips, breasts, and arms."},{"name":"Hypotension","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Hypocortisolism","Cardiac Tamponade"]},"description":"Hypotension is a medical condition characterized by abnormally low blood pressure, which means that the circulation of blood through the body is slower than normal, leading to reduced oxygen and nutrient supply to vital organs. The condition can cause symptoms such as dizziness, weakness, fainting, and fatigue. Hypotension can be caused by underlying health conditions, medication side effects, dehydration, or it may be a genetic predisposition. Treatment may involve lifestyle modifications, medication management, or in severe cases, medical intervention to raise blood pressure."},{"name":"Exogenous steroid use","after":{"null":["Hypercortisolism (Cushing Syndrome)"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Exogenous steroid use refers to the administration of artificial or synthetic steroid hormones into the body from an external source, such as in the form of oral pills, injections, or topical creams or gels. These steroids are not naturally produced by the body and are used to enhance performance or treat medical conditions such as inflammation or hormonal imbalances. Exogenous steroid use is often associated with doping in sports and can have negative side effects on the body, including liver damage, mood swings, and infertility."},{"name":"Adrenal Adenoma","after":{"null":["Primary Hyperaldosteronism (Conn Syndrome)","Primary Hypercortisolism"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Adrenal adenoma is a noncancerous tumor that forms in the adrenal gland. It is usually discovered by chance when imaging tests are done for other reasons. Adrenal adenomas are often small and do not cause any symptoms, but in some cases, they can secrete hormones, leading to various health problems. Treatment may involve surgery or regular monitoring."},{"name":"Adrenal hyperplasia (bilateral)","after":{"null":["Primary Hyperaldosteronism (Conn Syndrome)","Primary Hypercortisolism"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Adrenal hyperplasia (bilateral) is a genetic disorder that causes an enlargement or overgrowth of the adrenal glands on both sides of the body. This condition results in an excess production of certain hormones, particularly androgens (male sex hormones), which can cause various health problems. Symptoms may include early puberty, infertility, abnormal facial hair growth, and menstrual irregularities in females. Treatment may include hormone replacement therapy and surgery in severe cases."},{"name":"Adrenal adenocarcinoma","after":{"null":["Primary Hyperaldosteronism (Conn Syndrome)"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Adrenal adenocarcinoma is a rare type of cancer that develops in the outer layer (cortex) of the adrenal gland. This type of cancer is usually aggressive and can metastasize to other parts of the body, making early diagnosis and treatment important for the best possible outcome. Symptoms of adrenal adenocarcinoma may include fatigue, weight loss, and high blood pressure, but often there are no specific symptoms. Treatment options may include surgery, radiation therapy, or chemotherapy."},{"name":"Increased aldosterone to renin ratio","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Primary Hyperaldosteronism (Conn Syndrome)"]},"description":"Increased aldosterone to renin ratio (ARR) is a medical condition in which there is a higher ratio of the hormone aldosterone to the enzyme renin in the bloodstream. This is usually due to an overactive adrenal gland, which produces too much aldosterone. This condition is known as hyperaldosteronism. The increase in aldosterone levels can lead to high blood pressure and other cardiovascular problems. High ARR can also be a sign of renovascular hypertension, primary aldosteronism, or adrenal hyperplasia. Diagnosis of increased ARR requires measurement of both aldosterone and renin levels in the blood."},{"name":"Pheochromocytoma","after":{"null":["Hypertension","Sinus Tachycardia","Headache","Sweating"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Pheochromocytoma is a rare and usually noncancerous tumor that develops in cells in the center (medulla) of the adrenal gland. Pheochromocytoma tumors increase production of the hormones adrenaline and noradrenaline, which regulate heart rate, blood pressure, and blood sugar levels. Symptoms of a pheochromocytoma include high blood pressure, rapid heart rate, headaches, sweating, anxiety, and weight loss. Treatment typically involves surgical removal of the tumor."},{"name":"Type I Diabetes","after":{"null":["Diabetes Mellitus"]},"before":{"null":["HLA-DR4","HLA-DR3"]},"description":"Type I diabetes, also known as juvenile diabetes, is a chronic condition in which the body\u2019s immune system attacks and destroys the cells in the pancreas that produce insulin. Insulin is a hormone that regulates blood sugar levels, and without it, the body cannot properly use or store glucose (sugar) from food. People with type I diabetes must take insulin injections or use an insulin pump to manage their blood sugar levels and prevent complications such as heart disease, nerve damage, and blindness. It typically occurs in childhood or adolescence but can develop at any age."},{"name":"Type II Diabetes","after":{"null":["Diabetes Mellitus"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Type II diabetes, also known as adult-onset diabetes or non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), is a chronic condition in which the body has difficulty regulating blood sugar levels due to insulin resistance and\/or insufficient insulin secretion. This results in high levels of glucose in the bloodstream, which can lead to a variety of complications such as heart disease, stroke, kidney disease, nerve damage, and blindness. Type II diabetes is often associated with lifestyle factors such as obesity, lack of physical activity, and unhealthy diet, but can also be influenced by genetic and other factors."},{"name":"Ischemic Stroke","after":{"null":["Altered Mental Status","Cerebral Edema","Upper Motor Neuron Disease (Spastic Paralysis)","Neurologic Syncope"]},"before":{"null":["Atherosclerosis","Aortic Dissection","Cardiac Embolism","Lacunar Stroke"]},"description":"Ischemic stroke is a type of stroke that occurs when a blood vessel in the brain is blocked, preventing blood flow and oxygen to a part of the brain, which leads to brain damage. This blockage is often caused by a blood clot or plaque buildup in the artery."},{"name":"Diabetic Gastroparesis","after":{"null":["Constipation","Nausea"]},"before":{"null":["Diabetes Mellitus"]},"description":"Diabetic gastroparesis is a complication of diabetes in which the stomach is unable to empty its contents properly. This happens when damage to the nerves that control the stomach muscles occur due to high blood sugar levels. Symptoms may include nausea, vomiting, bloating, abdominal pain, and poor appetite. Treatment may involve medication, dietary changes, and insulin therapy."},{"name":"Nausea","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Pancreatitis","Uremia","Diabetic Gastroparesis","Ketoacidosis"]},"description":"Nausea is a feeling of extreme discomfort and unease in the stomach, often accompanied by the desire to vomit. It is a common symptom of many medical conditions, including motion sickness, food poisoning, and pregnancy."},{"name":"Bronchiectasis","after":{"null":["Dyspnea","Obstructive lung disease","Pulmonary Hypertension WHO group III","Cough"]},"before":{"null":["Cystic Fibrosis","Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis","Rheumatoid Arthritis","Kartagener syndrome (ciliary dysfunction)"]},"description":"Bronchiectasis is a chronic disease characterized by persistent widening and thickening of bronchial tubes, resulting in mucus buildup, recurrent infections, and production of sputum. It can lead to irreversible lung damage and respiratory failure if left untreated."},{"name":"Cystic Fibrosis","after":{"null":["Portal Hypertension","Bronchiectasis","Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis","Chronic Pancreatitis","Nasal polyp"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Cystic Fibrosis is a genetic disorder that affects the cells that produce mucus, sweat, and digestive juices. This disorder causes the mucus to become thick and sticky, which can block the airways, leading to breathing difficulties and infections. It also affects the pancreas, blocking the release of digestive enzymes, leading to poor nutrient absorption and malnutrition. Cystic Fibrosis is a life-threatening condition that requires ongoing medical care. It is a relatively common genetic disorder that affects around 30,000 people in the United States and 70,000 worldwide."},{"name":"Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis","after":{"null":["Bronchiectasis","Hemoptysis"]},"before":{"null":["Cystic Fibrosis","Asthma"]},"description":"Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis (ABPA) is a rare but serious condition caused by an allergic reaction to a fungus called Aspergillus fumigatus. It primarily affects people with a history of asthma or cystic fibrosis. ABPA can cause inflammation and damage to the lung tissues, resulting in breathing difficulties, coughing, wheezing, and other respiratory symptoms. Without proper treatment, ABPA can lead to permanent lung damage and respiratory failure."},{"name":"Rheumatoid Arthritis","after":{"null":["Pleural Effusion","Weight loss","Fever","Bronchiectasis","Arthritis","Interstitial Lung Disease","Autoimmune disease","Baker Cyst","Rheumatoid nodules","Atlantoaxial instability","Systemic Inflammation","Mononeuritis Multiplex"]},"before":{"null":["HLA-DR4"]},"description":"Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic autoimmune disorder that primarily affects the joints in the body. It is characterized by inflammation and damage to the synovial membranes that line the joints, leading to pain, stiffness, and swelling. The condition can also cause fatigue, fever, loss of appetite, and weight loss. Over time, rheumatoid arthritis can cause joint deformities and limit mobility. Treatment typically involves medication to manage symptoms and slow the progression of the disease, as well as physical therapy and lifestyle changes to improve quality of life."},{"name":"Asthma","after":{"null":["Dyspnea","Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis","Obstructive lung disease","Cough","Bronchospasm"]},"before":{"null":["Allergy (Type I Hypersensitivity)","Eosinophilic Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis (Churg-Strauss)","Aspirin intolerant asthma"]},"description":"Asthma is a chronic respiratory disease that causes inflammation and narrowing of the airways, which makes it difficult for air to flow in and out of the lungs. This can lead to symptoms such as wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and coughing. Asthma can be triggered by various factors including allergens, pollutants, exercise, and stress. It is a common condition that affects people of all ages."},{"name":"Wheezing","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Heart Failure (Left Sided)","COPD","Bronchospasm"]},"description":"Wheezing is a high-pitched whistling sound that occurs when air moves through narrow or inflamed airways in the lungs, often indicating an underlying respiratory condition or disease such as asthma or bronchitis."},{"name":"Obstructive lung disease","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["COPD","Bronchiectasis","Asthma"]},"description":"Obstructive lung disease is a term used to describe a group of respiratory conditions characterized by partial or complete obstruction of the airways, making it difficult to breathe. Obstructive lung diseases include conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, bronchiectasis, and emphysema. These conditions cause air to become trapped in the lungs, making it difficult to fully exhale and leading to symptoms such as shortness of breath, wheezing, and coughing. In some cases, obstructive lung disease can lead to long-term damage to the lung tissue and irreversible loss of lung function."},{"name":"Allergy (Type I Hypersensitivity)","after":{"Atopic Triad":["Rhinitis","Atopic Dermatitis"],"null":["Eosinophilia","Asthma"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Allergy, also known as type I hypersensitivity, is a condition in which the immune system overreacts to normally harmless substances called allergens. When exposed to an allergen, the immune system produces an antibody called immunoglobulin E (IgE), which triggers the release of histamine and other chemicals in the body, leading to inflammation and allergic symptoms such as sneezing, itching, hives, asthma, and anaphylaxis. Common allergens include pollen, dust mites, animal dander, certain foods, and medicines. Allergies can range from mild to severe and can affect different parts of the body, including the skin, respiratory system, gastrointestinal tract, and cardiovascular system. Treatment may include avoiding the allergen, medications, and immunotherapy (allergy shots)."},{"name":"Rhinitis","after":{"null":["Nasal polyp"]},"before":{"null":["Allergy (Type I Hypersensitivity)","Adenovirus"]},"description":"Rhinitis is a condition that causes inflammation and irritation of the mucous membrane lining the nose. It can be caused by various factors such as allergies, viruses, bacteria, environmental irritants, or other diseases. Symptoms of rhinitis include sneezing, itching, congestion, runny nose, and postnasal drip."},{"name":"Atopic Dermatitis","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Allergy (Type I Hypersensitivity)"]},"description":"Atopic dermatitis is a chronic skin condition that causes itching, dryness, redness, and inflammation. It is also known as eczema and is often accompanied by asthma or hay fever. This condition can occur at any age, but it is more common in children and infants. The cause of atopic dermatitis is not fully understood, but it is believed to be related to a combination of genetic and environmental factors."},{"name":"Pneumothorax","after":{"null":["Poor R Wave progression on EKG","Pulmonary Chest Pain"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Pneumothorax is a medical condition in which air leaks into the pleural space, the area between the lung and chest wall, causing pressure on the lung and making it difficult to breathe. This can result in partial or complete collapse of the affected lung. It can be caused by injury, disease, or a spontaneous rupture of the lung tissue. Treatment may involve the removal of air from the pleural space and preventing further air leakage."},{"name":"Cardiac Tamponade","after":{"null":["Dyspnea","Cardiac Chest pain","Hypotension","Jugular Venous Distention","Distant heart sounds","Pulsus Paradoxus","Electrical alterans on EKG","Diastolic Collapse of RA and RV on echo"]},"before":{"null":["Aortic Dissection","Ventricular wall rupture","Pericardial Effusion"]},"description":"Cardiac tamponade is a medical emergency that happens when excess fluid or blood collects in the space between the heart and the sac that surrounds it, called the pericardium. This compresses the heart and prevents it from pumping effectively, which can lead to reduced blood flow, drop in blood pressure, and organ failure. Symptoms may include shortness of breath, chest pain, rapid heartbeat, and signs of shock. This condition requires urgent medical attention as it can be life-threatening if left untreated."},{"name":"Aortic Dissection","after":{"null":["Abdominal Pain","Myocardial Infarction","Cardiac Chest pain","Ischemic Stroke","Cardiac Tamponade","Blood pressure difference between left and right arms","Widened mediastinum on chest xray","Aortic Regurgitation"]},"before":{"null":["Malignant Hypertension","Cystic Medial Necrosis","Hyaline Arteriolosclerosis of the aortic vaso vasorum","Aortitis","Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm"]},"description":"Aortic dissection is a medical emergency condition that occurs when the inner layer of the aorta, the large blood vessel that carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body, tears or separates from the outer layer. This can cause blood to leak into the layers of the aortic wall, creating a potentially life-threatening situation. Aortic dissection typically presents with sudden, severe chest or back pain, and requires prompt medical attention."},{"name":"Takotsubo (Stress) Cardiomyopathy","after":{"null":["Heart Failure (Left Sided)","Cardiac Chest pain","ST Elevation on EKG","Cardiogenic Shock"]},"before":{"null":["Anxiety"]},"description":"Takotsubo (Stress) Cardiomyopathy, also known as broken heart syndrome, is a type of heart condition that is typically triggered by extreme emotional or physical stress. This condition is characterized by a sudden weakening or ballooning of the heart muscle, which can cause symptoms similar to those of a heart attack, including chest pain, shortness of breath, and an irregular heartbeat. Unlike a heart attack, however, there is no blockage of the coronary arteries in Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy. The condition is typically reversible, and patients typically recover with supportive treatment."},{"name":"Esophageal Varices","after":{"null":["Variceal Bleed","Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding (UGIB)"]},"before":{"null":["Portal Hypertension"]},"description":"Esophageal Varices are enlarged, distorted, and swollen veins that occur in the lower part of the esophagus. These veins are weakened and often develop as a result of liver disease, particularly cirrhosis, which reduces blood flow through the liver and creates high pressure in the veins that carry blood from the digestive system to the liver. Esophageal varices can cause significant bleeding and can be a life-threatening condition."},{"name":"Gastric Varices","after":{"null":["Variceal Bleed","Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding (UGIB)"]},"before":{"null":["Portal Hypertension"]},"description":"Gastric varices are dilated blood vessels in the stomach that develop when there is increased pressure in the portal vein system, which carries blood into the liver. These varices are often found in people with liver disease, such as cirrhosis, and can cause serious bleeding if they rupture. Unlike esophageal varices, which are more common and easier to treat, gastric varices are more difficult to treat and may require more invasive procedures."},{"name":"Caput Medusae","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Portal Hypertension"]},"description":"Caput Medusae refers to the appearance of dilated and engorged veins around the umbilicus (belly button), resembling the serpentine hair of the mythological creature Medusa. It is commonly seen in patients with liver diseases such as cirrhosis, where the increased pressure in the portal vein leads to the backup of blood into the smaller veins around the umbilicus. It can also be a sign of portal hypertension, a serious condition that requires medical attention."},{"name":"Hemorrhoids","after":{"null":["Lower Gastrointestinal Bleed (LGIB)"]},"before":{"null":["Portal Hypertension","Straining"]},"description":"Hemorrhoids are swollen veins in the lower part of the rectum and anus, similar to varicose veins. They can cause pain, itching, and bleeding, especially during bowel movements. Hemorrhoids can be internal (inside the rectum) or external (under the skin around the anus). They may be caused by constipation, pregnancy, obesity, sitting for long periods of time, or straining during bowel movements. Treatment may include lifestyle changes, such as increasing fiber intake and drinking more water, as well as over-the-counter creams and ointments or surgery in severe cases."},{"name":"Restrictive Lung Disease","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Obesity","Interstitial Lung Disease","Mesothelioma"]},"description":"Restrictive lung disease is a type of lung disease that results in a decreased lung volume. It is characterized by difficulty in expanding the lungs during inhalation, leading to reduced lung capacity and decreased ability to breathe deeply. Restrictive lung disease can be caused by a variety of conditions, including lung tissue scarring, inflammation and stiffening, neuromuscular disorders, and chest wall deformities. Symptoms of restrictive lung disease may include shortness of breath, coughing, wheezing, and chest tightness. Treatment options include inhalers, oxygen therapy, and pulmonary rehabilitation."},{"name":"Elevated ACE level","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Sarcoidosis"]},"description":"Elevated ACE (angiotensin-converting enzyme) level refers to an increase in the concentration of ACE in the blood. This enzyme is involved in the regulation of blood pressure and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Elevated ACE levels are found in a variety of conditions including sarcoidosis, interstitial lung disease, and some autoimmune disorders. Monitoring ACE levels can help in the diagnosis and management of these conditions."},{"name":"Protein C \/ S Deficiency","after":{"null":["Hereditary Hypercoagulability"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Protein C and Protein S are two natural anticoagulants produced by the liver. Protein C and Protein S Deficiencies are inherited clotting disorders that increase the risk of developing abnormal blood clots, especially in veins. These deficiencies can result in venous thromboembolism, deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, and arterial thrombosis. Both Protein C and Protein S deficiencies are autosomal dominant disorders caused by genetic mutations."},{"name":"Antithrombin III Deficiency","after":{"null":["Hereditary Hypercoagulability"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Antithrombin III deficiency is a rare inherited blood clotting disorder where the individual has a deficiency or absence of antithrombin III, a protein that helps to regulate blood clotting. This can increase the risk of developing blood clots or thrombosis and may lead to complications such as deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, or stroke. Symptoms may vary depending on the severity of the deficiency and can range from mild to life-threatening. Treatment for antithrombin III deficiency may include blood thinners or anticoagulants to reduce the risk of blood clots."},{"name":"Factor V Leiden Mutation","after":{"null":["Hereditary Hypercoagulability"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Factor V Leiden mutation is a genetic disorder that affects blood clotting. It is caused by a mutation in the F5 gene, which produces a protein called factor V. Factor V plays a role in the clotting process by helping to activate another protein called thrombin. When someone has the Factor V Leiden mutation, their factor V protein is altered in a way that makes it more resistant to inactivation by another protein called activated protein C. This leads to an increased risk of abnormal blood clots forming, which can cause serious health problems such as deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism."},{"name":"Prothrombin G20210A Mutation","after":{"null":["Hereditary Hypercoagulability"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Prothrombin G20210A Mutation is a genetic mutation where there is a change in the DNA sequence in the prothrombin gene. This change leads to an increase in blood clotting and a higher risk of thrombosis (formation of blood clots) in affected individuals. This condition is inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern, meaning that if an individual inherits one copy of the mutation from either parent, they will be affected. The severity and risk of thrombosis can vary depending on various factors such as the age, gender, and environmental factors."},{"name":"Arthritis","after":{"null":["Knee Pain"]},"before":{"null":["Rheumatoid Arthritis","Osteoarthritis","Gout","Pseudogout (Calcium Pyrophosphate Deposition Disease)","Septic Arthritis","Adult Still Disease","Lupus","Whipple Disease","Reactive Arthritis (Reiter Syndrome)","Psoriatic Arthritis","Scleroderma","Reactive Arthritis","Cryoglobulinemia"]},"description":"Arthritis is a condition that causes inflammation and pain in one or more joints. It is a collective term used to describe more than 100 different types of joint diseases. The most common symptoms of arthritis include joint pain, stiffness, swelling, and a decreased range of motion in the affected joint. Arthritis can also cause joint deformity over time, making it difficult to perform daily activities. Arthritis can affect people of all ages, sexes, and races and is one of the leading causes of disability worldwide."},{"name":"Osteoarthritis","after":{"null":["Arthritis"]},"before":{"null":["Obesity","Trauma to joint"]},"description":"Osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint disease that occurs when the protective cartilage on the ends of bones wears down over time, leading to pain, stiffness, and loss of flexibility in the affected joint. It is the most common form of arthritis and can affect any joint in the body, including the knees, hips, and hands. Osteoarthritis is most commonly seen in older adults but can also occur in younger adults due to injury or overuse of a joint. There is no cure for osteoarthritis, but many treatments are available to help manage symptoms and improve quality of life."},{"name":"Gout","after":{"null":["Arthritis","Urate Nephropathy","Uric acid precipitation","Tophi"]},"before":{"null":["Hyperuricemia"]},"description":"Gout is a type of arthritis that occurs when there is a buildup of uric acid in the body, leading to the formation of crystals in the joints, causing inflammation, swelling, and severe pain. It most commonly affects the big toe, but can also impact other joints such as the ankles, knees, hands, and wrists. Gout is often associated with lifestyle factors such as diet, alcohol consumption, and obesity and can be managed through medication, lifestyle changes, and dietary modifications."},{"name":"Pseudogout (Calcium Pyrophosphate Deposition Disease)","after":{"null":["Arthritis"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Pseudogout, also known as Calcium Pyrophosphate Deposition Disease, is a form of arthritis characterized by sudden and painful attacks of joint inflammation caused by the buildup of calcium pyrophosphate crystals in and around the joints. The crystals trigger an inflammatory response in the joint, leading to pain, stiffness, and swelling. Pseudogout often affects the knees, but it can also affect other joints such as the wrists, ankles, shoulders, and hips. The condition is most common in people over age 60 and can be associated with other conditions such as thyroid disorders and hemochromatosis (excess iron in the blood). Treatment for pseudogout typically involves managing symptoms, reducing inflammation, and preventing future crystal formation."},{"name":"Septic Arthritis","after":{"null":["Arthritis","Bacteremia"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Septic arthritis, also called infectious arthritis, is a serious infection of a joint that can lead to joint damage and permanent disability. It is caused by bacteria or other infectious agents that travel through the bloodstream and invade the joint, leading to inflammation, pain, swelling, and stiffness. Septic arthritis can affect people of all ages, but it is more common in older adults, people with weakened immune systems, and those who have had joint surgery or joint injections. Treatment involves prompt diagnosis, joint drainage, and antibiotic therapy to prevent further joint damage and improve the outcome."},{"name":"Adult Still Disease","after":{"null":["Fever","Arthritis","Autoimmune disease","High ferritin"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Adult Still disease (ASD) is a rare form of inflammatory arthritis that causes fever, rash, joint pain, and stiffness. It is characterized by recurring high fevers, skin rash, joint pain, and swelling, and inflammation of internal organs. The exact cause of ASD is unknown, but it is believed to be caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. The symptoms of ASD can be managed with medication, but there is currently no cure for the disease."},{"name":"Lupus","after":{"null":["Pleural Effusion","Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia (IgG)","Pericarditis","Renal Tubular Acidosis, Type I (Distal)","Peripheral Neuropathy","Arthritis","Meningitis","Pleurisy","Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura","Autoimmune disease","Lymphopenia","Libman Sacks Endocarditis","Membranous Nephropathy","Systemic Inflammation","Malar Rash","Discoid Rash"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Lupus, also known as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), is a chronic autoimmune disease in which the immune system attacks healthy tissues and organs in different parts of the body, such as skin, joints, kidneys, heart, lungs, and blood vessels. This can cause inflammation, pain, and damage to these organs over time. Lupus can vary in severity and symptoms, and is more common in women than men. There is currently no cure for lupus, but treatments can help manage symptoms and prevent organ damage."},{"name":"Allergy","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"An allergy is an overreaction of the immune system to substances that are usually harmless to the body, such as food, pollen, or certain medications. This immune response can cause a range of symptoms, from mild (such as sneezing and itching) to severe (such as anaphylaxis). Allergies can be diagnosed through skin tests, blood tests, and clinical history. Treatment options include avoidance of allergens, medications, and immunotherapy."},{"name":"Parasite infection","after":{"null":["Eosinophilia"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Parasite infection refers to an invasion and multiplication of pathogenic microorganisms, such as protozoa, helminths, or arthropods that live on or within a host organism and depend on it for nourishment and survival. These parasites can cause a range of symptoms and health issues, from mild discomfort to severe illnesses, and can affect humans, animals, and plants. Parasitic infections are often transmitted through contact with contaminated food, water, soil, or through insect bites and can be prevented with good hygiene practices and proper medical treatment."},{"name":"Increased intracranial pressure","after":{"null":["Seizure","Altered Mental Status","Vomiting","Sinus Bradycardia","Headache","Gastritis","Peaked T Waves on EKG","Papilledema"]},"before":{"null":["Cerebral Edema","Mass effect","Hemorrhagic Stroke (Intracerebral Hemorrhage)","Subarachnoid Hemorrhage","Subdural Hematoma","Hydrocephalus","Epidural Hematoma","Cerebral Vein Thrombus","Pseudotumour Cerebri"]},"description":"Increased intracranial pressure (ICP) refers to an elevation in the pressure inside the skull. This can be caused by a variety of conditions, including head trauma, brain tumors, bleeding in the brain, infections, and other medical conditions. Increased ICP can lead to symptoms such as headaches, nausea and vomiting, blurred vision, confusion, and even loss of consciousness. It is a serious medical condition that requires prompt treatment to prevent further injury to the brain."},{"name":"Meningitis","after":{"null":["Seizure","Altered Mental Status","Hydrocephalus","Headache","Bacteremia","Sensory hearing loss"]},"before":{"null":["Lupus","Mumps"]},"description":"Meningitis is a serious inflammation of the membranes (meninges) that surround the brain and spinal cord. It is typically caused by a bacterial or viral infection that spreads to the meninges, causing fever, headache, stiff neck, and sensitivity to light. Severe cases of meningitis can result in seizures, coma, and even death. Treatment includes antibiotics and supportive care, and prevention involves vaccination for certain types of meningitis."},{"name":"Encephalitis","after":{"null":["Seizure","Altered Mental Status","Headache"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Encephalitis is an inflammation of the brain caused by an infection or an autoimmune reaction. The inflammation can cause a variety of symptoms, including headache, fever, confusion, seizures, and in severe cases, coma or death. There are many different viruses and other pathogens that can cause encephalitis, and treatment depends on identifying the specific cause. Encephalitis can be a serious condition, but prompt diagnosis and treatment can improve outcomes."},{"name":"Hemorrhagic Stroke (Intracerebral Hemorrhage)","after":{"null":["Altered Mental Status","Cerebral Edema","Increased intracranial pressure","Cerebral Ts on EKG","Headache","Upper Motor Neuron Disease (Spastic Paralysis)","Neurologic Syncope"]},"before":{"null":["Malignant Hypertension","Charcot-Bouchard microaneurysms of lenticulostriate vessels"]},"description":"Hemorrhagic Stroke, also known as Intracerebral Hemorrhage (ICH), is a type of stroke that occurs when a blood vessel in the brain ruptures and bleeds into the surrounding brain tissue, causing damage to the brain cells. This can lead to a loss of blood flow and oxygen to the affected area of the brain, resulting in damage to the brain cells and potentially permanent disability or death. Hemorrhagic stroke is less common than ischemic stroke, which occurs when a blood clot blocks blood flow to the brain. Risk factors for hemorrhagic stroke include high blood pressure, aging, and blood thinning medications. Treatment for hemorrhagic stroke may involve surgery, medication, or a combination of both to reduce the bleeding and prevent further damage to the brain."},{"name":"Subarachnoid Hemorrhage","after":{"null":["Altered Mental Status","Increased intracranial pressure","Hydrocephalus","Cerebral Ts on EKG","Headache"]},"before":{"null":["Cerebral aneurysm"]},"description":"Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a type of bleeding that occurs in the space between the brain and the thin tissues that surround it (subarachnoid space). It is usually caused by the rupture of a cerebral aneurysm, which is a weak or bulging spot on the wall of a blood vessel in the brain. SAH is a medical emergency that can cause severe headache, nausea, vomiting, sensitivity to light, and neck stiffness. It can also lead to brain damage, stroke, or death if not treated promptly."},{"name":"Subdural Hematoma","after":{"null":["Altered Mental Status","Increased intracranial pressure","Cerebral Ts on EKG"]},"before":{"null":["Head Trauma","Age-related cerebral atrophy"]},"description":"A subdural hematoma is a type of brain injury in which blood collects between the layers of tissue that surround the brain. This buildup of blood can put pressure on the brain, causing symptoms such as headache, confusion, and loss of consciousness. Subdural hematomas are often associated with head injuries, and may require medical treatment such as surgery to relieve the pressure on the brain."},{"name":"Dementia","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Vitamin B12 Deficiency","Alzheimer Disease","Vascular Dementia","Frontotemporal Dementia","Lewy Body Disease","Parkinson Disease","Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus","Huntington Disease","Wilson Disease","Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy","Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy","Spongiform Encephalopathy (Creutzfeldt-Jakob)","Progressive Supranuclear Palsy"]},"description":""},{"name":"Alzheimer Disease","after":{"null":["Dementia","Cerebral atrophy","Extracellular Amyloid Beta Plaques","Intracellular Neurofibrillary Tangles"]},"before":{"null":["Presinilin mutation","Down Syndrome","APOE4 allele"]},"description":""},{"name":"Vascular Dementia","after":{"null":["Dementia"]},"before":{"null":["Hypertension","Vasculitis","Atherosclerosis"]},"description":"Vascular dementia is a type of dementia caused by decreased blood flow and oxygen supply to the brain as a result of damage to blood vessels. It typically occurs following a stroke or a series of mini-strokes, causing cognitive decline, memory loss, confusion, and difficulty with everyday activities. The severity of symptoms depends on the extent of damage to the brain."},{"name":"Frontotemporal Dementia","after":{"null":["Dementia"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is a term used to describe a group of neurological disorders that are characterized by progressive damage and atrophy to the frontal and temporal lobes of the brain. This condition affects the ability of an individual to communicate, make sound decisions, and regulate their behavior. The symptoms of FTD vary greatly depending on the individual affected, but generally include changes in personality and behavior, problems with speech and language, and difficulty with movement and coordination. The disease is caused by a variety of factors, including genetic mutations, traumatic brain injury, and exposure to toxins. Although there is currently no cure for FTD, treatment options are available to manage symptoms and improve the quality of life for those affected."},{"name":"Lewy Body Disease","after":{"null":["Dementia","Autonomic Dysfunction"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":""},{"name":"Parkinson Disease","after":{"null":["Dementia","Resting Tremor","Rigidity","Bradykinesia","Autonomic Dysfunction","Shuffling gait","Micrographia","Hypomimia"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":""},{"name":"Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus","after":{"null":["Dementia","Urinary Incontinence","Ataxia"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":""},{"name":"Huntington Disease","after":{"null":["Dementia","Chorea"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":""},{"name":"Hypermagnesemia","after":{"null":["Hyporeflexia"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Hypermagnesemia is a medical condition characterized by elevated levels of magnesium in the blood. It is usually caused by an excess of magnesium intake, decreased excretion of magnesium by the kidneys, or as a side effect of certain medications. Symptoms of hypermagnesemia can range from mild to severe, including nausea, vomiting, weakness, confusion, lethargy, muscle paralysis, and even cardiac arrest. Treatment involves identifying and addressing the underlying cause, and may include fluids, medications, and dialysis in severe cases."},{"name":"Hypovolemia","after":{"null":["Metabolic Alkalosis","Orthostasis","Hypovolemic Shock","Prerenal AKI"]},"before":{"null":["Malnutrition","Diarrhea","Hemorrhage","Osmotic Diuresis"]},"description":"Hypovolemia is a medical condition characterized by a decrease in the volume of blood plasma in the body. This condition typically occurs when there is a loss of fluids, such as through excessive sweating, vomiting, diarrhea, or bleeding. It can also be caused by conditions such as diabetes, heart disease, kidney disease, or liver disease. Hypovolemia can lead to decreased blood pressure, reduced blood flow to vital organs, and in severe cases, shock. Symptoms of hypovolemia may include thirst, dry mouth, decreased urination, dizziness, confusion, and rapid heartbeat."},{"name":"Milk-Alkali Syndrome","after":{"null":["Hypercalcemia","Metabolic Alkalosis"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Milk-Alkali Syndrome is a medical condition characterized by high levels of blood calcium, metabolic alkalosis, and kidney dysfunction resulting from excessive intake of calcium and alkali-rich products such as milk and antacids. It can manifest as symptoms such as vomiting, nausea, confusion, tremors, muscle weakness, and may lead to kidney failure and other serious complications if left untreated. It was common in the 20th century when people used to treat stomach acidity with milk and chalk (calcium carbonate). However, the condition is rare nowadays due to advancements in medical science and awareness about its harmful effects."},{"name":"Renal Artery Stenosis (Renovascular Disease)","after":{"null":["Hypertension","Hypokalemia","Metabolic Alkalosis"]},"before":{"null":["Atherosclerosis","Fibromuscular dysplasia"]},"description":"Renal artery stenosis (renovascular disease) is a condition in which the arteries that supply blood to the kidneys narrow, usually due to the buildup of fatty deposits (plaque) in the artery walls. This reduces blood flow to the kidneys, leading to decreased kidney function and high blood pressure. Renal artery stenosis is most commonly caused by atherosclerosis, but it can also result from other conditions such as fibromuscular dysplasia or inflammation of the artery walls. Symptoms may include hypertension, decreased kidney function, and edema. Treatment options include medications, angioplasty, and surgery."},{"name":"Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia","after":{"null":["Hypertension"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is a group of genetic disorders that affect the adrenal glands, which are small glands located on top of the kidneys. These disorders cause the adrenal glands to produce too much or too little of certain hormones, particularly cortisol and aldosterone. This can lead to a range of symptoms, including ambiguous genitalia in newborn females, failure to thrive, dehydration, low blood sugar, and early puberty. CAH is usually diagnosed through blood tests and genetic testing and treatment typically involves hormone replacement therapy and management of symptoms."},{"name":"Sinus Tachycardia","after":{"null":["Tachycardia"]},"before":{"null":["Pulmonary Embolism","Thyrotoxicosis","Fever","Pheochromocytoma"]},"description":"Sinus tachycardia is a type of abnormal heartbeat or arrhythmia characterized by a faster-than-normal heart rate. It is caused by an increase in the rate of electrical impulses generated by the sinoatrial node, the natural pacemaker of the heart, leading to a heart rate higher than 100 beats per minute. Sinus tachycardia can be a normal physiological response to physical exertion or emotional stress, but it can also be a sign of an underlying medical condition such as dehydration, fever, anemia, or heart disease. Treatment may include addressing the underlying cause and, in some cases, medication or other interventions to slow down the heart rate."},{"name":"Supraventricular Tachycardia","after":{"null":["Tachycardia"]},"before":{"null":["Atrial fibrillation","Atrial Flutter","AVRT","Atrial Tachycardia (ectopic atrial rhythm)","AVNRT","Multifocal Atrial Tachycardia"]},"description":"Supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) is a type of rapid heart rhythm disorder that originates above the ventricles (the lower chambers of the heart) in the atria (the upper chambers of the heart). It is characterized by a heart rate greater than 100 beats per minute and can cause symptoms such as palpitations, shortness of breath, dizziness, and chest pain. SVT can be a chronic condition or can occur episodically. It is often treated with medications or interventions such as electrical cardioversion or ablation."},{"name":"Ventricular Tachycardia","after":{"null":["Tachycardia","Cardiogenic Syncope","Cardiogenic Shock"]},"before":{"null":["Hyperkalemia","Myocardial Infarction","Long QT Syndrome","Brugada Syndrome","Catecholaminergic Polymorphic Ventricular Tachycardia","Short QT Syndrome"]},"description":"Ventricular tachycardia (VT) is an abnormal heart rhythm that arises from the lower chambers of the heart (ventricles) and leads to a rapid heartbeat. The normal heart rate is 60-100 beats per minute, but in ventricular tachycardia the heart rate can be 100 beats per minute or greater. This condition can be life-threatening and may lead to cardiac arrest or sudden cardiac death if not treated promptly. Symptoms of ventricular tachycardia may include palpitations, dizziness, shortness of breath, chest pain, and fainting. Treatment may involve medications, implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) therapy, or catheter ablation to restore normal heart rhythm."},{"name":"Atrial Flutter","after":{"null":["Supraventricular Tachycardia"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Atrial flutter is an abnormal heart rhythm characterized by a rapid, regular electrical impulse originating in the atria of the heart, causing the atrial walls to contract rapidly and efficiently, but out of coordination with the ventricles. It is typically defined by a sawtooth pattern on an ECG. Symptoms may include palpitations, shortness of breath, chest pain, lightheadedness, and fainting. Treatment may involve medications, cardioversion, ablation, or implantation of a pacemaker."},{"name":"AVRT","after":{"null":["Supraventricular Tachycardia"]},"before":{"null":["Wolf-Parkinson White Syndrome"]},"description":"AVRT stands for Atrioventricular Reentrant Tachycardia, which is a type of arrhythmia or abnormal heart rhythm that occurs when there is an extra pathway in the heart that allows electrical signals to travel in a circular pattern, leading to a fast, irregular heartbeat. AVRT can cause symptoms such as palpitations, dizziness, and shortness of breath, and may be treated with medications, catheter ablation, or other procedures."},{"name":"Atrial Tachycardia (ectopic atrial rhythm)","after":{"null":["Supraventricular Tachycardia"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Atrial tachycardia (ectopic atrial rhythm) is a type of cardiac arrhythmia that is characterized by a rapid heartbeat originating from the upper chambers (atria) of the heart. In this condition, electrical signals in the atria become disrupted, causing the heart to beat faster than normal. Atrial tachycardia can occur in people of all ages and may be caused by a number of different factors such as high blood pressure, heart disease, or excessive alcohol consumption. Symptoms include palpitations, rapid pulse, chest discomfort or pain, shortness of breath, and fatigue. Treatment for atrial tachycardia may involve medications to control the heart rate or ablative therapy to eliminate the abnormal electrical signals."},{"name":"AVNRT","after":{"null":["Supraventricular Tachycardia"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"AVNRT stands for atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia, which is a type of supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) that occurs in the heart. It is characterized by a rapid heartbeat caused by an abnormal circuit in the atrioventricular (AV) node of the heart. This circuit leads to the reentry of electrical signals, causing the heart to beat too fast and preventing it from properly filling with blood. AVNRT can be a relatively common type of arrhythmia (heart rhythm disorder), especially in women, but it is usually not life-threatening. Treatment may involve medications, electrical cardioversion, or catheter ablation."},{"name":"Abdominal Compartment Syndrome","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Ascites"]},"description":"Abdominal Compartment Syndrome (ACS) is a condition that occurs when there is increased pressure within the abdominal cavity, which can lead to organ dysfunction and failure. This is caused by the accumulation of fluids, blood, or other material within the abdominal cavity, which can cause compression of the organs and compromise their ability to function normally. ACS is most commonly seen in critically ill patients, such as those with severe trauma or acute pancreatitis, and can be life-threatening if left untreated. Symptoms may include abdominal distension, pain, nausea, vomiting, and decreased urine output. Treatment may involve relieving the pressure within the abdominal cavity through drainage or surgery, as well as supportive care for any organ dysfunction that has occurred."},{"name":"Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm","after":{"null":["Abdominal Pain"]},"before":{"null":["Atherosclerosis"]},"description":"Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm (AAA) is the abnormal enlargement or bulging of the aorta, the largest artery in the abdominal area, due to the weakening of its walls. The aortic wall becomes weakened and starts to bulge out creating a sac-like swelling that can grow to become large, and if left untreated, it can potentially rupture and cause life-threatening bleeding. AAA is frequently asymptomatic till the time it ruptures leading to internal bleeding, which is a medical emergency requiring immediate surgery. AAA develops slowly over several years and mostly affects individuals over the age of 50."},{"name":"GERD","after":{"null":["Barrett Esophagus (Columnar metaplasia)","Cough","GI Chest Pain","Peptic Stricture","Esophagitis"]},"before":{"null":["Alcoholism","Hypercalcemia","Smoking","Obesity","Gastrinoma (Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome)","Hiatal hernia","Caffeine","Scleroderma"]},"description":"GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease) is a chronic condition in which stomach acid and digestive enzymes flow backwards from the stomach into the esophagus, causing inflammation and injury to the lining of the esophagus, which leads to symptoms such as heartburn, acid reflux, and difficulty in swallowing."},{"name":"Barrett Esophagus (Columnar metaplasia)","after":{"null":["Esophageal Adenocarcinoma"]},"before":{"null":["GERD"]},"description":"Barrett Esophagus, also known as columnar metaplasia, is a condition in which the cells that normally lining the lower part of the esophagus are replaced by a different type of cells, resembling those found in the lining of the intestine. This condition is associated with long-term gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and can increase the risk of developing esophageal adenocarcinoma."},{"name":"Diverticulitis","after":{"null":["Abdominal Pain","Fever","Leukocytosis"]},"before":{"null":["Diverticulosis"]},"description":"Diverticulitis is a condition that occurs when small, bulging pouches (diverticula) in the lining of the digestive system become inflamed or infected. It typically affects the colon (large intestine) and can cause a range of symptoms, including pain, bloating, constipation, diarrhea, and fever. In severe cases, diverticulitis can lead to complications such as abscesses, perforation of the colon, or sepsis (a potentially life-threatening infection). Treatment may involve antibiotics, pain relief, dietary changes, and sometimes surgery."},{"name":"Hepatic Encephalopathy","after":{"null":["Altered Mental Status"]},"before":{"null":["Liver Cirrhosis"]},"description":"Hepatic encephalopathy is a condition that affects the brain and nervous system function in people with liver damage or disease. It is caused by the build-up of toxins in the bloodstream that are normally removed by the liver, leading to a variety of symptoms such as confusion, forgetfulness, and difficulty with fine motor skills or coordination. In severe cases, hepatic encephalopathy can cause coma or even death."},{"name":"Thrombocytopenia","after":{"null":["Lower Gastrointestinal Bleed (LGIB)","Epistaxis","Hemoptysis","Hematuria","Menorrhagia","Petechiae (1-2mm)","Ecchymoses (>3mm)","Purpura (>1cm)","Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding (UGIB)","Increased bleeding time"]},"before":{"Decreased Production":["Liver Cirrhosis","Aplastic Anemia","Leukemia"],"Destruction":["Splenomegaly","Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura","Heparin Induced Thrombocytopenia"],"Consumption":["Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome","Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura","Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation","Microangiopathic Hemolytic Anemia"],"null":[]},"description":"Thrombocytopenia is a medical condition characterized by a decrease in the number of platelets in the blood, which are responsible for clotting and preventing excessive bleeding. This can be caused by a range of factors, including autoimmune diseases, viral infections, medications, and genetics. Symptoms can include easy bruising or bleeding, petechiae (small red spots on the skin), and excessive bleeding during surgery or after injury. Treatment options depend on the underlying cause and may include medication, blood transfusions, or lifestyle changes."},{"name":"Alcoholic Liver Disease","after":{"null":["Liver Cirrhosis"]},"before":{"null":["Alcoholism"]},"description":"Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is a condition where the liver is damaged due to overconsumption of alcohol. The liver is responsible for removing toxins from the body, but excessive alcohol consumption can damage liver cells, leading to inflammation and scarring of the organ. ALD can range from mild inflammation to more severe conditions like cirrhosis or liver failure. Symptoms of ALD include jaundice, abdominal pain, nausea, fatigue, and weight loss. ALD is a preventable condition and can be managed by reducing alcohol consumption or sobriety."},{"name":"Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease","after":{"null":["Liver Cirrhosis"]},"before":{"null":["Obesity"]},"description":"Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a condition in which excess fat builds up in the liver of people who drink little or no alcohol. The accumulation of fat in the liver can lead to inflammation and scarring (cirrhosis) of the liver over time. NAFLD is often associated with obesity, diabetes, high cholesterol, and high blood pressure."},{"name":"Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis","after":{"null":["Liver Cirrhosis","Direct Hyperbilirubinemia","P-ANCA","Cholangiocarcinoma"]},"before":{"null":["Ulcerative Colitis"]},"description":"Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is a rare, chronic disease that causes inflammation and scarring in the bile ducts inside and outside the liver. This results in blockages that can cause bile to build up in the liver, leading to liver damage and cirrhosis over time. PSC is often associated with other autoimmune diseases and can increase the risk of developing liver cancer. There is no known cure for PSC, but treatments such as medications, surgery, and liver transplantation can help manage symptoms and slow the progression of the disease."},{"name":"Alpha 1-Antitrypsin Deficiency","after":{"null":["COPD","Liver Cirrhosis","Panacinar Emphysema"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency (AATD) is a genetic disorder that affects the lungs and liver. It occurs when there is a deficiency or absence of the alpha 1-antitrypsin protein, which plays a vital role in protecting the lungs from damage caused by enzymes produced by white blood cells. Without sufficient alpha 1-antitrypsin, the enzymes can attack and damage the lung tissue, leading to emphysema and other respiratory problems. AATD can also cause liver damage and, in some cases, lead to cirrhosis and liver failure. The severity of the condition can vary widely, and symptoms may not appear until later in life."},{"name":"Hemochromatosis","after":{"null":["Liver Cirrhosis","Diabetes Mellitus","Infiltration","Hypopituitarism","High ferritin","Low TIBC (<300 ug\/dL) or Transferrin","High iron saturation (>33%)","Hepatitis","Restrictive Cardiomyopathy","Hyperpigmentation"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Hemochromatosis is a genetic disorder in which the body absorbs too much iron from the diet, leading to excess iron accumulation in various organs such as the liver, heart, and pancreas. This can cause damage to these organs over time, leading to serious health complications such as cirrhosis, diabetes, and heart failure. Symptoms can include fatigue, joint pain, and abdominal pain. Treatment involves periodic blood removal (phlebotomy) to reduce iron levels in the body."},{"name":"Wilson Disease","after":{"null":["Liver Cirrhosis","Dementia","Decreased ceruloplasmin","Kayser-Fleisher rings in cornea","Chorea"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Wilson disease is a rare genetic disorder that causes copper to build up in the body, leading to damage of the liver and brain. The condition is caused by a mutation in the ATP7B gene, which normally helps to regulate copper transport and excretion. Symptoms may include fatigue, jaundice, abdominal pain, tremors, difficulty speaking and walking, and behavioral changes. Treatment typically involves lifelong management with medications that help to remove excess copper from the body and regular monitoring of liver and neurologic function."},{"name":"Autoimmune Hepatitis","after":{"null":["Liver Cirrhosis","Hepatitis"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Autoimmune Hepatitis is a chronic liver disease characterized by inflammation and necrosis of liver cells due to autoimmune reactions, in which the immune system mistakenly attacks the liver cells as foreign substances. It can result in cirrhosis and liver failure if untreated. It mainly affects young and middle-aged women. Autoimmune Hepatitis is treatable with immunosuppressive drugs and regular monitoring of liver function test results."},{"name":"Sweating","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Pheochromocytoma"]},"description":"Sweating is the process of secreting fluid from the sweat glands in the skin to regulate body temperature, and to remove waste products and toxins from the body. This fluid is composed primarily of water and salt. Sweating is a natural process that occurs in response to heat, physical activity, stress, and arousal, among other stimuli. It helps to regulate body temperature by cooling the skin as the sweat evaporates. Sweating can also be a symptom of certain medical conditions, such as fever, hyperthyroidism, or menopause."},{"name":"Decreased ceruloplasmin","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Wilson Disease"]},"description":"Decreased ceruloplasmin refers to a condition where the amount of ceruloplasmin, a copper-binding protein, in the blood is lower than normal. This may indicate a deficiency in copper metabolism, which can lead to various health problems such as neurological disorders, liver disease, and anemia. It can be caused by a genetic disorder or by nutritional deficiencies. Decreased ceruloplasmin levels are typically detected through a blood test."},{"name":"Neutropenia","after":{"null":["Leukopenia"]},"before":{"null":["Sepsis","Benign essential neutropenia"]},"description":"Neutropenia is a medical condition characterized by a low number of neutrophils, which are a type of white blood cell that help fight infection. Neutropenia can be caused by a variety of factors, including certain medications, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, autoimmune disorders, and congenital disorders. Symptoms of neutropenia may include fever, infections, fatigue, and weakness. Treatment of neutropenia depends on the underlying cause and may include medications, growth factors, or blood transfusions."},{"name":"Non-Ulcer Dyspepsia","after":{"null":["Abdominal Pain"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Non-ulcer dyspepsia is a medical condition characterized by recurring or persistent pain or discomfort in the upper abdomen, gas, bloating, nausea, or feeling full quickly after eating. It is called non-ulcer dyspepsia because there is no apparent underlying cause, such as an ulcer or inflammation in the stomach lining. The exact cause of non-ulcer dyspepsia is unknown, but it may be related to excessive acid secretions, poor diet, stress, or a malfunction in the muscles that move food through the digestive tract. Treatment options may include medication to reduce acid production, dietary changes, stress management techniques, and lifestyle modifications."},{"name":"H. Pylori Infection","after":{"null":["Peptic Ulcer","Gastritis","Intestinal Type Gastric Carcinoma"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"H. pylori infection is a bacterial infection of the stomach that causes inflammation, leading to a range of gastrointestinal symptoms. It is caused by the Helicobacter pylori bacteria, which is usually contracted through contaminated food or water. H. pylori infections can lead to various health problems, including gastritis, peptic ulcers, and stomach cancer. Symptoms of H. pylori infections may include abdominal pain, bloating, nausea, vomiting, and loss of appetite. It can be diagnosed through blood tests, breath tests, and endoscopy. H. pylori infections can be treated with antibiotics, acid-reducing medications, and lifestyle changes to manage symptoms."},{"name":"NSAID use","after":{"null":["Peptic Ulcer","Gastritis"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"NSAID (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug) use refers to the consumption of over-the-counter or prescription medications that help reduce pain, inflammation, and fever. These drugs work by blocking the enzymes responsible for producing prostaglandins, which are the chemicals that cause pain and inflammation in the body. NSAIDs can be taken orally or administered via injection, and are commonly used to manage conditions such as arthritis, menstrual cramps, headaches, and other kinds of pain and inflammation. However, NSAIDs can also have side effects, including stomach irritation, gastrointestinal bleeding, and increased risk of heart attacks and strokes, especially with prolonged and excessive use."},{"name":"Gastrinoma (Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome)","after":{"null":["Peptic Ulcer","Diarrhea","Weight loss","Malabsorption","GERD"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Gastrinoma, also known as Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, is a rare neuroendocrine tumor that produces excessive amounts of the hormone gastrin. This can lead to increased production of stomach acid, which can cause severe peptic ulcers and other complications in the digestive system. Gastrinomas are often located in the pancreas or small intestine, but can sometimes occur in other parts of the body. Symptoms of gastrinoma\/Zollinger-Ellison syndrome include abdominal pain, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, weight loss, and gastrointestinal bleeding. Treatment typically involves surgery to remove the tumor, as well as medications to manage acid production and ulcers."},{"name":"Burns","after":{"null":["Peptic Ulcer","Gastritis"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Burns are injuries to the skin and other tissues caused by heat, radiation, chemicals, or electricity. Typically, burns cause damage to the underlying tissues and may result in pain, swelling, redness, blisters, or scarring. The severity of the burn depends on the depth and extent of tissue damage, as well as the location and cause of the injury. Burns can range from minor superficial burns to severe deep burns that can be life-threatening."},{"name":"Head Trauma","after":{"null":["Peptic Ulcer","Subdural Hematoma","Epidural Hematoma"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Head trauma refers to injuries or damage to the head, scalp, or brain resulting from a blow, jolt, or bump to the head. This can cause a range of symptoms and complications, depending on the severity of the trauma, including headaches, dizziness, confusion, memory loss, and in severe cases, coma or death. Head trauma can be caused by various factors including accidents, falls, sports injuries, or physical violence."},{"name":"Chronic Pancreatitis","after":{"null":["Vitamin B12 Deficiency","Abdominal Pain","Diabetes Mellitus","Pancreatic Pseudoaneurysm","Pancreatic exocrine insufficiency","Pancreatic Carcinoma"]},"before":{"null":["Alcoholism","Pancreatitis","Cystic Fibrosis"]},"description":"Chronic pancreatitis is a persistent inflammation of the pancreas that leads to permanent damage and scarring of the pancreas tissue. It can cause symptoms such as abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, weight loss, and diarrhea. The condition often develops gradually over many years as a result of long-term alcohol abuse, genetic factors, or other underlying health conditions. Chronic pancreatitis can lead to complications such as diabetes, malnutrition, and pancreatic cancer. Treatment may involve dietary changes, medication, and surgery in severe cases."},{"name":"Celiac Disease","after":{"null":["Diarrhea","Malabsorption","Dermatitis Herpetiformis"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Celiac disease is a digestive disorder caused by an immune response to gluten, a protein found in wheat, barley and rye. It damages the lining of the small intestine, leading to malabsorption of nutrients and various symptoms, such as abdominal pain, diarrhea, weight loss, fatigue and skin rashes. Celiac disease can be diagnosed through blood tests and biopsy of the small intestine. The only treatment for celiac disease is a strict gluten-free diet for life."},{"name":"Tropical Sprue","after":{"null":["Vitamin B12 Deficiency","Diarrhea","Malabsorption"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Tropical Sprue is a gastrointestinal disorder that affects people living in or visiting the tropics or subtropics. It is characterized by chronic diarrhea, malabsorption, weight loss, and anemia due to deficiencies of vitamin B12 and folate. The exact cause of tropical sprue is not known, but it is believed to be caused by a combination of factors such as bacterial or viral infections, decreased acidity in the stomach, and nutritional deficiencies. Treatment typically involves antibiotics, nutritional supplements, and a healthy diet."},{"name":"Whipple Disease","after":{"null":["Altered Mental Status","Diarrhea","Malabsorption","Arthritis"]},"before":{"null":["Tropheryma whippelii"]},"description":"Whipple disease is a rare bacterial infection that primarily affects the digestive system. The bacteria responsible for the infection is called Tropheryma whipplei, and it usually manifests as chronic diarrhea, abdominal pain, and weight loss. Left untreated, Whipple disease can spread to other parts of the body, such as the joints, nervous system, and heart. Treatment typically involves a long course of antibiotics, and surgery may be necessary in severe cases."},{"name":"Irritable Bowel Syndrome","after":{"null":["Abdominal Pain","Diarrhea","Constipation"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) is a common chronic disorder of the gastrointestinal tract characterized by a combination of symptoms that typically include abdominal pain or discomfort, bloating, and altered bowel habits, including constipation, diarrhea, or both. These symptoms can vary in intensity and may be triggered by certain foods, stress, or other factors. IBS is not a life-threatening condition, but it can have a significant impact on quality of life. The exact cause of IBS is unknown, but it is believed to involve a complex interplay between the gut, the brain, and the nervous system."},{"name":"Coagulopathy","after":{"null":["Deep tissue bleeding","Hemarthroses","PT\/PTT Elevation"]},"before":{"null":["Liver Cirrhosis","Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation","Hemophilia A (FVIII Deficiency)","Hemophilia B (FIX Deficiency)","Coagulation Factor Inhibitor","Von Willebrand Disease","Vitamin K Deficiency","Plasmin overactivity (increased fibrinolysis)"]},"description":"Coagulopathy is a medical condition in which the blood has a difficulty in clotting. This may lead to excessive bleeding or uncontrolled bleeding after an injury or surgery. Coagulopathy may be caused by a variety of factors, including genetic disorders, medications, liver disease, vitamin deficiencies, and certain types of infections. It can be diagnosed through blood tests and treated through medication and other medical interventions."},{"name":"Hepatopulmonary Syndrome","after":{"null":["Right to left shunt","Orthodeoxia","Platypnea"]},"before":{"null":["Liver Cirrhosis"]},"description":"Hepatopulmonary syndrome (HPS) is a condition in which liver disease causes the small blood vessels in the lungs to dilate, leading to shortness of breath, low oxygen levels in the blood, and difficulty exercising. It most commonly occurs in people with advanced liver disease, such as cirrhosis. The syndrome can be diagnosed with medical tests such as arterial blood gas measurements, and can be treated with medications or liver transplantation."},{"name":"Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH) (WHO group I)","after":{"null":["Pulmonary Hypertension"]},"before":{"null":["Sickle Cell Anemia","Portopulmonary Hypertension","Pulmonary Veno-occlusive Disease","Idiopathic Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension","Pulmonary Capillary Hemangiomatosis","Left to right heart shunt","Scleroderma"]},"description":"Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH) is a rare and serious medical condition in which the blood pressure in the arteries that carry blood from the heart to the lungs is abnormally high. This condition causes the heart to work harder than normal, and can ultimately lead to heart failure. PAH is classified by the World Health Organization (WHO) as Group I pulmonary hypertension, and is typically characterized by symptoms such as shortness of breath, fatigue, chest pain, and in severe cases, swelling in the legs and feet. PAH is a progressive disease with no known cure and requires lifelong treatment."},{"name":"Hepatorenal Syndrome","after":{"null":["Prerenal AKI"]},"before":{"null":["Liver Cirrhosis"]},"description":"Hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) is a type of kidney failure that can occur as a complication of liver disease. It is characterized by a rapid decline in kidney function, leading to a buildup of waste products in the body. HRS occurs when the blood flow to the kidneys is reduced due to a problem with the liver, such as cirrhosis or acute liver failure. Symptoms of HRS include decreased urine output, fatigue, confusion, and difficulty breathing. Treatment options may include medications to increase blood flow to the kidneys, dialysis, and liver transplantation."},{"name":"Variceal Bleed","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Esophageal Varices","Gastric Varices"]},"description":"Variceal bleed is a medical condition characterized by bleeding from enlarged veins (varices) in the esophagus or stomach. This occurs when the blood flow through the liver is blocked due to liver disease such as cirrhosis. The increased pressure in the blood vessels causes the veins to bulge and become weak and prone to rupturing, leading to severe bleeding. Variceal bleeding is a potentially life-threatening emergency and requires immediate medical attention. Symptoms may include vomiting blood, dark black or tarry stools, low blood pressure, and confusion."},{"name":"Hepatic Vein Thrombus (Budd-Chiari Syndrome)","after":{"null":["Abdominal Pain","Congestive hepatopathy","Portal Hypertension"]},"before":{"null":["Hereditary Hypercoagulability","Polycythemia Vera","Essential Thrombocythemia (ET)"]},"description":"Hepatic vein thrombus, also known as Budd-Chiari Syndrome, is a rare condition in which blood clots form in the veins that carry deoxygenated blood from the liver to the heart. This can lead to the obstruction of blood flow and result in liver damage, liver failure, and potentially life-threatening complications. Common causes of hepatic vein thrombosis include genetic predisposition, pregnancy, use of birth control pills, and liver disease."},{"name":"Polycythemia Vera","after":{"null":["Eosinophilia","Hepatic Vein Thrombus (Budd-Chiari Syndrome)","Basophilia","Hyperuricemia","Erythrocytosis","Portal Vein Thrombus","Plethora","Marrow fibrosis"]},"before":{"null":["JAK2 Kinase Mutation"]},"description":"Polycythemia Vera is a rare blood disorder in which the bone marrow produces too many red blood cells, as well as too many white blood cells and platelets. This overproduction of blood cells can lead to thickening of the blood, which can increase the risk of blood clots, stroke, and heart attack. Common symptoms include fatigue, itching, headache, dizziness, sweating, enlarged spleen, and shortness of breath."},{"name":"Secondary Hypogonadism","after":{"null":["Hypogonadism"]},"before":{"null":["Hypopituitarism","Hyperprolactinemia","Kallman Syndrome"]},"description":"Secondary hypogonadism is a condition in which the testes or ovaries do not produce enough sex hormones due to a problem with the pituitary gland or hypothalamus. This results in low levels of testosterone in men or estrogen in women, which can cause a variety of symptoms, such as infertility, decreased sex drive, and osteoporosis."},{"name":"Constrictive Pericarditis","after":{"null":["Dyspnea","Congestive hepatopathy","Pleural Effusion","Portal Hypertension","Cardiorenal Syndrome","Kussmaul Sign","Pericardial Knock"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Constrictive pericarditis is a condition in which the pericardium (the sac that surrounds the heart) becomes thickened and stiff, causing it to constrict the heart and impair its ability to fill properly with blood. This can lead to symptoms such as shortness of breath, fatigue, swelling of the legs and abdomen, and fluid accumulation in the lungs. It may be caused by a variety of factors, including infection, autoimmune diseases, radiation therapy, or previous heart surgery. Treatment typically involves medications, such as diuretics and anti-inflammatory drugs, and in some cases, surgery to remove or repair the pericardium."},{"name":"Jugular Venous Distention","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Cardiac Tamponade","Right Ventricular Myocardial Infarction","Heart Failure (Right Sided)"]},"description":"Jugular venous distension (JVD) is the abnormal distension of the jugular veins, which are the veins that bring blood from the head back to the heart. It is a sign of fluid overload and can be seen in a variety of medical conditions, including heart failure, pulmonary hypertension, or constrictive pericarditis. Examination of jugular venous distension is usually done by laying the patient at a 45-degree angle and observing the level of jugular pulsation. If the venous pressure is elevated, the pulsations will be visible at a higher level, indicating the presence of JVD."},{"name":"Distant heart sounds","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Cardiac Tamponade"]},"description":"Distant heart sounds refer to weak or faint heart sounds that are difficult to hear due to distance or other factors such as obesity, lung disease, or chest wall abnormalities. They can also be caused by weakened heart muscles or valve problems. Distant heart sounds may indicate a potential cardiac problem and should be evaluated by a healthcare professional."},{"name":"Hypogonadism","after":{"null":["Osteoporosis","Erectile Dysfunction","Gynecomastia","Decreased libido (low sex drive)","Muscle Atrophy"]},"before":{"null":["Secondary Hypogonadism","Primary Hypogonadism"]},"description":"Hypogonadism is a medical condition in which the male body produces low levels of testosterone, the hormone that plays a vital role in male development. This can result in a variety of problems, including decreased sex drive, decreased muscle mass and strength, and difficulty achieving and maintaining an erection. Hypogonadism can be caused by a number of factors, including genetic disorders, injury to the hypothalamus or pituitary gland, and chronic illnesses such as liver and kidney disease. Treatment typically involves testosterone replacement therapy."},{"name":"Primary Hypogonadism","after":{"null":["Hypogonadism"]},"before":{"null":["Spironolactone use","Mumps","Klinefelter Syndrome","Cryptorchidism"]},"description":"Primary hypogonadism is a condition where the testicles or ovaries are not able to produce adequate amounts of sex hormones, including testosterone and estrogen. This can be due to genetic factors, injury, disease, or other factors that affect the function of the reproductive organs. It can lead to a variety of symptoms and complications, including infertility, decreased libido, osteoporosis, and muscle weakness. Treatment options may include hormone replacement therapy or surgery."},{"name":"Stable Angina","after":{"null":["Cardiac Chest pain"]},"before":{"null":["Anemia","Coronary Artery Disease","Aortic Stenosis","Coronary Artery Fistula (Cor to RA)"]},"description":"Stable angina is a type of chest pain or discomfort that occurs when the heart muscle is not getting enough oxygen-rich blood. It typically occurs during physical activity or emotional stress and is relieved with rest or nitroglycerin. The chest pain or discomfort is often described as pressure, tightness, burning, or aching, and may also be felt in the neck, arms, shoulders, or back. Stable angina is usually caused by a buildup of fatty deposits in the arteries that supply the heart (coronary arteries) or by spasms in these arteries. It is a chronic condition that can be managed with lifestyle changes, medication, and sometimes procedures such as angioplasty or bypass surgery."},{"name":"Pleurisy","after":{"null":["Pulmonary Chest Pain"]},"before":{"null":["Lupus","Pneumonia"]},"description":"Pleurisy, also known as pleuritis, is a medical condition characterized by inflammation of the pleura, the thin layer of tissue that lines the lungs and chest cavity. It is often caused by an infection, injury or autoimmune disorder and results in sharp chest pain, difficulty breathing, coughing, and fever. Treatment for pleurisy may involve pain management, anti-inflammatory medication, and antibiotics or other medications to treat the underlying cause. Severe cases may require hospitalization and invasive procedures."},{"name":"Costochondritis","after":{"null":["Superficial Chest Pain"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Costochondritis is a medical condition that causes inflammation of the cartilage that connects the ribs to the breastbone (sternum). This condition is characterized by chest pain or discomfort that can be stabbing or sharp, and is often mistaken for a heart attack. Costochondritis typically occurs in the upper chest area, but can also occur in the lower chest, upper back, or abdomen. It can be caused by physical strain, trauma, or respiratory infections, but in some cases the underlying cause is unknown. Most cases of costochondritis will resolve on their own, but treatment options may include pain medications, anti-inflammatory medications, or physical therapy."},{"name":"Panic Attack","after":{"null":["Dyspnea","Superficial Chest Pain"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"A panic attack is a sudden onset of intense fear or discomfort that reaches a peak within minutes and involves a range of physical and emotional symptoms, such as heart palpitations, sweating, trembling, shortness of breath, and a fear of losing control, going crazy, or dying. They often occur unexpectedly and can be triggered by a variety of situations, thoughts, or bodily sensations."},{"name":"Multifocal Atrial Tachycardia","after":{"null":["Supraventricular Tachycardia"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Multifocal Atrial Tachycardia (MAT) is a medical condition characterized by a rapid heart rate and irregular heartbeat that originates from multiple sites within the atria (upper chambers of the heart). It is caused by an underlying medical condition, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or heart disease, and is often seen in critically ill patients. Symptoms of MAT may include shortness of breath, chest pain, fatigue, and dizziness. Treatment may involve addressing the underlying medical condition and medications to control heart rate and rhythm."},{"name":"Sinus Bradycardia","after":{"null":["Bradycardia"]},"before":{"null":["Hypothyroidism","Increased intracranial pressure","Carotid Sinus Syndrome"]},"description":"Sinus bradycardia is a condition in which the heart beats slower than the normal rate. It is defined as the sinus rhythm (the normal electrical rhythm of the heart) with a resting heart rate of less than 60 beats per minute. It can be a normal finding in athletes, during sleep or relaxation, or it can be a pathological condition caused by certain medications, electrolyte imbalances, or underlying heart disease. Symptoms may include weakness, fatigue, dizziness, or fainting. Treatment depends on the underlying cause, but in some cases, no treatment is necessary."},{"name":"Sinus node dysfunction","after":{"null":["Bradycardia"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Sinus node dysfunction refers to a group of electrical disorders in which the sinoatrial (SA) node, which is responsible for generating the electrical impulses that control the heart rate, is not functioning properly. This can result in an irregular heart rhythm, a slow heart rate, or a combination of the two. Symptoms of sinus node dysfunction can include lightheadedness, dizziness, shortness of breath, and chest pain. Treatment options may include medication, pacemaker implantation, or ablation therapy."},{"name":"Sinoatrial exit block","after":{"null":["Bradycardia"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Sinoatrial exit block is a condition where the electrical impulses generated in the sinoatrial node, the natural pacemaker of the heart, are delayed or blocked before they can reach the atria. This results in a slower or irregular heartbeat. It can be caused by various factors such as medication, damage to the atrioventricular node, or certain cardiac conditions. Sinoatrial exit block can range from mild to severe and may require treatment depending on its severity and underlying cause."},{"name":"Sinus arrest","after":{"null":["Bradycardia"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Sinus arrest, also known as sinoatrial arrest or sinus node arrest, is a medical condition where the sinus node, which is the natural pacemaker of the heart, temporarily stops functioning. This results in a pause in cardiac activity, typically lasting a few seconds to a few minutes. During this time, the heart rate and rhythm may become irregular, and symptoms such as dizziness, fainting, and shortness of breath may occur. Sinus arrest can be caused by various medical conditions, including heart disease, electrolyte imbalances, medications, and sleep apnea, among others. Treatment may involve addressing the underlying cause, medications, or pacemaker implantation."},{"name":"Bradycardia-Tachycardia Syndrome","after":{"null":["Bradycardia"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Bradycardia-tachycardia syndrome (BTS) is a type of arrhythmia in which the heart rate alternates between periods of slow and fast rhythms. Bradycardia refers to a heart rate that is slower than normal, while tachycardia refers to a heart rate that is faster than normal. BTS can be caused by various underlying heart conditions, such as sick sinus syndrome, atrial fibrillation, or atrial flutter. Symptoms of BTS may include dizziness, palpitations, fatigue, shortness of breath, or fainting spells. Treatment options may include medications, pacemaker implantation, or cardioversion."},{"name":"Atrioventricular Block","after":{"null":["Bradycardia"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Atrioventricular block is a type of heart block that occurs when there is a disruption in the electrical signal transmission between the atria (upper chambers of the heart) and the ventricles (lower chambers of the heart). This can cause a delay or complete blockage of the electrical impulses, resulting in an irregular heartbeat or slower than normal heart rate. Atrioventricular block can range from mild to severe, depending on the degree of electrical signal disturbance. It can be caused by a variety of factors including age, heart disease, certain medications, and genetic conditions."},{"name":"Carotid Sinus Syndrome","after":{"null":["Sinus Bradycardia","Neurocardiogenic Syncope"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Carotid Sinus Syndrome (CSS) is a medical condition characterized by sudden drops in blood pressure and heart rate, often accompanied by dizziness, fainting, or syncope. The condition occurs when the carotid sinus, a small area in the neck that helps regulate blood pressure and heart rate, becomes overstimulated. This can happen when the carotid sinus is compressed or irritated, such as during neck movements or pressure on the neck. CSS is most commonly seen in older adults and those with underlying medical conditions such as hypertension, diabetes, or heart disease."},{"name":"Sudden Cardiac Death","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Dilated Cardiomyopathy","Valvular Heart Disease","Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy","Arrythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia","Long QT Syndrome","Anomalous Origin of the Coronary Arteries","Wolf-Parkinson White Syndrome","Ventricular fibrillation"]},"description":"Sudden cardiac death (SCD) is a sudden, unexpected loss of heart function. It is caused by an electrical disturbance in the heart, which stops the heart from beating. SCD can occur in people with both normal and abnormal hearts and may be triggered by a variety of factors, including cardiac arrhythmias, heart disease, drug use, and trauma. SCD usually results in death within minutes if not treated immediately with CPR and\/or defibrillation. It is a leading cause of death worldwide."},{"name":"Dilated Cardiomyopathy","after":{"null":["Heart Failure (Left Sided)","Sudden Cardiac Death","Mitral Regurgitation","Tricuspid Regurgitation","Heart Failure (Right Sided)"]},"before":{"null":["Alcoholism","Vitamin B1 Deficiency","Myocarditis","HIV","Genetic","Doxorubicin","Chagas Disease","Aortic Regurgitation"]},"description":"Dilated Cardiomyopathy is a type of heart condition where the heart muscle becomes weakened and enlarged, affecting its ability to pump blood efficiently. This can lead to symptoms such as shortness of breath, fatigue, and swelling in the legs and ankles. Dilated cardiomyopathy can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetics, viral infections, and alcohol abuse. It is a chronic condition that requires ongoing medical management to prevent complications and improve quality of life."},{"name":"Valvular Heart Disease","after":{"null":["Sudden Cardiac Death","Cardiogenic Shock"]},"before":{"null":["Aortic Regurgitation"]},"description":"Valvular heart disease refers to any condition affecting one or more of the four valves of the heart. These valves control the flow of blood through the heart, and when they become diseased, they may not open or close properly. This can lead to abnormal blood flow within the heart, which can cause symptoms such as chest pain, fatigue, shortness of breath, and edema. There are several types of valvular heart disease, including aortic stenosis, mitral regurgitation, and tricuspid valve disease, among others. Treatment options depend on the specific condition and severity, and may include medication, minimally invasive procedures, or surgery."},{"name":"Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy","after":{"null":["Sudden Cardiac Death","Left Ventricular Hypertrophy (LVH)","Early R wave progression on EKG","ST Elevation on EKG","Cardiogenic Syncope"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a disease in which the heart muscle (myocardium) becomes abnormally thick (hypertrophied). This thickening can cause the heart to have difficulty pumping blood, leading to heart failure, arrhythmias, and other complications. HCM is usually inherited and affects people of all ages, from infants to older adults. Symptoms may include chest pain, shortness of breath, palpitations, and dizziness. Treatment options include medications, surgery, and other procedures to manage symptoms and reduce the risk of complications."},{"name":"Arrythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia","after":{"null":["Sudden Cardiac Death"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia (ARVD) is a genetic heart disorder that affects the right ventricle of the heart. It is characterized by the replacement of normal heart muscle cells with fatty or fibrous tissue, which can lead to an abnormal heart rhythm (arrhythmia) and heart failure. ARVD typically presents in young adults, often with symptoms such as palpitations, shortness of breath, fainting, or sudden cardiac arrest. The condition is usually diagnosed using a combination of imaging tests, electrocardiograms, and genetic testing. Treatment may involve medications to control arrhythmias, implantable devices such as pacemakers or defibrillators, and in some cases, heart transplantation."},{"name":"Long QT Syndrome","after":{"null":["Ventricular Tachycardia","Sudden Cardiac Death"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Long QT syndrome is a heart rhythm disorder that can potentially cause fast, chaotic heartbeats, which may result in sudden death. It is caused by an inherited genetic mutation that affects the ion channels in the heart, resulting in longer than normal QT intervals on an electrocardiogram (ECG). This condition affects the electrical system of the heart, often leading to an irregular heartbeat or arrhythmia, which can be life-threatening. Symptoms may include fainting, seizures, shortness of breath, or a sudden rapid heartbeat."},{"name":"Anomalous Origin of the Coronary Arteries","after":{"null":["Sudden Cardiac Death"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Anomalous Origin of the Coronary Arteries (AOCA) is a medical condition in which the arteries that supply oxygen and nutrients to the heart muscle (coronary arteries) have an abnormal origin or location. Instead of arising from their normal site in the aorta, one or both coronary arteries may originate from locations such as the pulmonary artery, the opposite coronary cusp, or a side branch of the aorta. This can cause restricted blood flow to the heart and lead to serious complications such as heart attacks, heart failure, and sudden cardiac death. AOCA is a rare condition but can be detected through certain tests such as echocardiography, computed tomography (CT), or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Treatment options can include medications, surgery, or lifestyle changes."},{"name":"Wolf-Parkinson White Syndrome","after":{"null":["AVRT","Sudden Cardiac Death","Left Axis Deviation on EKG","Poor R Wave progression on EKG","Early R wave progression on EKG","Right Axis Deviation on EKG"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Wolf-Parkinson White Syndrome (WPW) is a disorder of the electrical conduction system of the heart that results in an abnormal heart rhythm (arrhythmia). WPW occurs due to an extra electrical pathway (accessory pathway) that is present from birth and connects the atria (upper chambers) and ventricles (lower chambers) of the heart. This extra pathway allows electrical impulses to bypass the normal conduction system and cause the ventricles to contract earlier than they should, disrupting the normal sinus rhythm of the heart. Symptoms of WPW can include palpitations, dizziness, and fainting. Treatment may involve medications to control heart rate and rhythm, catheter ablation, or surgery to remove the extra pathway."},{"name":"Coarctation of the Aorta","after":{"null":["Hypertension","Midthoracic systolic murmur","Bilateral rib notching on chest xray","Left Ventricular Hypertrophy (LVH)"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Coarctation of the aorta is a congenital heart defect characterized by a narrowing of the aorta, the main artery that carries blood from the heart to the rest of the body. This narrowing can obstruct blood flow and cause high blood pressure and other complications. It can occur in different parts of the aorta, but is most common in the area just beyond the left subclavian artery. Coarctation of the aorta can be treated with surgery or other procedures to widen the narrowed area and improve blood flow."},{"name":"Reninoma","after":{"null":["Hypertension"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Reninoma is a rare tumor that secretes excessive amounts of renin, a hormone that regulates blood pressure and fluid balance in the body. This can lead to hypertension and electrolyte imbalances. Reninomas are mainly found in the adrenal gland but can also occur in other parts of the body such as the kidney. They are typically benign, but occasionally can be malignant. Treatment usually involves surgical removal of the tumor."},{"name":"Midthoracic systolic murmur","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Coarctation of the Aorta"]},"description":"A mid-thoracic systolic murmur is a heart murmur that occurs during the systolic phase of the cardiac cycle and is heard most clearly on auscultation over the middle of the chest (mid-thorax). It may be caused by various underlying conditions, such as aortic stenosis, mitral valve prolapse, or hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. The specific characteristics of the murmur can provide clues to the underlying cause and severity of the condition."},{"name":"Bilateral rib notching on chest xray","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Coarctation of the Aorta"]},"description":"Bilateral rib notching on chest x-ray refers to a radiographic finding characterized by an indentation or erosion of the inferior margin of the ribs. This condition is typically seen in patients with significant collateral circulation between the intercostal arteries that arises due to chronic aortic coarctation or obstruction. Bilateral rib notching is typically associated with aortic coarctation, which is caused by the narrowing of the aorta at or near the site of the ductus arteriosus insertion, resulting in the development of collateral blood vessels in the chest wall."},{"name":"Sinus of Valsalva Aneurysm","after":{"null":["Cardiac Chest pain"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Sinus of Valsalva aneurysm is a rare cardiac condition where there is an abnormal dilation or bulging in the wall of the aortic root in the area between the aortic valve and the beginning of the aorta known as the sinus of Valsalva. This bulging is usually caused by a weakness in the wall of the sinus, which can lead to complications such as rupture, dissection, and aortic valve regurgitation. Congenital abnormalities, infections, and atherosclerosis are some typical risk factors associated with the development of sinus of Valsalva aneurysm. Surgical intervention may be necessary to restore proper heart function and prevent further complications."},{"name":"Aortic Stenosis","after":{"null":["Stable Angina","Left Ventricular Hypertrophy (LVH)","Cardiogenic Syncope","Macroangiopathic Hemolytic Anemia"]},"before":{"null":["Rheumatic Heart Disease","Bicuspid Aortic Valve"]},"description":"Aortic stenosis is a medical condition that occurs when the aortic valve, which controls blood flow from the heart to the aorta, becomes narrowed or restricted, obstructing blood flow from the left ventricle of the heart to the rest of the body. This can lead to symptoms such as chest pain, shortness of breath, fatigue, dizziness, and fainting. It is most commonly caused by a buildup of calcium deposits in the valve, but can also be caused by congenital defects or other medical conditions. In severe cases, aortic stenosis may require surgical intervention to replace or repair the valve."},{"name":"Prinzmetal Angina","after":{"null":["Cardiac Chest pain","ST Elevation on EKG"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Prinzmetal angina, also known as variant angina, is a rare type of angina caused by a spasm or narrowing of the coronary arteries that supply blood to the heart. The spasm can occur even when a person is at rest, rather than as a result of physical exertion or emotional stress, as is the case with most other types of angina. This can cause chest pain or discomfort, shortness of breath, and other symptoms similar to those of other forms of angina. Prinzmetal angina can be treated with medication, lifestyle changes, and in some cases, medical procedures to increase blood flow to the heart."},{"name":"Coxsackievirus","after":{"null":["Myocarditis","Pericarditis"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Coxsackievirus is a type of virus that belongs to the Enterovirus genus of the Picornaviridae family. It is a small, non-enveloped virus that contains a single-stranded RNA genome. Coxsackievirus can cause a wide range of illnesses, from minor cold-like symptoms to serious conditions such as myocarditis, meningitis, and encephalitis. It is spread via contact with fecal matter, respiratory secretions, or infected surfaces, and is more common in the late summer and early fall. There is no specific treatment for Coxsackievirus infections, but the symptoms can be managed with rest, fluids, and pain relievers."},{"name":"Adenovirus","after":{"null":["Pericarditis","Rhinitis"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Adenovirus is a group of viruses that cause respiratory, gastrointestinal, and ocular infections in humans and animals. They are non-enveloped viruses with a double-stranded DNA genome. Adenovirus was first isolated in the early 1950s from human adenoids, hence its name. There are over 50 known serotypes of adenoviruses that cause a range of illnesses, from mild cold-like symptoms to more severe infections such as pneumonia, bronchitis, and conjunctivitis. Adenoviruses can also cause infections in animals, including monkeys, dogs, and cattle."},{"name":"HIV","after":{"null":["Pericarditis","Dilated Cardiomyopathy","Lymphopenia","Gamma globulin gap","Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis","Systemic Inflammation"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"HIV stands for Human Immunodeficiency Virus. It is a virus that attacks and weakens the immune system, making individuals susceptible to infections and diseases. HIV causes Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) if left untreated, which is a serious and often fatal condition. HIV is spread through contact with infected blood, semen, vaginal fluids, or breast milk and can be transmitted through sexual contact, sharing of needles, or from mother to child during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding."},{"name":"Peripheral Artery Disease","after":{"null":["Leg Claudication"]},"before":{"null":["Atherosclerosis"]},"description":"Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is a medical condition characterized by the narrowing or blockage of arteries that supply blood to the legs and feet. It is caused by the buildup of fatty deposits (plaque) in the walls of the arteries, which reduces blood flow and oxygen supply to the affected area. PAD typically causes pain, cramping, and fatigue in the legs, particularly during physical activity, and may increase the risk of heart attack, stroke, and other serious cardiovascular diseases. Treatment may include lifestyle changes, medication, and in severe cases, surgery."},{"name":"Crackles (Rales)","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Pulmonary Edema","Interstitial Lung Disease"]},"description":"Crackles, also known as rales, are abnormal sounds heard during breathing that are caused by air moving through fluid or mucus in the lungs. They are characterized by a sharp, popping or clicking sound that may be likened to the sound of rubbing hair between the fingers near the ear. Crackles can indicate a variety of medical conditions, including pneumonia, heart failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, and bronchitis. They may also indicate certain types of lung cancer and other respiratory disorders."},{"name":"Mitral Stenosis","after":{"null":["Pulmonary Edema","Atrial Dilation","Pulmonary Hypertension WHO group II","Right Ventricular Hypertrophy (RVH)"]},"before":{"null":["Rheumatic Heart Disease"]},"description":"Mitral stenosis is a medical condition that involves narrowing of the mitral valve in the heart. This results in decreased blood flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle of the heart, leading to reduced cardiac output and potential damage to the heart and other organs over time. Causes of mitral stenosis may include congenital heart defects, acquired heart disease such as rheumatic fever, and other medical conditions that can damage the heart muscle or valves. Symptoms of mitral stenosis may include shortness of breath, chest pain, fatigue, and heart palpitations. Treatment may involve medication, surgery, or other interventions to help manage the condition and prevent complications."},{"name":"Mitral Valve Prolapse","after":{"null":["Cardiac Chest pain","Mitral Regurgitation","Endocarditis"]},"before":{"null":["Marfan Syndrome","Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome","Adult Polycystic Kidney Disease"]},"description":"Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) is a condition in which the valve between the left upper chamber (left atrium) and the left lower chamber (left ventricle) of the heart does not close properly. Instead of closing normally, one or both flaps of the valve bulge (prolapse) upward into the left atrium when the left ventricle contracts. This can cause blood to leak back into the left atrium, leading to symptoms such as heart palpitations, chest pain, fatigue, and shortness of breath. MVP is usually benign and does not require treatment, but in rare cases, it can lead to serious complications such as endocarditis, arrhythmias, and heart failure."},{"name":"Mitral Regurgitation","after":{"null":["Pulmonary Hypertension WHO group II"]},"before":{"Primary":["Mitral Valve Prolapse","Papillary muscle rupture","Acute Rheumatic Fever","Endocarditis","Rheumatic Heart Disease"],"Secondary":["Dilated Cardiomyopathy","Hypertension","Atrial fibrillation"],"null":[]},"description":"Mitral regurgitation is a condition in which blood flows backward through the mitral valve from the left ventricle to the left atrium during systole (ventricular contraction). This occurs when the mitral valve fails to close properly, allowing blood to leak back into the atrium. It can be caused by a variety of factors, such as structural abnormalities of the valve, damage to the valve due to infection or aging, or a weakening of the heart muscle. Symptoms may include shortness of breath, fatigue, and heart palpitations. Treatment may involve medication, surgery, or both."},{"name":"Atrial Dilation","after":{"null":["Atrial fibrillation","Hoarseness","Dysphagia"]},"before":{"null":["Mitral Stenosis"]},"description":"Atrial dilation refers to an abnormal enlargement of the atria of the heart, specifically the upper two chambers. This condition occurs when the atria become stretched or enlarged due to various factors such as chronic high blood pressure, heart valve disease, heart failure, or other heart conditions. Atrial dilation can lead to symptoms such as shortness of breath, fatigue, palpitations, and may increase the risk of developing blood clots, stroke, or cardiac arrhythmias. It is typically diagnosed through imaging tests such as echocardiography or magnetic resonance imaging. Treatment for atrial dilation focuses on addressing the underlying cause of the enlargement and managing symptoms to prevent complications."},{"name":"Hoarseness","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Atrial Dilation","Vocal Cord Nodule","Laryngeal Papilloma","Laryngeal Carcinoma"]},"description":"Hoarseness is a condition characterized by an abnormal change in the sound of the voice, usually accompanied by a rough, strained, or harsh quality. It is typically caused by an irritation or inflammation of the vocal cords, which can be due to a variety of factors including viral infections, allergy or acid reflux, excessive use of the vocal cords, smoking or exposure to irritants, or nerve damage. Hoarseness can also be a symptom of more serious medical problems, such as throat cancer or thyroid disease, and should be evaluated by a medical professional if it persists for more than two weeks."},{"name":"Dysphagia","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Atrial Dilation","Esophageal Spasm","Esophageal Web","Zenker Diverticulum","Achalasia","Esophageal Carcinoma","Peptic Stricture","Esophagitis"]},"description":"Dysphagia refers to difficulty in swallowing food or liquids, or a feeling that food is getting stuck in the throat. It can occur in people of all ages and can have a variety of causes, including neurological or muscular disorders, structural abnormalities, or side effects of medication. Depending on the severity of the condition, dysphagia can lead to malnutrition, dehydration, and aspiration pneumonia, and it may require treatment by a speech therapist or other healthcare professional."},{"name":"PR Depression on EKG","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Pericarditis"]},"description":"As an AI language model, I cannot diagnose or provide medical advice. However, PR Depression on EKG is a finding that may indicate an underlying medical condition. It refers to a downward deviation of the PR segment (a part of the EKG waveform that represents the time between the atrial depolarization and the ventricular depolarization) below the baseline. It may be a sign of various conditions, including pericarditis, myocardial ischemia, and certain electrolyte imbalances. Further evaluation by a medical professional is necessary to determine the underlying cause and appropriate management."},{"name":"Pulsus Paradoxus","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Cardiac Tamponade"]},"description":"Pulsus paradoxus is a medical term used to describe an abnormally large drop in the blood pressure during inspiration (breathing in) and an increase in blood pressure during expiration (breathing out). This results in an abnormal difference between the systolic blood pressure measured during inspiration and expiration. Pulsus paradoxus is commonly seen in conditions such as cardiac tamponade, severe asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and pericarditis."},{"name":"Electrical alterans on EKG","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Cardiac Tamponade"]},"description":"Electrical alternans on an EKG is a pattern where the amplitude of the QRS complex or T wave alternates beat by beat, usually in the frontal plane leads. It is often an indication of significant cardiac disease, such as pericardial effusion or cardiac tamponade. It can also occur in severe electrolyte imbalances or other conditions that affect the conduction of electrical impulses through the heart. The presence of electrical alternans on an EKG should prompt further investigation and evaluation by a healthcare professional."},{"name":"Diastolic Collapse of RA and RV on echo","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Cardiac Tamponade"]},"description":"Diastolic collapse of right atrium (RA) and right ventricle (RV) on echocardiography is a finding of decreased right ventricular filling. It occurs when the right heart chambers are unable to fill properly during diastole, leading to the collapse of the walls of RA and RV. This can be indicative of a variety of conditions such as significant pulmonary hypertension, cardiac tamponade or constrictive pericarditis. It is important to identify the underlying cause and manage it appropriately."},{"name":"Kussmaul Sign","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Constrictive Pericarditis","Right Ventricular Myocardial Infarction","Restrictive Cardiomyopathy"]},"description":"Kussmaul sign is a medical condition characterized by paradoxical increase of the jugular venous pressure during inspiration. It is seen in conditions like constrictive pericarditis, cardiac tamponade, restrictive cardiomyopathy, and severe tricuspid regurgitation. Kussmaul sign is named after Adolph Kussmaul, the German physician, who first described it."},{"name":"Pericardial Knock","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Constrictive Pericarditis"]},"description":"Pericardial knock is a distinctive sound heard on auscultation (listening with a stethoscope) that is associated with the movement of an abnormally thickened and rigid pericardium, which surrounds the heart. The sound is typically a high-pitched, crisp, and short sound that is heard during early diastole, just after S2 (the second heart sound). It is caused by the sudden halt of the ventricular filling caused by the pericardium limiting the diastolic filling of the heart. This sound is characteristic of constrictive pericarditis, which occurs when there is thickening and fibrosis of the pericardium, leading to restriction of cardiac filling and reduced cardiac output."},{"name":"Blood pressure difference between left and right arms","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Aortic Dissection"]},"description":"Blood pressure difference between left and right arms is a measurement of the difference in blood pressure readings taken on the left and right arm. A small difference in blood pressure between arms is common and not a cause for concern. However, a significant variation in blood pressure between arms may indicate an underlying cardiovascular or arterial disease. It is important to have this difference evaluated by a healthcare professional to determine any underlying condition that may need to be addressed."},{"name":"Leg Claudication","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Peripheral Artery Disease","Spinal Stenosis"]},"description":"Leg Claudication is a medical condition characterized by pain and discomfort in the legs during physical activity, such as walking or climbing stairs. The pain is caused by insufficient blood flow to the leg muscles, which often occurs as a result of a narrowing or blockage of the arteries that supply blood to the legs. The symptoms of leg claudication typically improve with rest, but can worsen with exercise or activity. It is commonly associated with peripheral artery disease (PAD)."},{"name":"Spinal Stenosis","after":{"null":["Leg Claudication","Low Back Pain"]},"before":{"null":["Amyloidosis"]},"description":"Spinal stenosis is a medical condition wherein there is a narrowing of the spinal canal, which may cause compression or pressure on the spinal cord or the nerves that exit the spine. It is most commonly seen in older adults and may cause pain, weakness, numbness, or tingling in the back, legs, or arms. The condition may also affect the bladder and bowel function in severe cases. Spinal stenosis can be caused by aging, spinal injuries, herniated discs, or congenital abnormalities. Treatment options may include physical therapy, medications, injections, or surgery."},{"name":"Pseudohypoparathyroidism (PTH resistance)","after":{"null":["Hyperphosphatemia","Hypocalcemia","Short 4th finger"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Pseudohypoparathyroidism (PTH resistance) is a rare genetic disorder characterized by resistance to the hormone parathyroid hormone (PTH), which is responsible for regulating calcium and phosphate levels in the body. This resistance can result in hypocalcemia (low calcium levels) and hyperphosphatemia (high phosphate levels), which can lead to a variety of symptoms, including muscle cramps and spasms, seizures, and bone abnormalities. Pseudohypoparathyroidism is caused by mutations in the genes that encode the proteins that interact with PTH in the signaling pathway, including the PTH receptor and associated G proteins."},{"name":"Short 4th finger","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Pseudohypoparathyroidism (PTH resistance)"]},"description":"Short 4th finger, also known as brachydactyly type D, is a genetic condition in which the fourth finger is shorter than normal. It is a cosmetic and anatomical difference that does not typically cause any functional problems or disabilities. The condition is often inherited and can be present in both hands or just one hand."},{"name":"Prolactinoma","after":{"null":["Hyperprolactinemia","Pituitary Adenoma"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Prolactinoma is a type of tumor that develops in the pituitary gland, which is located at the base of the brain. This type of tumor causes the gland to produce too much prolactin hormone, leading to symptoms such as irregular menstrual periods, decreased sex drive in both men and women, infertility, and breast milk production in both sexes. In some cases, the tumor can also lead to headaches, vision changes, and other neurological symptoms. Prolactinomas are generally benign tumors and can be treated with medication, surgery, or radiation therapy."},{"name":"Hyperprolactinemia","after":{"null":["Secondary Hypogonadism","Gynecomastia","Secondary Amenorrhea","Decreased libido (low sex drive)"]},"before":{"null":["Acromegaly","Primary Hypothyroidism","Anxiety","Prolactinoma","Pregnancy","Metoclopramide","Tricyclic antidepressant use","Phenothiazine use","Cocaine\/ Methamphetamine"]},"description":"Hyperprolactinemia is a condition characterized by abnormally high levels of prolactin, a hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland. This can cause a variety of symptoms, including infertility, irregular menstrual periods, decreased libido, breast milk production in non-pregnant women and rarely, breast enlargement in men. It can also affect bone density and increase the risk of osteoporosis. Hyperprolactinemia can be caused by a variety of factors, such as medication, pituitary tumors, or other medical conditions."},{"name":"Pregnancy","after":{"null":["Hyperprolactinemia"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Pregnancy is the condition of a woman having a developing embryo or fetus within her uterus, typically lasting around 40 weeks from the last menstrual period and culminating in the birth of a baby. It is the period during which a woman carries a developing offspring or offspring(s) until delivery."},{"name":"Metoclopramide","after":{"null":["Hyperprolactinemia"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Metoclopramide is a medication used to treat various digestive disorders and nausea, and to prevent vomiting. It works by increasing the movement of the upper gastrointestinal tract to speed up the passage of food and reduce symptoms such as heartburn and stomach pain. It also helps to prevent reflux of stomach acid into the esophagus. Metoclopramide is available in various forms, including tablets, capsules, injections, and syrup, and is usually taken shortly before meals or as directed by a healthcare professional."},{"name":"Tricyclic antidepressant use","after":{"null":["Hyperprolactinemia"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Tricyclic antidepressant use is the prescription and use of drugs that work by altering the levels of certain chemicals in the brain, including serotonin and norepinephrine, to treat symptoms of depression, anxiety, and various other mental health disorders. These medications are referred to as tricyclic because of their chemical structure, which consists of three interconnected rings. Tricyclic antidepressants were first developed in the 1950s and are still commonly used today, although newer antidepressant medications are also available."},{"name":"Phenothiazine use","after":{"null":["Hyperprolactinemia"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Phenothiazines are a class of drugs commonly used for the treatment of various mental health disorders, including schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and severe anxiety disorders. They work by affecting certain chemicals in the brain, such as dopamine and serotonin, which are responsible for mood, behavior, and perception. Phenothiazines can also be used as antiemetics (to prevent vomiting), sedatives, or as part of a general anesthesia. However, these drugs are associated with several side effects, including drowsiness, dry mouth, tremors, muscle stiffness, and tardive dyskinesia."},{"name":"Gynecomastia","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Liver Cirrhosis","Hypogonadism","Hyperprolactinemia"]},"description":"Gynecomastia is a condition where the glandular tissue in male breasts grows abnormally, resulting in breast enlargement. It is caused by an imbalance of hormones, specifically an increase in estrogen levels relative to testosterone levels. It can occur at any age and is commonly seen in newborns, adolescent boys going through puberty, and older men. In most cases, it is a benign condition and resolves on its own; however, in some cases, medical intervention may be required."},{"name":"Secondary Amenorrhea","after":{"null":["Amenorrhea"]},"before":{"null":["Anxiety","Hyperprolactinemia","Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)","Extreme weight loss","Extreme exercise","Asherman Syndrome (Endometrial Scarring)"]},"description":"Secondary amenorrhea is the absence of menstrual periods for three consecutive cycles or more in women who previously had regular menstrual cycles. It usually occurs due to various hormonal imbalances such as thyroid dysfunction, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), pituitary gland disorders, stress, and extreme weight loss or gain. It can also occur due to certain medications, chronic illness, and reproductive organ abnormalities."},{"name":"Amenorrhea","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Secondary Amenorrhea","Primary Amenorrhea"]},"description":"Amenorrhea is the absence of menstrual bleeding in a woman of reproductive age. It can be classified into primary amenorrhea, when a woman has not had her first period by age 16, and secondary amenorrhea, when a woman who previously had regular menstrual cycles stops getting them for at least three cycles or more. Amenorrhea can be caused by a variety of factors, including pregnancy, breastfeeding, certain medications, hormonal imbalances, thyroid dysfunction, excessive exercise, and eating disorders."},{"name":"Primary Amenorrhea","after":{"null":["Amenorrhea"]},"before":{"null":["Turner Syndrome (X0)"]},"description":"Primary amenorrhea is the absence of menstruation in a girl by the age of 16, or if she has not developed secondary sexual characteristics by the age of 14. It is a condition where a female has not started her menstrual cycle by the age that is considered normal (in most cases, before the age of 16)."},{"name":"Turner Syndrome (X0)","after":{"null":["Primary Amenorrhea","Testicular Feminization Syndrome (defective androgen receptor)","Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Turner syndrome (X0) is a genetic condition that occurs when a female is born with only one X chromosome instead of the usual two. This can cause a variety of physical and medical characteristics, including short stature, infertility, heart and kidney defects, and learning or social issues. It affects about one in 2,500 female births."},{"name":"Testicular Feminization Syndrome (defective androgen receptor)","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Turner Syndrome (X0)"]},"description":"Testicular Feminization Syndrome, also known as Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome (AIS), is a genetic condition in which a person who is genetically male (has XY chromosomes) is born with partial or complete insensitivity to male hormones (androgens). This results in the development of female physical characteristics, despite the presence of male reproductive organs (testes). Specifically, the person has external female genitalia, a female body shape, and typically develops breasts at puberty. However, because the Testicular Feminization Syndrome affected individuals cannot respond to male hormones, their reproductive organs (testes) do not function properly, and they are infertile."},{"name":"Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)","after":{"null":["Secondary Amenorrhea","Hirsutism","Increased estrogen exposure"]},"before":{"null":["Obesity"]},"description":"Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a hormonal disorder that affects women of reproductive age. It is characterized by the growth of multiple, small cysts on the ovaries that can lead to irregular periods, infertility, and other health issues. PCOS is also associated with insulin resistance, which can increase the risk of developing type 2 diabetes and other metabolic disorders. Symptoms of PCOS can vary widely, but may include acne, excessive hair growth, weight gain, and mood swings. Treatment typically focuses on managing symptoms and may involve a combination of medications, lifestyle changes, and other therapies."},{"name":"Extreme weight loss","after":{"null":["Secondary Amenorrhea"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Extreme weight loss refers to the significant and rapid reduction of body weight that exceeds what is considered healthy or safe. This type of weight loss is often the result of drastic measures such as crash diets, excessive exercise, or surgical procedures. Extreme weight loss can lead to serious health complications and should only be attempted under the guidance of a healthcare professional."},{"name":"Extreme exercise","after":{"null":["Secondary Amenorrhea"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Extreme exercise is a form of physical activity that is characterized by intense levels of exertion and requires significant levels of endurance, strength, and dexterity. It typically involves activities that are high-impact, such as running, jumping, lifting heavy weights, or engaging in intense cardio workouts. Extreme exercise can pose risks to health if not done properly, including injury, dehydration, and fatigue. It is important to engage in such activities only after proper preparation and guidance from a qualified trainer or medical professional."},{"name":"Hirsutism","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)"]},"description":"Hirsutism refers to excessive hair growth in women, typically in a male pattern distribution, such as on the face, chest, back, and abdomen. This excess hair growth can be caused by an increase in androgen hormones or other hormonal imbalances. Hirsutism can have negative psychological effects on women and can be a symptom of an underlying medical condition, such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)."},{"name":"Protein tube feeds","after":{"null":["Uremia"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Protein tube feeds are liquid nutritional formulas that are administered via a feeding tube directly into the digestive tract of a patient who is unable to consume food or liquids orally. These feeds are specifically designed to provide a high level of protein to support muscle growth and repair, as well as provide the necessary vitamins, minerals, and other nutrients required for good overall health. Protein tube feeds are commonly used in hospitals, long-term care facilities, and for individuals who require tube feeding at home."},{"name":"Platelet dysfunction","after":{"null":["Lower Gastrointestinal Bleed (LGIB)","Epistaxis","Hemoptysis","Hematuria","Menorrhagia","Ecchymoses (>3mm)","Purpura (>1cm)","Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding (UGIB)","Increased bleeding time"]},"before":{"null":["Uremia","Bernard-Soulier Syndrome (GPIb deficiency) - Impaired platelet adhesion","Glanzmann Thrombasthenia (GPIIb\/IIIa deficiency) - Impaired platelet aggregation","Aspirin use","Von Willebrand Disease","Plasmin overactivity (increased fibrinolysis)"]},"description":"Platelet dysfunction refers to a condition in which the platelets, which are responsible for blood clotting, do not function efficiently. This can result in excessive bleeding or abnormal clotting, which can lead to a variety of health problems such as bleeding disorders, cardiovascular disease, and stroke. Platelet dysfunction can have a number of causes, including genetic disorders, medication side effects, and certain medical conditions."},{"name":"Uremic frost","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Uremia"]},"description":"Uremic frost is a rare symptom of end-stage renal disease, a severe condition in which the kidneys are unable to function properly. It occurs when high levels of urea and other waste products build up in the bloodstream and are deposited on the skin, forming a white or frost-like appearance. Uremic frost typically appears on the face, particularly around the eyes and mouth, but can also occur on other parts of the body. It is a sign of advanced kidney disease and requires prompt medical attention."},{"name":"Kallman Syndrome","after":{"null":["Secondary Hypogonadism","Anosmia"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Kallmann Syndrome is a rare genetic disorder characterized by delayed or absent puberty and an impaired sense of smell. It is caused by a deficiency in the production or the action of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), which leads to inadequate stimulation of the gonads and hence absent or incomplete sexual maturation. It is often associated with a small penis and testicles and a lack of secondary sexual characteristics. It affects both males and females. Treatment typically involves hormone therapy to induce puberty and fertility treatments for those who wish to have children."},{"name":"Anosmia","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Kallman Syndrome"]},"description":"Anosmia is a medical condition in which a person loses the ability to detect and identify odors. It can be temporary or permanent, and can result from a variety of causes, including nasal congestion, head injury, viral infections, and certain medications. People with anosmia may also have a decreased sense of taste, as the two senses are closely linked."},{"name":"Indirect Hyperbilirubinemia","after":{"null":["Jaundice","Scleral Icterus"]},"before":{"null":["Liver Cirrhosis","Hemolysis","Hepatitis","Gilbert Syndrome (absence of uridine glucuronyl transferase)"]},"description":"Indirect hyperbilirubinemia is a condition in which the levels of unconjugated or indirect bilirubin in the blood are higher than normal. Indirect bilirubin is a type of bilirubin that is not water-soluble and cannot be excreted by the body easily. It is produced when red blood cells break down, and it needs to be converted into a water-soluble form called direct bilirubin for easy elimination. When the liver is unable to convert indirect bilirubin into direct bilirubin, it builds up in the blood leading to yellowing of the skin, eyes, and other tissues, a condition known as jaundice. Indirect hyperbilirubinemia can be caused by various factors such as inherited disorders, infections, drugs, and liver diseases."},{"name":"Direct Hyperbilirubinemia","after":{"null":["Jaundice","Scleral Icterus"]},"before":{"null":["Liver Cirrhosis","Primary Biliary Cirrhosis","Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis","Hepatitis","Pancreatic Carcinoma","Choledocolithiasis","Ascending Cholangitis","Ascaris lumbricoides infection","Clonorchis sinensis infection","Dubin-Johnson Syndrome","Rotor Syndrome","Cholangiocarcinoma"]},"description":"Direct hyperbilirubinemia (also known as conjugated hyperbilirubinemia) is a medical condition characterized by an increased level of direct bilirubin in the blood. This occurs when the liver is unable to properly process bilirubin, leading to an accumulation of bilirubin in the bloodstream. Direct hyperbilirubinemia can be caused by various underlying conditions, including liver disease, biliary obstruction, or genetic disorders. Symptoms of direct hyperbilirubinemia may include yellowing of the skin and eyes, fatigue, nausea, and abdominal pain. Treatment typically involves addressing the underlying cause of the condition."},{"name":"Jaundice","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Indirect Hyperbilirubinemia","Direct Hyperbilirubinemia"]},"description":"Jaundice is a medical condition characterized by yellowing of the skin, whites of the eyes, and other tissues due to an accumulation of bilirubin in the body. Bilirubin is a waste product of the breakdown of red blood cells in the liver. High levels of bilirubin can cause yellowing of the skin and eyes, as well as other symptoms such as dark urine, pale stool, fatigue, fever, and abdominal pain. Jaundice can be caused by a variety of underlying conditions, including liver disease, hepatitis, gallstones, and certain medications."},{"name":"Scleral Icterus","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Indirect Hyperbilirubinemia","Direct Hyperbilirubinemia"]},"description":"Scleral icterus refers to the yellowing of the whites of the eyes due to a buildup of bilirubin in the bloodstream. Bilirubin is a waste product that is produced when the liver breaks down red blood cells. Normally, bilirubin is processed by the liver and excreted in the bile. However, when the liver is unable to process bilirubin properly, it can build up in the bloodstream and cause jaundice, which is characterized by yellowing of the skin and eyes. Scleral icterus is a common symptom of liver disease, such as hepatitis or cirrhosis, and can also be caused by other conditions that affect the liver, such as alcohol abuse or certain medications."},{"name":"Pulmonary Hypertension","after":{"null":["Dyspnea","Loud P2 on auscultation","Cardiogenic Syncope","Pulmonary Chest Pain","Right Ventricular Pressure Overload"]},"before":{"null":["Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH) (WHO group I)","Pulmonary Hypertension WHO group II","Pulmonary Hypertension WHO group III","Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension (CTEPH) (Who group IV)","Miscellaneous Pulmonary Hypertension (WHO group V)"]},"description":"Pulmonary hypertension is a condition characterized by high blood pressure in the arteries that supply the lungs. This elevated pressure can cause damage to the heart and lungs over time and can lead to serious complications, such as heart failure and respiratory distress. It can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetic predisposition, chronic lung disease, and certain medications or medical conditions. Treatment typically involves medications to reduce blood pressure and manage symptoms, as well as lifestyle changes such as exercise and dietary modifications."},{"name":"Interstitial Lung Disease","after":{"null":["Dyspnea","Decreased DLCO","Restrictive Lung Disease","Crackles (Rales)","Pulmonary Hypertension WHO group III","Hemoptysis","Cough","Clubbing"]},"before":{"null":["Pulmonary Fibrosis","Sarcoidosis","Rheumatoid Arthritis","Asbestosis","Silicosis","Coal Worker Pneumoconiosis","Berylliosis","Mercury","Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis","Scleroderma"]},"description":"Interstitial lung disease (ILD) refers to a group of lung disorders that involve inflammation and scarring of the lung tissue (interstitium) that supports the air sacs (alveoli). This can lead to decreased lung function and difficulty breathing. Common types of ILD include idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, sarcoidosis, and connective tissue disease-associated ILD. Symptoms may include cough, shortness of breath, fatigue, and chest pain. Treatment may involve medications, oxygen therapy, pulmonary rehabilitation, and in some cases, lung transplantation."},{"name":"Asbestosis","after":{"null":["Interstitial Lung Disease"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Asbestosis is a chronic lung disease caused by long-term inhalation of asbestos fibers. The disease is characterized by scarring and thickening of the lung tissue, which can lead to breathing difficulties, coughing, and chest pain. Asbestosis is often progressive and can lead to other serious conditions such as lung cancer and mesothelioma. It is commonly observed in people who have worked in industries such as mining, construction, and shipbuilding where asbestos exposure is prevalent."},{"name":"Silicosis","after":{"null":["Interstitial Lung Disease"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Silicosis is a progressive and incurable lung disease caused by inhaling respirable crystalline silica dust. This dust is found in materials such as sand, rock, concrete, brick, and mineral ores. Over time, the silica particles cause scarring and stiffening of the lungs, leading to difficulty breathing, increased risk of lung infections, and eventually, respiratory failure. Silicosis can occur after only a few months of exposure to high levels of silica dust, but it often takes years or even decades for symptoms to appear. It is a preventable disease, and proper safety measures can be taken in industries where silica dust is present to reduce the risk of silicosis."},{"name":"Pulmonary Hypertension WHO group II","after":{"null":["Pulmonary Hypertension","Heart Failure (Right Sided)"]},"before":{"null":["Heart Failure (Left Sided)","Mitral Stenosis","Mitral Regurgitation"]},"description":"Pulmonary hypertension WHO group II refers to the type of pulmonary hypertension that occurs as a result of left heart disease, such as heart failure or heart valve disease. In this condition, elevated pressure in the left ventricle of the heart may cause increased pressure in the pulmonary arteries, leading to pulmonary hypertension. This type of pulmonary hypertension is also known as pulmonary arterial hypertension due to left heart disease (PAH-LHD) and is the most common form of pulmonary hypertension. Patients with pulmonary hypertension WHO group II may experience symptoms such as shortness of breath, fatigue, swelling in the legs, and chest pain. Treatment typically involves managing the underlying left heart disease and may include medications to improve heart function and reduce blood pressure in the pulmonary arteries."},{"name":"Pulmonary Hypertension WHO group III","after":{"null":["Pulmonary Hypertension","Cor Pulmonale"]},"before":{"null":["COPD","Obstructive Sleep Apnea","Bronchiectasis","Interstitial Lung Disease"]},"description":"Pulmonary Hypertension WHO group III is a type of pulmonary hypertension that is caused by respiratory diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), interstitial lung disease, and sleep-disordered breathing. In this type of pulmonary hypertension, increased pressure in the pulmonary arteries, which are the blood vessels that carry blood from the heart to the lungs, is caused by damage to the lung tissue and\/or airways. Symptoms may include shortness of breath, fatigue, and decreased exercise capacity. Treatment involves managing the underlying respiratory disease and improving the oxygen supply to the lungs."},{"name":"Coal Worker Pneumoconiosis","after":{"null":["Interstitial Lung Disease"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Coal Worker Pneumoconiosis (CWP), also known as Black Lung Disease, is a respiratory condition caused by long-term exposure to coal dust. It is an occupational lung disease that affects coal miners, causing inflammation and scarring of the lung tissue. The disease is characterized by cough, shortness of breath, chest pain, and swelling in the legs and feet. Over time, CWP can lead to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and progressive massive fibrosis (PMF), a more severe form of the disease that can be fatal."},{"name":"Berylliosis","after":{"null":["Interstitial Lung Disease"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Berylliosis is a chronic lung disease caused by exposure to beryllium. It primarily affects people who work in industries such as aerospace, electronics, and nuclear power plant manufacturing, where beryllium is commonly used. The disease causes inflammation and scarring in the lungs, which can lead to shortness of breath, coughing, chest pain, fatigue, and weight loss. It can also affect other organs, such as the skin, eyes, and heart. Berylliosis is a rare condition, but it can be serious and potentially fatal if not diagnosed and treated early."},{"name":"Mercury","after":{"null":["Interstitial Lung Disease"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Mercury is a chemical element with the symbol Hg and atomic number 80. It is a dense, silvery-white, highly toxic liquid metal that is commonly used in thermometers, barometers, and other scientific instruments. It is the only metal that is liquid at standard temperature and pressure, and has a high surface tension, making it useful in mercury switches and other electrical applications. Mercury is also found in some ores, and is used in various industrial and medical applications, although its toxicity limits its use in certain areas. It is toxic to humans and other organisms, affecting the nervous system, kidneys, and other organs, and exposure should be minimized."},{"name":"Loud P2 on auscultation","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Pulmonary Hypertension"]},"description":"As an AI language model, I do not have medical expertise to provide a definition. However, in medical terms, Loud P2 on auscultation is a description of a physical examination finding in which the second heart sound (S2) is louder than normal during a cardiac examination using a stethoscope. This can be an indication of conditions such as pulmonary hypertension, pulmonary valve stenosis, or right ventricular failure. A medical professional should be consulted for a full evaluation and interpretation of this finding."},{"name":"Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension (CTEPH) (Who group IV)","after":{"null":["Pulmonary Hypertension","Pulmonary flow murmur on auscultation"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Pulmonary hypertension characterized by chronic clot formation within the pulmonary arteries. Diagnosed by perfusion\/ventilation mismatch on VQ scan. Definitive treatment surgically with pulmonary thromboendarterectomy"},{"name":"Miscellaneous Pulmonary Hypertension (WHO group V)","after":{"null":["Pulmonary Hypertension"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Miscellaneous Pulmonary Hypertension (WHO group V) is a category of pulmonary hypertension that includes types of pulmonary hypertension that cannot be categorized into any of the other four defined groups. These types of pulmonary hypertension are often associated with underlying medical conditions such as blood disorders, metabolic disorders, tumors, or chronic inflammation. The characteristics and symptoms of group V pulmonary hypertension depend on the underlying condition, and treatment is focused on addressing the underlying cause in addition to managing the symptoms of pulmonary hypertension."},{"name":"Pneumocysis Jiroveci (PJP) Pneumonia","after":{"null":["Decreased DLCO","Pneumonia"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia (PJP) is a serious lung infection caused by the fungus Pneumocystis jiroveci. It commonly affects people with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV\/AIDS, cancer, or on immunosuppressive drugs. Symptoms can include cough, fever, and difficulty breathing, and it can be life-threatening if left untreated. Treatment typically involves antibiotics and supportive care."},{"name":"Pulmonary flow murmur on auscultation","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension (CTEPH) (Who group IV)"]},"description":"A pulmonary flow murmur is a type of heart murmur that is heard on auscultation, or listening to the heart with a stethoscope. It is a soft, blowing sound that is usually heard during the first or second heart sound and is caused by turbulence in blood flow through the pulmonary artery or its branches. These murmurs are commonly heard in children and young adults and are usually harmless. In most people, pulmonary flow murmurs disappear as they grow older. However, in some cases, they can be a sign of an underlying heart condition and require further evaluation by a healthcare professional."},{"name":"Hydrocephalus","after":{"null":["Increased intracranial pressure"]},"before":{"null":["Meningitis","Subarachnoid Hemorrhage","Narrowing of foramen magnum"]},"description":"Hydrocephalus is a medical condition characterized by an abnormal accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) within the brain spaces, leading to an increase in pressure. It can be caused by a variety of factors, such as congenital abnormalities, infections, tumors, bleeding in the brain, or trauma, among others. Hydrocephalus can cause symptoms such as headaches, nausea, vomiting, vision problems, cognitive impairment, and difficulty with balance and coordination. Treatment may involve surgically implanting a shunt to drain excess fluid and relieve pressure on the brain."},{"name":"Portopulmonary Hypertension","after":{"null":["Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH) (WHO group I)"]},"before":{"null":["Liver Cirrhosis"]},"description":"Portopulmonary hypertension (PPHTN) is a type of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) that is associated with liver disease. It is characterized by an increase in blood pressure within the pulmonary artery, which carries blood from the heart to the lungs, due to the development of pulmonary vascular disease. PPHTN is typically seen in patients with advanced liver disease, such as cirrhosis, and can significantly affect quality of life and life expectancy. Treatment typically involves addressing the underlying liver disease as well as the PAH, with medications such as vasodilators and diuretics used to reduce the pressure in the pulmonary artery and improve symptoms."},{"name":"Pulmonary Veno-occlusive Disease","after":{"null":["Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH) (WHO group I)"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Pulmonary veno-occlusive disease (PVOD) is a rare and severe lung disease that affects the pulmonary veins, leading to the blockage or narrowing of these vessels. This condition restricts the blood flow, leading to increased pressure in the pulmonary artery and eventually resulting in heart failure. PVOD is often associated with severe shortness of breath, coughing, fatigue, and chest pain, and it can be difficult to diagnose. The cause of PVOD is not fully understood, and there is currently no cure for this condition. Treatment involves managing symptoms and improving quality of life through oxygen therapy, diuretics, and, in severe cases, lung transplantation."},{"name":"Idiopathic Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension","after":{"null":["Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH) (WHO group I)"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Idiopathic Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (IPAH) is a serious and progressive pulmonary disorder characterized by an increase in the blood pressure within the arteries of the lungs for no apparent reason. It is idiopathic because the cause is unknown, and it is therefore a diagnosis of exclusion, made after ruling out other potential causes of pulmonary arterial hypertension. The elevated pressure in the pulmonary arteries makes the heart work harder to pump blood to the lungs, leading to right heart failure and ultimately death if left untreated. IPAH is a rare disease and is more common in women than men."},{"name":"Pulmonary Capillary Hemangiomatosis","after":{"null":["Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH) (WHO group I)"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Pulmonary capillary hemangiomatosis (PCH) is a rare disease that primarily affects the lungs. It is characterized by the proliferation of capillaries in the alveolar walls, resulting in thickening of the pulmonary interstitium. These abnormal blood vessels can cause obstructive pulmonary hypertension, which can lead to heart failure. PCH has no known cure, and treatment options are typically limited to supportive care."},{"name":"Left to right heart shunt","after":{"null":["Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH) (WHO group I)"]},"before":{"null":["Patent Ductus Arteriosus","Atrial Level Shunt","Ventricular Level Shunt"]},"description":"Left to right heart shunt is a type of heart defect where the blood flows from the left side of the heart to the right side due to an abnormal opening or connection between the two sides. This causes a mixing of oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood, which can lead to excessive workload on the right side of the heart and eventual heart failure. Common types of left to right shunts include atrial septal defect, ventricular septal defect, and patent ductus arteriosus."},{"name":"Atrial Septal Defect (LA to RA)","after":{"null":["Right Ventricular Hypertrophy (RVH)","Eisenmenger Syndrome","Paradoxical Embolus","Atrial Level Shunt"]},"before":{"null":["Ostium Secundum","Ostium Primum"]},"description":"Atrial Septal Defect (ASD) is a congenital heart defect where there is an abnormal opening in the atrial septum (the wall between the left and right atria) which allows blood to flow from the left atrium to the right atrium, resulting in increased blood flow to the lungs. This specific type of ASD is called \"LA to RA\" because the opening is located on the left atrial side and allows blood to flow to the right atrium. People with this condition may experience symptoms such as shortness of breath, fatigue, and an increased risk of developing heart conditions later in life. Treatment may involve surgery or catheter-based procedures to close the opening."},{"name":"Ventricular Septal Defect","after":{"null":["Right Ventricular Hypertrophy (RVH)","Eisenmenger Syndrome","Ventricular Level Shunt"]},"before":{"null":["Fetal Alcohol Syndrome","Tetralogy of Fallot"]},"description":"Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD) is a congenital heart defect that refers to an opening in the wall (septum) between the two lower chambers (ventricles) of the heart. This results in mixing of oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood, which causes strain on both the heart and the lungs. The severity of the VSD can vary from a small hole that may close on its own to a larger defect that requires surgical repair. VSD is the most common type of congenital heart defect."},{"name":"Patent Ductus Arteriosus","after":{"null":["Left to right heart shunt","Ventricular Level Shunt"]},"before":{"null":["Congenital Rubella"]},"description":"Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is a congenital heart defect in which a fetal blood vessel, the ductus arteriosus, which connects the pulmonary artery to the aorta, fails to close after birth, causing abnormal blood flow and strain on the heart."},{"name":"Benign essential neutropenia","after":{"null":["Neutropenia"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Benign essential neutropenia (BEN) is a chronic condition characterized by a low number of neutrophils, a type of white blood cell that is important for fighting bacterial infections. BEN is often diagnosed in childhood and usually resolves spontaneously by adulthood. Although individuals with BEN may be more susceptible to bacterial infections, they are generally asymptomatic and have a normal life expectancy. BEN is thought to be caused by a genetic defect in the production or elimination of neutrophils, although the exact mechanism is not yet fully understood."},{"name":"Centrilobular Emphysema","after":{"null":["Decreased DLCO","Cachexia"]},"before":{"null":["Smoking"]},"description":"Centrilobular emphysema, also known as centriacinar emphysema, is a type of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) that causes damage to the small air sacs (alveoli) in the lungs, leading to air spaces and holes in the center of the lung lobes. This type of emphysema is most commonly associated with smoking and is often seen in the upper lobes of the lungs. Symptoms of centrilobular emphysema include shortness of breath, wheezing, coughing, and chest tightness. Treatment includes quitting smoking, inhalers, and medications to manage symptoms. Severe cases may require oxygen therapy or surgery."},{"name":"Panacinar Emphysema","after":{"null":["Decreased DLCO","Cachexia"]},"before":{"null":["Alpha 1-Antitrypsin Deficiency"]},"description":"Panacinar emphysema is a type of emphysema that is characterized by uniform destruction of the air sacs (alveoli) and the surrounding tissue throughout the lungs. It is often associated with alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency, a genetic condition that affects the healthcare alphabets. Symptoms may include shortness of breath and reduced exercise capacity, and the condition can lead to respiratory failure. Smoking is a major risk factor for developing panacinar emphysema. Treatment includes smoking cessation, oxygen therapy, and pulmonary rehabilitation. In severe cases, lung transplantation may be necessary."},{"name":"Hypercoagulable State","after":{"null":["Deep Venous Thrombus (DVT)","Cerebral Vein Thrombus"]},"before":{"null":["Nephrotic Syndrome","Hyperhomocysteinemia","State of Malignancy","Hereditary Hypercoagulability"]},"description":"State prone to clot formation, due to excessive procoagulant proteins or defective anticoagulant proteins. May be inherited or acquired. "},{"name":"Lymphopenia","after":{"null":["Leukopenia","Immunosuppresion"]},"before":{"null":["Hypercortisolism (Cushing Syndrome)","Lupus","HIV","DiGeorge Syndrome","Whole body radiation","Ionizing radiation"]},"description":"Lymphopenia is a condition defined by an abnormally low level of lymphocytes in the blood. Lymphocytes are a type of white blood cell that helps the body fight infections and diseases. Lymphopenia can be a result of a range of underlying conditions or factors, including viral infections, autoimmune disorders, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and certain medications. The severity of lymphopenia depends on the degree of lymphocyte deficiency. Mild lymphopenia may not cause any symptoms, while severe cases can make the patient more prone to infections and diseases."},{"name":"Schistocytes","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura","Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome"]},"description":"Schistocytes, also known as fragmented red blood cells, are abnormal blood cells that have been sheared or fragmented into irregular shapes due to mechanical damage or trauma during circulation. They differ from normal red blood cells in appearance and size, and may indicate a medical condition such as hemolytic anemia, disseminated intravascular coagulation, or thrombotic microangiopathies."},{"name":"Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura","after":{"null":["Thrombocytopenia"]},"before":{"null":["Lupus"]},"description":"Autoimmune production of IgG antibodies against platelet antigens. Known to be the most common cause of thrombocytopenia in children and adults. \nTreatment is initially with corticosteroids. IVIG can also be used. Splenectomy is performed in refractory cases"},{"name":"Heparin Induced Thrombocytopenia","after":{"null":["Deep Venous Thrombus (DVT)","Thrombocytopenia"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is an adverse reaction to heparin, a blood thinner commonly used to treat or prevent blood clots. HIT is a condition in which the body develops an abnormal immune response to heparin, resulting in a low count of circulating blood platelets (thrombocytopenia) and the formation of dangerous blood clots (thrombosis). HIT can occur with both unfractionated heparin (UFH) and low molecular weight heparin (LMWH). It is important to diagnose and manage HIT promptly, as it can lead to serious complications like stroke, heart attack, and limb amputation."},{"name":"Leukemia","after":{"null":["Thrombocytopenia"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Leukemia is a type of cancer that affects the blood and bone marrow, the spongy tissue inside bones where blood cells are produced. It is characterized by the rapid production of abnormal white blood cells, which interferes with the production of normal blood cells, leading to anemia, infections, and bleeding disorders. There are different types of leukemia, including acute and chronic, and they can occur in both children and adults. Treatment depends on the type of leukemia and may include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and stem cell transplantation."},{"name":"Cardiac Cachexia","after":{"null":["Cachexia"]},"before":{"null":["Heart Failure (Right Sided)"]},"description":"Cardiac cachexia is a condition that is characterized by progressive weight loss and muscle wasting due to chronic heart failure. It is often accompanied by decreased appetite, fatigue, weakness, and reduced physical activity. Cardiac cachexia can also adversely impact the prognosis of heart disease and increase the risk of morbidity and mortality. The exact mechanism of cardiac cachexia is not fully understood, but it is thought to be related to inflammation, hormonal imbalances, and metabolic disturbances. Treatment may involve addressing underlying heart disease and providing nutritional support, exercise, and medications."},{"name":"Cachexia","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Malnutrition","State of Malignancy","Centrilobular Emphysema","Panacinar Emphysema","Cardiac Cachexia"]},"description":"Cachexia is a complex metabolic disorder characterized by loss of body weight and muscle mass accompanied by weakness, fatigue, and anorexia. It is often associated with chronic diseases such as cancer, heart failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and HIV\/AIDS. Cachexia is a serious condition that can significantly impact the quality of life and increase mortality in affected individuals. It is thought to be caused by a combination of factors, including inflammation, hormonal imbalances, and metabolic changes."},{"name":"Mesenteric Ischemia","after":{"null":["Abdominal Pain","Lower Gastrointestinal Bleed (LGIB)","Decreased bowel sounds"]},"before":{"null":["Cholesterol emboli","Cardiac Embolism","Superior Mesenteric Artery Thrombosis","Superior mesenteric vein thrombosis"]},"description":"Mesenteric Ischemia is a condition in which there is a lack of adequate blood supply to the mesentery, the network of blood vessels and nerves that supply the intestines. This can cause damage to the intestinal tissue and lead to symptoms such as abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and bloody stool. It can be caused by a variety of factors such as blood clots, atherosclerosis, or embolism, and if left untreated, it can lead to serious complications such as intestinal infarction and gangrene."},{"name":"Livedo Reticularis","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Vasculitis","Antiphospholipid Syndrome","Cholesterol emboli"]},"description":"Livedo reticularis is a skin condition where there is a persistent net-like or lace-like purplish discoloration on the skin. It is caused by the dilation of blood vessels in the affected area, resulting in poor blood flow to the skin. It can be a sign of an underlying medical condition such as an autoimmune disorder, vasculitis, or coagulation disorder. Livedo reticularis may also occur as a side effect of certain medications. It is more common in women and usually affects the legs and feet."},{"name":"Left Ventricular Hypertrophy (LVH)","after":{"null":["Left Axis Deviation on EKG","Poor R Wave progression on EKG","S in V1 plus R in V5\/V6 > 35mm (Sokolow-Lyon)","aVL > 11 (Mazzoleni)","R in aVL plus S in V3 > 28 (male) 20 (female) (Cornell)","T wave inversion on EKG","Peaked T Waves on EKG"]},"before":{"null":["Hypertension","Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy","Coarctation of the Aorta","Aortic Stenosis"]},"description":"Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is a heart condition characterized by an enlargement or thickening of the walls of the left ventricle - the chamber of the heart responsible for pumping oxygenated blood to the rest of the body. This condition occurs in response to chronic high blood pressure or prolonged cardiovascular stress and places the individual at an increased risk of heart failure, heart attack, and stroke. Other causes of LVH include valve disorders, genetic factors, and certain medications or drugs. LVH can be diagnosed through an electrocardiogram (ECG), echocardiogram, or MRI scan. Treatment typically involves managing underlying conditions, such as high blood pressure, and making lifestyle modifications, such as quitting smoking, adopting a healthy diet, and engaging in regular exercise. In more severe cases, medication or surgery may be necessary."},{"name":"Left Axis Deviation on EKG","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Wolf-Parkinson White Syndrome","Left Ventricular Hypertrophy (LVH)","Left Bundle Branch Block (LBBB)","Inferior Myocardial Infarction","Left Anterior Fascicular Block","Ostium Primum"]},"description":"Left axis deviation on EKG refers to the abnormal direction of the electrical impulses in the heart, indicating that a greater amount of electrical activity is occurring in the left side of the heart. It is defined as a QRS axis of less than -30 degrees, or a QRS axis that is pointing towards the left side of the body. This can be indicative of a variety of conditions, including left ventricular hypertrophy, conduction abnormalities, and electrolyte imbalances. It may also be a normal finding in certain individuals."},{"name":"Left Bundle Branch Block (LBBB)","after":{"null":["Left Axis Deviation on EKG","T wave inversion on EKG","Peaked T Waves on EKG"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Left Bundle Branch Block (LBBB) is a condition in which there is a delay or blockage in the electrical signals that regulate the contraction of the left ventricle of the heart. This causes an abnormal pattern in the QRS complex of the electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) waveform. It is typically seen as a broadened and notched QRS complex with a duration of more than 120 milliseconds. LBBB may be associated with underlying heart disease and can result in a range of symptoms including shortness of breath, chest pain, and fatigue."},{"name":"Inferior Myocardial Infarction","after":{"null":["Left Axis Deviation on EKG"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Inferior myocardial infarction (IMI) is a type of heart attack that occurs when there is a blockage in one of the coronary arteries that supply blood to the lower part of the heart (i.e., the inferior wall). The inferior wall is located on the lower back portion of the heart and is responsible for pumping blood to the lungs. When this part of the heart is damaged due to a lack of blood and oxygen, it can lead to serious complications such as heart failure, arrhythmias, and even death. Symptoms of IMI include chest pain, shortness of breath, nausea, vomiting, and sweating. Treatment typically involves re-establishing blood flow to the affected artery through the use of medications, angioplasty, or surgery."},{"name":"Left Anterior Fascicular Block","after":{"null":["Left Axis Deviation on EKG","Poor R Wave progression on EKG"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Left Anterior Fascicular Block (LAFB) is a type of conduction blockage in the left bundle branch of the heart. It occurs when the electrical impulses that travel through the left anterior fascicle are slowed or blocked, leading to an abnormal delay in the activation of the anterior portion of the left ventricle. LAFB is usually not serious and does not require treatment, although it may be associated with underlying heart disease. It may be detected on an electrocardiogram (ECG) and is characterized by specific changes in the QRS complex of the ECG."},{"name":"Poor R Wave progression on EKG","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Pneumothorax","Wolf-Parkinson White Syndrome","Left Ventricular Hypertrophy (LVH)","Left Anterior Fascicular Block"]},"description":"Poor R wave progression on EKG refers to a finding that the R wave amplitudes in the precordial leads (V1 to V6) are lower than expected, along with a delayed transition from predominantly negative QRS complexes in V1 to predominantly positive QRS complexes in V6. This can indicate a variety of underlying conditions, such as left ventricular hypertrophy, inferior myocardial infarction, or poor lead placement. Further evaluation and clinical correlation are needed to determine the cause and significance of this finding."},{"name":"Right Bundle Branch Block","after":{"null":["Early R wave progression on EKG"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Right bundle branch block (RBBB) is a heart condition that occurs when there is a delay or obstruction in the electrical signals that control the right side of the heart. This can lead to a characteristic pattern on an electrocardiogram (ECG) that shows a widening of the QRS complex, which represents the time it takes for the electrical signals to travel through the heart. RBBB is usually asymptomatic and often discovered incidentally on an ECG or during a routine cardiac evaluation. However, in some cases, it may be associated with underlying heart disease or other conditions that can affect heart function."},{"name":"Early R wave progression on EKG","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy","Wolf-Parkinson White Syndrome","Right Bundle Branch Block","Right Ventricular Hypertrophy (RVH)","Posterior Myocardial Infarction","Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy","Dextrocardia"]},"description":"Early R wave progression on an EKG refers to the appearance of an upward deflection or positive wave in leads V1 and V2 of the electrocardiogram. This occurs between the 4th and 6th intercostal space when the heart depolarizes from the right to the left sides of the heart. This pattern is considered normal for young individuals but may be a sign of right ventricular hypertrophy in older people."},{"name":"Right Ventricular Hypertrophy (RVH)","after":{"null":["Early R wave progression on EKG","Right Axis Deviation on EKG","R > S in V1 or R in V1 > 7 mm on EKG","S in V5 or V6 > 7 mm"]},"before":{"null":["Mitral Stenosis","Atrial Septal Defect (LA to RA)","Ventricular Septal Defect","Cor Pulmonale","Tricuspid Regurgitation","Tetralogy of Fallot"]},"description":"Right Ventricular Hypertrophy (RVH) is a medical condition characterized by thickening of the muscles in the right ventricle of the heart. This condition is generally caused by an increase in pressure in the pulmonary artery or right ventricle due to various underlying medical conditions such as chronic lung disease, pulmonary hypertension, or congenital heart disease. RVH can lead to functional impairment of the right ventricle and cardiac output, which can cause symptoms such as shortness of breath, chest pain, fatigue, and palpitations. Treatment of RVH usually focuses on addressing the underlying condition or managing symptoms to improve health and quality of life."},{"name":"Right Axis Deviation on EKG","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["COPD","Pulmonary Embolism","Wolf-Parkinson White Syndrome","Right Ventricular Hypertrophy (RVH)","Lateral Myocardial Infarction","Left Posterior Fascicular Block","Ostium Secundum"]},"description":"Right axis deviation on an electrocardiogram (EKG) refers to the abnormal positioning of the electrical activity of the heart. It occurs when the electrical activity of the heart is directed more towards the right side of the body than the left. This can be caused by a variety of factors, including congenital heart defects, pulmonary hypertension, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and other conditions that affect the heart or lungs. It can be identified on an EKG by the deviation of the QRS complex towards the right side."},{"name":"Lateral Myocardial Infarction","after":{"null":["Right Axis Deviation on EKG"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Lateral myocardial infarction (LMI) is a type of heart attack that occurs in the left ventricle of the heart, affecting the lateral side (outer wall) of the heart. This can result in chest pain, shortness of breath, and other symptoms, and can lead to serious complications such as heart failure or arrhythmias. It is diagnosed using electrocardiography (ECG) and imaging tests, and can be treated with medications, lifestyle changes, and invasive procedures like angioplasty or bypass surgery."},{"name":"Left Posterior Fascicular Block","after":{"null":["Right Axis Deviation on EKG"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Left posterior fascicular block (LPFB) is an electrical conduction abnormality in the heart that occurs when there is a delay or blockage in the conduction of electrical impulses through the left posterior fascicle, a bundle of specialized conducting fibers in the heart\u2019s electrical system. LPFB is characterized by specific changes in the electrocardiogram (ECG) that reflect the altered electrical activity in the heart. It is usually asymptomatic and typically does not require treatment, but may be associated with underlying cardiovascular conditions such as coronary artery disease or hypertension."},{"name":"S in V1 plus R in V5\/V6 > 35mm (Sokolow-Lyon)","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Left Ventricular Hypertrophy (LVH)"]},"description":"In the Sokolow-Lyon criteria for electrocardiogram (ECG) interpretation, \"S\" refers to the depth of the \"S\" wave or downward deflection in the ECG tracing in lead V1. The criteria state that if the sum of the depth of the S wave in V1 and the height of the R wave in lead V5 or V6 is greater than 35mm, this may indicate hypertrophy or enlargement of the left ventricle of the heart."},{"name":"aVL > 11 (Mazzoleni)","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Left Ventricular Hypertrophy (LVH)"]},"description":"In electrocardiography (ECG), aVL is a lead that records electrical activity in the heart. A normal reading for aVL is between -30 and  90 degrees. However, if the reading is greater than 11 millimeters of amplitude (known as the Mazzoleni criteria), it may indicate abnormalities such as myocardial infarction or left ventricular hypertrophy. It is important to interpret this finding in conjunction with other ECG findings and clinical information."},{"name":"R in aVL plus S in V3 > 28 (male) 20 (female) (Cornell)","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Left Ventricular Hypertrophy (LVH)"]},"description":"The definition of R in aVL plus S in V3 > 28 (male) 20 (female) (Cornell) is a criteria used in electrocardiography to detect left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH). If the sum of the R wave in lead aVL and the S wave in lead V3 is greater than 28 mm in males or 20 mm in females, then it suggests the presence of LVH. This is known as the Cornell Criteria, which is a commonly used ECG criteria for the diagnosis of LVH."},{"name":"Cor Pulmonale","after":{"null":["Right Ventricular Hypertrophy (RVH)","Heart Failure (Right Sided)"]},"before":{"null":["Pulmonary Hypertension WHO group III","Pulmonic Stenosis"]},"description":"Cor pulmonale is a medical condition in which the right ventricle of the heart becomes enlarged or dilated due to high blood pressure in the pulmonary arteries caused by chronic lung disease or pulmonary hypertension. This condition can lead to heart failure and other complications if left untreated. Symptoms may include shortness of breath, fatigue, chest discomfort, swelling in the legs, and coughing up blood. Treatment usually involves managing the underlying lung condition and may include oxygen therapy, medications to lower blood pressure, and in severe cases, a lung transplant."},{"name":"Tricuspid Regurgitation","after":{"null":["Right Ventricular Hypertrophy (RVH)","Right Ventricular Volume Overload"]},"before":{"null":["Dilated Cardiomyopathy","Endocarditis"]},"description":"Tricuspid regurgitation is a condition where the tricuspid valve, located between the right atrium and right ventricle of the heart, fails to close properly during systole (when the ventricles contract). This allows blood to flow back into the right atrium, which can cause symptoms such as fatigue, shortness of breath, and swelling in the legs. Tricuspid regurgitation can be due to a variety of causes, including congenital abnormalities, infections, and damage from conditions such as pulmonary hypertension or heart failure. Treatment may include medications to manage symptoms, surgery to repair or replace the valve, or other interventions depending on the underlying cause."},{"name":"R > S in V1 or R in V1 > 7 mm on EKG","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Right Ventricular Hypertrophy (RVH)"]},"description":"\"R > S in V1\" means that the R wave (the upward wave) in the first lead of the electrocardiogram (EKG) is higher than the S wave (the downward wave) in the same lead. \"R in V1 > 7 mm on EKG\" means that the R wave in V1 is greater than 7 millimeters in amplitude on the EKG. This can be an indication of right ventricular hypertrophy, which is an enlargement of the right side of the heart."},{"name":"S in V5 or V6 > 7 mm","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Right Ventricular Hypertrophy (RVH)"]},"description":"In medical imaging, the \"S\" in V5 or V6 > 7 mm refers to the ST segment, which is a portion of the electrocardiogram (ECG) that measures the electrical activity of the heart. When the ST segment is elevated by more than 7 millimeters (mm) in leads V5 and V6, it is indicative of a heart condition called myocardial infarction or a heart attack. This abnormality in the ST segment can also be a result of ischemia, hypoxia, or inflammation in the heart."},{"name":"Posterior Myocardial Infarction","after":{"null":["Early R wave progression on EKG"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Posterior myocardial infarction (PMI) is a type of heart attack that occurs when the back of the heart muscle (the posterior wall) is damaged due to reduced blood flow. PMI is often not recognized immediately because it does not produce the classic signs and symptoms associated with a heart attack (such as chest pain or discomfort in the left arm or jaw). Instead, PMI can cause symptoms such as shortness of breath, nausea, vomiting, sweating, and fatigue. Early diagnosis and treatment of PMI is crucial to prevent further damage to the heart and reduce the risk of complications."},{"name":"Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy","after":{"null":["Early R wave progression on EKG","Muscular Dystrophy"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Duchenne muscular dystrophy is a genetic disorder characterized by progressive muscle weakness and degeneration due to the absence or dysfunction of a protein called dystrophin. It primarily affects boys and begins in early childhood, leading to difficulties walking, standing, and performing everyday activities. As the disease progresses, it can affect the heart, respiratory system, and other muscles throughout the body. There is currently no cure for Duchenne muscular dystrophy, but treatments such as steroids and physical therapy can help manage symptoms and slow down the progression of the disease."},{"name":"Dextrocardia","after":{"null":["Early R wave progression on EKG"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Dextrocardia is a rare condition in which the heart is located on the right side of the chest instead of the left side, which is the normal position. In dextrocardia, the heart is mirror-image reversed, with the atria and ventricles switched, and the great arteries arising from the reversed ventricles. This anatomical anomaly can occur as an isolated finding or may be associated with other congenital heart defects or genetic syndromes."},{"name":"ST Elevation on EKG","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Myocarditis","Pericarditis","Takotsubo (Stress) Cardiomyopathy","Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy","Prinzmetal Angina","STEMI","Brugada Syndrome","Early Repolarization","Vasospasm"]},"description":"ST elevation on an electrocardiogram (EKG or ECG) is an upward shift of the ST segment of the EKG waveform. It indicates that the heart muscle (myocardium) is not receiving enough oxygenated blood due to an occlusion or blockage in one of the coronary arteries. ST elevation is considered a sign of a heart attack (myocardial infarction) and immediate medical attention is necessary."},{"name":"STEMI","after":{"null":["ST Elevation on EKG"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"STEMI stands for ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. It is a type of heart attack caused by a blockage in one or more of the coronary arteries, which supply blood to the heart muscle. The blockage leads to a lack of oxygen and nutrients to the heart, causing damage or even death to the affected area. The ST segment on an electrocardiogram (ECG) is elevated in STEMI, indicating the area of the heart that is being affected. Immediate medical attention is necessary to prevent further damage to the heart and increase the chances of survival and recovery."},{"name":"Brugada Syndrome","after":{"null":["Ventricular Tachycardia","ST Elevation on EKG"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Brugada syndrome is a genetic disorder that affects the way electrical signals are transmitted in the heart. This can cause abnormal heart rhythms that can lead to sudden cardiac arrest and even death. The syndrome is characterized by a specific electrocardiogram (ECG) pattern that is caused by changes in the ion channels that control the flow of electrically charged particles in the heart. It is a rare condition that tends to affect otherwise healthy people, most commonly males over the age of 30."},{"name":"Early Repolarization","after":{"null":["ST Elevation on EKG"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Early Repolarization is a condition that occurs when the heart\u2019s electrical system returns to normal rhythm slightly faster than usual after each heart beat. This can be detected on an electrocardiogram (ECG) as a characteristic waveform that indicates an accelerated repolarization phase of the cardiac cycle. In most cases, early repolarization is a benign condition that does not cause any health problems. However, in some people, it can be associated with an increased risk of arrhythmias and other cardiovascular complications."},{"name":"Posterior STEMI","after":{"null":["ST depressions on EKG"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Posterior STEMI (ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction) is a type of heart attack that occurs when there is a blockage of one of the arteries that supply blood to the back of the heart. It is called posterior because the area of the heart affected is located on the posterior (back) side of the heart. This type of heart attack can be difficult to diagnose because the symptoms can be different from other types of heart attacks. Symptoms may include shortness of breath, dizziness, nausea, and sweating. Treatment for posterior STEMI typically involves restoring blood flow to the affected area of the heart through medications, angioplasty, or other procedures."},{"name":"Myocardial Ischemia","after":{"null":["ST depressions on EKG","T wave inversion on EKG"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Myocardial ischemia is a condition in which the blood flow to the heart muscles is reduced or blocked, leading to a lack of oxygen and nutrients. It is often caused by the narrowing or blockage of the coronary arteries that supply blood to the heart. Myocardial ischemia can cause chest pain (angina) and, if the blood flow is completely blocked, a heart attack (myocardial infarction) can occur. It is a common precursor to coronary artery disease, which is a leading cause of death worldwide."},{"name":"Digoxin toxicity","after":{"null":["Hyperkalemia","ST depressions on EKG"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Digoxin toxicity is a condition that occurs when there is an excessive amount of the medication digoxin in the body. Digoxin is a medication that is used to treat heart failure and certain heart rhythm disorders, but high levels of digoxin can be toxic to the body. Symptoms of digoxin toxicity can include nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, blurred vision, confusion, dizziness, and abnormal heart rhythms. Severe cases of digoxin toxicity can be life-threatening and require emergency medical treatment."},{"name":"T wave inversion on EKG","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Heart Failure (Left Sided)","Myocarditis","Pericarditis","Myocardial Infarction","Hypothermia","Left Ventricular Hypertrophy (LVH)","Left Bundle Branch Block (LBBB)","Myocardial Ischemia","Cerebral Ts on EKG"]},"description":"T wave inversion is a finding on an electrocardiogram (EKG) where the T wave, which represents the repolarization of the ventricles, is inverted or flips in the opposite direction from what is usually seen. This can be a normal variant in some individuals, but can also be associated with various cardiac conditions such as cardiac ischemia, hypokalemia, or abnormal conduction of electrical impulses within the heart. It is important to consider other clinical findings and symptoms when interpreting T wave inversion on an EKG."},{"name":"Cerebral Ts on EKG","after":{"null":["T wave inversion on EKG"]},"before":{"null":["Hemorrhagic Stroke (Intracerebral Hemorrhage)","Subarachnoid Hemorrhage","Subdural Hematoma"]},"description":"As an AI language model, I do not have personal experiences nor the ability to refer to images so I am unable to interpret EKGs. However, a cerebral T wave abnormality on an electrocardiogram (EKG or ECG) is an upward deflection after the main R wave, followed by a deep inversion or negative deflection, which often looks asymmetrical. It may indicate a neurological issue, but further evaluation by a healthcare professional is necessary to determine the specific cause and appropriate treatment plan."},{"name":"Widened mediastinum on chest xray","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Aortic Dissection","Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm"]},"description":"A widened mediastinum on chest x-ray refers to an enlargement or widening of the space between the lungs where the heart, great blood vessels, and other structures are located. This finding can be caused by various conditions such as aortic aneurysm, mediastinal tumors, or trauma. It is important to investigate the cause of the widened mediastinum as it may indicate a serious medical condition."},{"name":"Pneumonia","after":{"null":["Dyspnea","Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)","Pleural Effusion","SIADH","Pleurisy","Bacteremia","Cough"]},"before":{"null":["Pneumocysis Jiroveci (PJP) Pneumonia","Viral infection","Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection"]},"description":"Pneumonia is a respiratory infection that inflames the air sacs in one or both lungs, causing them to fill with fluid or pus. The infection can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi and can range from mild to severe. Symptoms commonly include cough, fever, chest pain, and difficulty breathing. Pneumonia can be treated with antibiotics or antiviral medications, but severe cases may require hospitalization. It is particularly serious in young children, older adults, and those with weakened immune systems."},{"name":"Esophageal Spasm","after":{"null":["Dysphagia","GI Chest Pain"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Esophageal spasm is a condition in which the muscles in the esophagus (the muscular tube that connects the throat to the stomach) contract in an abnormal way, causing chest pain, difficulty swallowing, and feelings of food getting stuck in the throat. The spasms can be brief and mild, or they can be frequent and intense, and can interfere with normal eating and drinking. The underlying cause of esophageal spasm is not always clear, and treatment options may include medications, relaxation techniques, and surgery in severe cases."},{"name":"Esophageal Rupture (Boerhaave Syndrome)","after":{"null":["GI Chest Pain","Odynophagia"]},"before":{"null":["Mallory Weiss Tear"]},"description":"Esophageal rupture, also known as Boerhaave syndrome, is a rare but life-threatening condition where there is a perforation or tear in the esophagus (the muscular tube that connects the throat to the stomach). This can occur due to forceful vomiting, overeating, or trauma to the chest, and can lead to the contents of the esophagus (food, liquid, and stomach acid) leaking into the chest cavity, causing infection, inflammation, and damage to nearby organs and tissues. Symptoms may include severe chest and abdominal pain, difficulty breathing, fever, rapid heart rate, and shock, and immediate medical attention is necessary to prevent complications and potential death."},{"name":"Mallory Weiss Tear","after":{"null":["Esophageal Rupture (Boerhaave Syndrome)","Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding (UGIB)","GI Chest Pain","Odynophagia"]},"before":{"null":["Alcoholism","Bulimia"]},"description":"A Mallory-Weiss tear is a condition where tears occur in the mucous membrane at the junction of the esophagus and the stomach. These tears are typically caused by severe vomiting or retching and can result in significant bleeding. The condition is named after two doctors who described it in the 1920s, Kenneth Mallory and Soma Weiss. Mallory\u2013Weiss tears are commonly seen in patients with alcoholism and are often associated with upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Treatment typically involves supportive measures such as fluid replacement and stopping the bleeding, which can sometimes be done with endoscopy or other interventions."},{"name":"Iodine Deficiency","after":{"null":["Primary Hypothyroidism","Toxic Goiter","Goiter"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Iodine deficiency is a condition where the body does not have enough iodine to produce the thyroid hormones. This can lead to an enlarged thyroid gland (goiter), fatigue, weight gain, and mental impairment in severe cases. Iodine deficiency is a major cause of preventable intellectual disability worldwide. It is more commonly found in areas where the soil is low in iodine, resulting in food grown in these areas being deficient in iodine."},{"name":"Cold nodule","after":{"null":["Primary Hypothyroidism"]},"before":{"null":["Thyroid Follicular Adenoma","Thyroid Neoplasia"]},"description":"As an AI language model, I do not have personal experiences, emotions or symptoms. However, a cold nodule is a term used to describe a solid mass or lump in the thyroid gland that does not produce thyroid hormones and is not actively functioning. It is called \"cold\" because it does not take up radioactive iodine on a nuclear medicine scan. Most cold nodules are benign, but some may be cancerous."},{"name":"Opiate use","after":{"null":["Constipation"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Opiate use refers to the consumption or administration of drugs that contain opium or its derivatives, such as morphine, heroin, codeine, and oxycodone. These drugs are typically prescribed to relieve pain but can also produce feelings of euphoria, sedation, and relaxation. However, long-term use of opiates can lead to addiction, physical dependence, and a range of negative health effects."},{"name":"Little fiber intake","after":{"null":["Constipation","Diverticulosis"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Little fiber intake refers to a diet that lacks an adequate amount of dietary fiber. Dietary fiber is a type of carbohydrate found in plant-based foods that provides numerous health benefits, including improving digestive health, preventing constipation, and reducing the risk of certain chronic diseases such as heart disease and type 2 diabetes. A diet that is low in fiber can lead to a variety of health problems, including digestive issues, irregular bowel movements, and an increased risk of chronic diseases."},{"name":"Diverticulosis","after":{"null":["Diverticulitis","Lower Gastrointestinal Bleed (LGIB)","Fistula formation"]},"before":{"null":["Little fiber intake"]},"description":"Diverticulosis is a condition in which small, bulging pouches (diverticula) form in the lining of the digestive system, most commonly in the large intestine. It is often a common age-related condition that typically develops gradually over many years. The exact cause of diverticulosis is unknown, but it is believed to be related to a low-fiber diet, which can cause constipation and hard stools that put pressure on the digestive system, leading to the formation of diverticula. It is usually a asymptomatic condition, but can sometimes cause abdominal pain, bloating, and changes in bowel habits."},{"name":"Lower Gastrointestinal Bleed (LGIB)","after":{"null":["Iron Deficiency"]},"before":{"null":["Colon Cancer","Crohn Disease","Hemorrhoids","Thrombocytopenia","Platelet dysfunction","Mesenteric Ischemia","Diverticulosis","Bloody diarrhea","Ulcerative Colitis","Angiodysplasia","Ischemic colitis","Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia","Colonic polyp"]},"description":"Lower gastrointestinal bleed (LGIB) refers to bleeding that originates in the large intestine (colon) or rectum, which are the parts of the digestive system that are located lower in the abdomen. Symptoms of LGIB can include rectal bleeding, bloody stools, abdominal pain and cramping, diarrhea, constipation, and nausea or vomiting. LGIB can have many underlying causes, including inflammatory bowel disease, diverticulitis, hemorrhoids, colon cancer, and gastrointestinal infections. Treatment of LGIB depends on the underlying cause and severity of the bleeding and may include medications, endoscopy, or surgery."},{"name":"Embolism","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Embolism is a medical condition characterized by the obstruction of a blood vessel by a foreign substance (embolus), such as a blood clot, fat globule, air bubble, or tumor fragment, which is carried by the blood flow to the affected area. This obstruction prevents blood and oxygen from reaching the tissue downstream of the blocked vessel, which can cause tissue damage or necrosis (death of cells). Embolism can occur in any part of the body, including the brain (causing stroke), lungs (causing pulmonary embolism), heart (causing myocardial infarction), or limbs (causing deep vein thrombosis)."},{"name":"Cardiac Embolism","after":{"null":["Myocardial Infarction","Ischemic Stroke","Mesenteric Ischemia"]},"before":{"null":["Atrial fibrillation","Endocarditis","Prosthetic heart valve","Atrial Myxoma"]},"description":"Cardiac embolism is a type of ischemic stroke that occurs when a blood clot or other material, such as fat or air, travels from the heart and obstructs a blood vessel in the brain, leading to a lack of oxygen and blood flow to that part of the brain. Most commonly, cardiac embolism is caused by blood clots that form in the heart due to atrial fibrillation, a condition that causes an irregular and often rapid heartbeat. Other conditions that can cause cardiac embolism include heart valve disease, infective endocarditis, and congenital heart defects."},{"name":"Vasospasm","after":{"null":["Myocardial Infarction","Cardiac Chest pain","ST Elevation on EKG"]},"before":{"null":["Cocaine\/ Methamphetamine"]},"description":"Vasospasm is a sudden and temporary constriction or narrowing of the blood vessels, usually in response to underlying conditions such as an injury, inflammation, or stress. It can occur in any part of the body, but most commonly affects the arteries in the brain, which can lead to a stroke or other neurological complications. Vasospasm is considered a medical emergency and requires prompt diagnosis and treatment to prevent serious complications."},{"name":"Endocarditis","after":{"null":["Anemia of Chronic Disease","Mitral Regurgitation","Tricuspid Regurgitation","Cardiac Embolism","Bacteremia","Aortic Regurgitation","Pulmonic Regurgitation","Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis"]},"before":{"null":["Mitral Valve Prolapse","Acute Rheumatic Fever","Nonbacterial Thrombotic Endocarditis","Libman Sacks Endocarditis"]},"description":"Endocarditis is an inflammatory condition that occurs when the inner lining of the heart (endocardium) becomes infected. This can lead to the formation of small clusters of blood cells, bacteria, and other debris known as vegetations, which can damage the heart valves and cause serious complications. Endocarditis can be caused by a variety of bacterial or fungal infections, and may be acute (sudden onset) or subacute (slow onset). Symptoms may include fever, fatigue, heart murmur, and other signs of heart failure. Treatment typically involves antibiotics and, in severe cases, surgery to repair or replace damaged heart valves."},{"name":"Prosthetic heart valve","after":{"null":["Cardiac Embolism"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"A prosthetic heart valve is an artificial valve that replaces a damaged or diseased heart valve. It is typically made of materials like metal or plastic and is surgically implanted into the heart. The prosthetic valve can help to improve blood flow and prevent complications associated with heart valve disease. There are two main types of prosthetic heart valves: mechanical valves and biological valves. Mechanical valves are more durable, but require lifelong blood thinning medication to prevent blood clots. Biological valves are made from animal tissue and do not require blood thinners, but may need to be replaced more frequently."},{"name":"Atrial Myxoma","after":{"null":["Cardiac Embolism","Cardiogenic Syncope"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Atrial myxoma is a non-cancerous tumor that develops in the heart, specifically in the upper chambers (atria) of the heart. It is typically composed of abnormal connective tissue that grows on a stalk and resembles gelatinous material. Atrial myxomas can be serious because they can block blood flow through the heart and cause symptoms such as shortness of breath, fatigue, dizziness, and chest pain. They are usually treated by surgical removal."},{"name":"Kawasaki Disease","after":{"null":["Vasculitis"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Kawasaki disease is an uncommon childhood illness that causes inflammation in the walls of blood vessels throughout the body. It primarily affects children under the age of 5 and can lead to heart complications if left untreated. The cause of Kawasaki disease is unknown, but it is believed to be related to a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Symptoms include fever, rash, red eyes, swollen lymph nodes, and swollen hands and feet. Treatment typically involves high doses of intravenous immunoglobulin and aspirin. With prompt treatment, most children with Kawasaki disease make a full recovery."},{"name":"Takayasu Arteritis","after":{"null":["Vasculitis","Aortitis"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Takayasu arteritis is a rare autoimmune disease that mainly affects the large blood vessels of the body, particularly the aorta and its main branches. It causes inflammation and narrowing of these vessels, which can lead to reduced blood flow and organ damage. Symptoms may include fatigue, fever, muscle aches, high blood pressure, and vision changes. It is more common among women and typically affects people in their 20s and 30s. Treatment options include immunosuppressive drugs and angioplasty or stenting to widen narrowed blood vessels."},{"name":"Polyarteritis Nodosa","after":{"null":["Vasculitis","Nephritic Syndrome","Mononeuritis Multiplex"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Polyarteritis nodosa (PAN) is a rare autoimmune disease that involves inflammation of medium-sized arteries in the body. It primarily affects the kidneys, skin, peripheral nerves, gastrointestinal system, and heart. The inflammation can lead to blockages or ruptures of the affected arteries, causing damage to the organs they supply. Symptoms may include fever, malaise, weight loss, abdominal pain, muscle and joint pain, skin rashes, numbness and tingling in the hands and feet, and high blood pressure. PAN is typically treated with immunosuppressive drugs to suppress the immune system and reduce inflammation."},{"name":"Eosinophilic Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis (Churg-Strauss)","after":{"null":["Pleural Effusion","Eosinophilia","Vasculitis","Asthma","Nephritic Syndrome","Rapidly Progressive Glomerulonephritis","Mononeuritis Multiplex"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Eosinophilic Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis (EGPA), also known as Churg-Strauss syndrome, is a rare autoimmune disease that causes inflammation and damage to small and medium-sized blood vessels, leading to symptoms such as asthma, skin rash, nerve damage, and organ damage. It is characterized by an abnormally high number of white blood cells called eosinophils that infiltrate various organs, including the lungs, heart, and nervous system. The exact cause of EGPA is unknown, but it is believed to result from a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Treatment usually involves corticosteroids and other immunosuppressive medications to reduce inflammation and prevent organ damage."},{"name":"Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy","after":{"null":["Dementia"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE) is a degenerative brain disease caused by repeated blows to the head and concussions. It is commonly found in individuals who have played contact sports such as football, boxing, and ice hockey, or have had repetitive head injuries in other settings. The symptoms of CTE can include memory loss, confusion, depression, impulsivity, aggression, and eventually, dementia. The disease is typically diagnosed after death, through an examination of the brain tissue. CTE is a growing concern in the field of sports medicine due to the potential long-term effects on athletes who experience multiple head injuries over the course of their careers."},{"name":"DiGeorge Syndrome","after":{"null":["Hypoparathyroidism","Lymphopenia"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"DiGeorge Syndrome, also known as 22q11.2 deletion syndrome, is a genetic disorder caused by a small missing piece of chromosome 22. It affects multiple organ systems, including the heart, immune system, and facial features. Symptoms may include heart defects, cleft palate, learning difficulties, low calcium levels, and susceptibility to infections. Treatment depends on the specific symptoms and may involve surgery, medication, and\/or therapy."},{"name":"Pancreatic Pseudoaneurysm","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Chronic Pancreatitis"]},"description":"A pancreatic pseudoaneurysm is an abnormal bulge in a blood vessel in the pancreas that is caused by a break or tear in the vessel wall. It is called a \"pseudo\"aneurysm because it is not a true aneurysm, but rather a bulging of the vessel caused by blood leaking out of the vessel and collecting in a pocket outside of the vessel wall. Pancreatic pseudoaneurysms can be dangerous because they can rupture and cause severe bleeding."},{"name":"Right Ventricular Myocardial Infarction","after":{"null":["Jugular Venous Distention","Kussmaul Sign"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Right Ventricular Myocardial Infarction (RVMI) is a type of heart attack that occurs when there is a blockage or narrowing of the blood vessels supplying oxygen and nutrients to the right ventricle of the heart, leading to damage of the heart muscle in this region. This can result in decreased function of the right ventricle, leading to symptoms such as shortness of breath, low blood pressure, and fluid buildup in the body. It is a less common type of myocardial infarction, accounting for only about 5-10% of all heart attacks. Diagnosis and treatment of RVMI require specific attention to the right ventricular function and hemodynamics, and may involve interventions such as thrombolytic therapy, angioplasty, or surgery."},{"name":"qqq","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"QQQ is a ticker symbol used to represent the Invesco QQQ Trust, an exchange-traded fund (ETF) that tracks the performance of the NASDAQ-100 Index."},{"name":"Epistaxis","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Thrombocytopenia","Platelet dysfunction"]},"description":"Epistaxis is the medical term for a nosebleed. It occurs when blood vessels in the nose rupture, leading to bleeding from the nostril(s) or the back of the throat. Epistaxis can be caused by a variety of factors, including trauma, dryness, high blood pressure, bleeding disorders, medication use, and nasal infections or tumors. In most cases, epistaxis is not life-threatening, but it can be a sign of an underlying condition that requires medical attention."},{"name":"Bernard-Soulier Syndrome (GPIb deficiency) - Impaired platelet adhesion","after":{"null":["Platelet dysfunction"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Bernard-Soulier Syndrome, also known as GPIb deficiency, is a rare inherited bleeding disorder that impairs platelet adhesion, leading to abnormal clot formation. This is due to the absence or dysfunction of the glycoprotein Ib-IX-V complex on the surface of platelets, which is required for platelet adhesion to damaged vessels. Symptoms of the condition can include easy bruising, nosebleeds, and excessive bleeding after injury or surgery. Treatment may include platelet transfusions or medication to enhance platelet function."},{"name":"Glanzmann Thrombasthenia (GPIIb\/IIIa deficiency) - Impaired platelet aggregation","after":{"null":["Platelet dysfunction"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Glanzmann thrombasthenia is a rare genetic bleeding disorder that affects platelets in the blood. It is caused by a deficiency or dysfunction of the glycoprotein IIb\/IIIa (GP IIb\/IIIa) complex on the surface of platelets, which is responsible for platelet aggregation. This results in impaired platelet aggregation, prolonged bleeding and easy bruising. Patients with Glanzmann thrombasthenia are at risk of spontaneous bleeding, and may have prolonged bleeding after injury, surgery, or dental procedures. There is no cure for Glanzmann thrombasthenia, and treatment typically involves the use of platelet transfusions, recombinant activated factor VIIa, and antifibrinolytic agents."},{"name":"Aspirin use","after":{"null":["Platelet dysfunction","Aspirin intolerant asthma"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Aspirin use refers to the use of the medication aspirin, which is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), for various medical purposes such as pain relief, fever reduction, and prevention of cardiovascular disease and stroke. Aspirin works by blocking the production of prostaglandins, which are responsible for inflammation and pain in the body. Aspirin is commonly used to relieve mild to moderate pain, reduce fever, and prevent blood clots that can cause heart attacks and strokes."},{"name":"Hemoptysis","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis","Thrombocytopenia","Platelet dysfunction","Interstitial Lung Disease","Goodpasture Syndrome (anti-BM antibody)","Lung Cancer"]},"description":"Coughing up of blood"},{"name":"Hematuria","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"Malignant":["Renal Cell Carcinoma","Urothelial (Transitional Cell) Carcinoma","Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Bladder","Adenocarcinoma of the Bladder"],"Benign urothelial":["Nephritic Syndrome","Hemorrhagic Cystitis","Nephrolithiasis (Kidney Stones)"],"Systemic":["Platelet dysfunction","Thrombocytopenia"],"null":[]},"description":"Hematuria is a medical condition characterized by the presence of blood in the urine. It can appear as either visible red blood or as microscopic traces of blood that are only detected through urinalysis. Hematuria can be caused by various underlying conditions, including infections, kidney stones, cancer, and inflammation, among others. It is important to seek medical attention if hematuria is present, as it could be a sign of a serious underlying condition."},{"name":"Menorrhagia","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Thrombocytopenia","Platelet dysfunction"]},"description":"Menorrhagia is a medical term that refers to abnormally heavy or prolonged bleeding during menstruation. It is usually defined as menstrual bleeding lasting longer than seven days and\/or involving the loss of more than 80 milliliters of blood per cycle. Menorrhagia can be caused by a variety of factors, including hormonal imbalances, fibroids, endometriosis, polyps, or disorders such as von Willebrand disease or platelet function disorders. It can lead to anemia, fatigue, and other health problems, and may require medical attention and treatment."},{"name":"Petechiae (1-2mm)","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Thrombocytopenia"]},"description":"Petechiae are pinpoint, flat, round spots that appear on the skin and are caused by bleeding under the skin. They typically measure 1-2mm in diameter. They can be a sign of a variety of conditions, ranging from minor injuries to serious illnesses, and should be evaluated by a healthcare provider."},{"name":"Ecchymoses (>3mm)","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Thrombocytopenia","Platelet dysfunction"]},"description":"Ecchymoses refers to the presence of non-raised, bluish-black or purple spots that are larger than 3mm in diameter on the skin or mucous membranes. These spots are typically caused by blood leaking into the surrounding tissues due to injury or trauma. They may also be associated with certain medical conditions and medications."},{"name":"Purpura (>1cm)","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Thrombocytopenia","Platelet dysfunction"]},"description":"Purpura is a medical term used to describe the appearance of purple or red spots on the skin, mucous membranes, or organs caused by the bleeding of small blood vessels in or under the skin. It is considered purpura when the size of the spots is greater than 1 cm in diameter. Purpura may be a symptom of various underlying medical conditions such as autoimmune diseases, blood disorders, or infections."},{"name":"Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding (UGIB)","after":{"null":["Hematemesis","Melena","Coffee ground emesis"]},"before":{"null":["Peptic Ulcer","Esophageal Varices","Gastric Varices","Thrombocytopenia","Platelet dysfunction","Mallory Weiss Tear","Esophageal Carcinoma","Gastritis","Esophagitis"]},"description":"Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding (UGIB) refers to bleeding in the upper portion of the gastrointestinal tract, which includes the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum (the first portion of the small intestine). It can manifest as the presence of blood in the vomit or stool, or as symptoms such as abdominal pain, nausea, or dizziness. UGIB is considered a medical emergency and requires immediate evaluation and treatment. The most common causes of UGIB are peptic ulcers and esophageal varices."},{"name":"Deep tissue bleeding","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Coagulopathy"]},"description":"Deep tissue bleeding refers to bleeding that occurs in the deeper layers of tissue, such as muscles, tendons, or bones. This type of bleeding can result from injuries, such as fractures or deep cuts, and can be more difficult to control and heal than superficial bleeding. Symptoms of deep tissue bleeding can include severe pain, swelling, bruising, and impaired movement or function of the affected area. Treatment typically involves medical interventions, such as surgery or medications, to stop the bleeding and promote healing."},{"name":"Hemarthroses","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Coagulopathy"]},"description":"Hemarthrosis is the medical term for bleeding within a joint. It can be caused by a number of factors, including trauma, bleeding disorders, and joint diseases. Symptoms of hemarthrosis include pain, swelling, stiffness, and difficulty moving the affected joint. Treatment may include draining the excess blood from the joint and addressing the underlying cause of the bleeding."},{"name":"Hemophilia A (FVIII Deficiency)","after":{"null":["Coagulopathy"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Genetic factor VIII deficiency, leading to impaired secondary hemostasis"},{"name":"Hemophilia B (FIX Deficiency)","after":{"null":["Coagulopathy"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Genetic factor IX deficiency, leading to impaired secondary hemostasis"},{"name":"Coagulation Factor Inhibitor","after":{"null":["Coagulopathy"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"A coagulation factor inhibitor is a substance in the body (usually an antibody) that interferes with the normal function of one or more coagulation factors, resulting in a prolonged clotting time. Inhibitors can be acquired or genetic, and can lead to bleeding disorders such as hemophilia."},{"name":"Von Willebrand Disease","after":{"null":["Coagulopathy","Platelet dysfunction"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Genetic vWF deficiency, and the most common inherited coagulation disorder. \nTreatment is desmopressin (an ADH analog), which increases vWF release from Weibel-Palade bodies of endothelial cells"},{"name":"Vitamin K Deficiency","after":{"null":["Coagulopathy"]},"before":{"null":["Malabsorption","Long term antibiotics"]},"description":"Vitamin K deficiency refers to a condition where there is a lack of vitamin K in the body that can lead to abnormalities in blood clotting, resulting in excessive bleeding or bruising. Vitamin K is essential for the production of blood-clotting factors, which help the body control bleeding and promote wound healing. It also plays a role in maintaining strong bones and preventing calcification of blood vessels. Symptoms of vitamin K deficiency may include easy bruising, bleeding gums, heavy menstrual periods, and blood in urine or stool. Severe deficiency can lead to life-threatening bleeding in infants and adults."},{"name":"Long term antibiotics","after":{"null":["Vitamin K Deficiency"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Long term antibiotics refer to the use of antibiotics for an extended period of time, usually more than two weeks, to treat infections that are chronic or recurrent. This prolonged use may be necessary to eliminate the underlying bacterial or fungal infection that cannot be effectively treated with short-term antibiotic therapy. Long term antibiotics may carry risks of adverse effects, including the development of antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains, and therefore, careful monitoring is essential."},{"name":"Adenocarcinoma","after":{"null":["Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Adenocarcinoma is a type of cancer that forms in the cells of glands that produce mucus and other fluids. It can occur in many different parts of the body, including the lungs, colon, prostate, pancreas, and stomach. Adenocarcinoma is a common type of cancer and can be treated with surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these treatments. The prognosis and treatment options depend on the location, stage, and spread of the cancer."},{"name":"Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia","after":{"null":["Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) is a subtype of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) characterized by the abnormal growth and accumulation of immature white blood cells called promyelocytes in the bone marrow. These cells do not mature properly and do not function normally, leading to a suppression of normal blood cell production, anemia, and increased risk of infection and bleeding. APL is caused by a genetic mutation that affects the function of a protein called RAR-alpha, leading to the abnormal growth and accumulation of promyelocytes. Treatment for APL typically involves a combination of chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and supportive care, and has a good prognosis with proper management."},{"name":"Rattlesnake bite","after":{"null":["Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"A rattlesnake bite is a serious injury caused by the venomous bite of a rattlesnake, a type of venomous snake characterized by a rattle on its tail. The venom can cause a range of symptoms, including pain, swelling, blistering, bleeding, nausea, and in severe cases, paralysis, respiratory problems, and even death. Immediate medical attention is required for a rattlesnake bite."},{"name":"Amniotic Fluid Embolism","after":{"null":["Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation","Pulmonary Embolism"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Amniotic fluid embolism (AFE) is a rare but potentially life-threatening condition that occurs when amniotic fluid or fetal debris enters the maternal bloodstream and triggers an immune response that results in a sudden onset of respiratory distress, cardiovascular collapse, and coagulopathy. It usually occurs during or immediately after childbirth or late-term abortion. AFE is considered a medical emergency and requires prompt recognition and management."},{"name":"PT\/PTT Elevation","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Coagulopathy"]},"description":"PT (prothrombin time) and PTT (partial thromboplastin time) are blood coagulation tests used to evaluate blood clotting disorders and monitor anticoagulant therapy. If the results of these tests are elevated, it means that the blood takes longer than normal to clot, indicating a potential blood clotting disorder or a problem with anticoagulant therapy. Elevated PT\/PTT levels can also indicate liver disease, vitamin K deficiency, or medication side effects."},{"name":"Increased bleeding time","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Thrombocytopenia","Platelet dysfunction"]},"description":"Increased bleeding time refers to a condition in which blood takes a longer time to clot than normal, leading to prolonged bleeding from an injury or cut. This condition can be caused by various factors, including blood disorders, medications, vitamin deficiency, liver disease, and certain genetic disorders. Increased bleeding time can lead to excessive bleeding during surgeries or injuries, and it may require medical intervention to prevent serious complications."},{"name":"Plasmin overactivity (increased fibrinolysis)","after":{"null":["Coagulopathy","Platelet dysfunction"]},"before":{"null":["Release of urokinase","Decreased Alpha2-antiplasmin","Tissue Plasminogen Activator (tPA) administration"]},"description":"Plasmin overactivity, also known as increased fibrinolysis, is a condition where the body produces an excessive amount of plasmin, which is an enzyme that helps to dissolve blood clots. This condition can lead to an increased risk of bleeding, as the excess plasmin breaks down blood clots that are needed to stop bleeding. Plasmin overactivity can be caused by genetic mutations or certain medical conditions, and can be treated with medication to help regulate plasmin production."},{"name":"Prostatectomy","after":{"null":["Release of urokinase"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Prostatectomy is surgical removal of all or part of the prostate gland. It is commonly performed to treat prostate cancer or benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) - an enlargement of the prostate gland in men. The procedure can be done through open surgery or minimally invasive techniques such as laparoscopic or robotic-assisted surgery. Prostatectomy can result in various side effects including incontinence and impotence. It is a major surgical intervention that requires careful consideration and consultation with a healthcare provider."},{"name":"Release of urokinase","after":{"null":["Plasmin overactivity (increased fibrinolysis)"]},"before":{"null":["Prostatectomy"]},"description":"The release of urokinase refers to the process by which the enzyme urokinase is secreted from cells and enters the extracellular space. Urokinase is a proteolytic enzyme that is involved in many important physiological processes, including blood clotting, tissue remodeling, and cell migration. When released, it can interact with specific receptors on the surface of cells, leading to changes in cellular behavior and the activation of downstream signaling pathways. The release of urokinase is tightly regulated in normal physiological conditions, but dysregulation of this process has been linked to various pathological conditions, including cancer, inflammation, and cardiovascular disease."},{"name":"Decreased Alpha2-antiplasmin","after":{"null":["Plasmin overactivity (increased fibrinolysis)"]},"before":{"null":["Liver Cirrhosis"]},"description":"Decreased Alpha2-antiplasmin refers to a medical condition where the level of alpha2-antiplasmin in the blood is lower than normal. Alpha2-antiplasmin is a protein that plays a vital role in blood clotting by inhibiting the proteolytic activity of plasmin. Plasmin is an enzyme that dissolves blood clots. A decrease in alpha2-antiplasmin levels can lead to excessive bleeding and difficulty in forming blood clots. This condition can be caused by various factors such as genetic mutations, liver disease, kidney disease, and certain medications. Treatment may involve addressing the underlying cause and administering blood clotting factors."},{"name":"Tissue Plasminogen Activator (tPA) administration","after":{"null":["Plasmin overactivity (increased fibrinolysis)"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) administration refers to the medical procedure in which a drug called tPA is administered to a patient intravenously in order to dissolve blood clots that are causing blockages in the arteries that supply blood to the brain or heart. This therapy is primarily used in the treatment of a type of stroke caused by a blood clot, known as an ischemic stroke, and may also be used to treat heart attacks or pulmonary embolisms. The goal of tPA administration is to restore blood flow to the affected area, which can prevent or reduce the risk of long-term brain or heart damage. However, tPA administration also carries a risk of bleeding complications and must be carefully monitored."},{"name":"Immobility","after":{"null":["Deep Venous Thrombus (DVT)"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Immobility is the physical state of being motionless or unable to move. It can result from a variety of factors, including injury, illness, disease or impairment. Immobility may be temporary or permanent, and can have significant physiological, psychological and social consequences. In some cases, immobility can lead to complications such as muscle atrophy, pressure sores, contractures, and blood clots."},{"name":"Venous Aneurysm","after":{"null":["Deep Venous Thrombus (DVT)"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"A venous aneurysm is a dilation or swelling of a vein. It can occur in any vein in the body but is most commonly found in the leg veins. Venous aneurysms can be caused by a variety of factors including genetic predisposition, trauma, infection, or an underlying vascular disease. The condition is often asymptomatic, but can cause pain, swelling, and other complications if left untreated."},{"name":"Cystathionine beta synthase deficiency","after":{"null":["Hyperhomocysteinemia","Lens dislocation","Long slender fingers"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Cystathionine beta synthase deficiency is a rare inherited disorder in which the body is unable to properly process certain amino acids. This leads to a buildup of toxic compounds in the blood and urine, which can cause a variety of symptoms and health problems. The condition is caused by a mutation in the CBS gene, which codes for an enzyme called cystathionine beta synthase that is involved in the breakdown of homocysteine, an amino acid that can be toxic in high levels. Symptoms of CBS deficiency may include developmental delays, vision problems, seizures, intellectual disability, and other neurological problems. Treatment typically involves a low-protein diet and vitamin supplements to help manage the symptoms and prevent complications."},{"name":"Lens dislocation","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Cystathionine beta synthase deficiency"]},"description":"Lens dislocation refers to the abnormal displacement or movement of the natural lens within the eye. The condition occurs when the thin fibers that hold the lens in place (called zonules) are damaged or weakened. This can cause the lens to shift out of its normal position, leading to a distorted or blurred vision, double vision, glare, and other visual problems. Lens dislocation can be caused by trauma, genetics, certain medical conditions, or as a result of surgical procedures such as cataract removal."},{"name":"Long slender fingers","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Cystathionine beta synthase deficiency"]},"description":"Long slender fingers refer to fingers that are relatively long and slim in shape. They may appear graceful, elegant, and delicate. People with long slender fingers may have greater dexterity and the ability to perform tasks that require fine motor skills more easily. Additionally, having long slender fingers is often considered a desirable physical trait in certain cultures and is associated with beauty and refinement."},{"name":"Oral contraceptive use","after":{"null":["Deep Venous Thrombus (DVT)"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Oral contraceptive use refers to the regular and consistent intake of birth control pills by women to prevent unwanted pregnancies. These pills contain synthetic hormones that work by inhibiting ovulation, fertilization, or the implantation of a fertilized egg in the uterus. Oral contraceptives can also have other benefits, such as regulating menstrual cycles and reducing the risk of certain types of cancer. However, they may also have side effects and risks, which should be evaluated by a healthcare provider before starting to use them."},{"name":"Fat Embolism","after":{"null":["Pulmonary Embolism"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Fat embolism is a medical condition that occurs when fat globules are released into the bloodstream and circulate throughout the body, causing blockages in small blood vessels. This can lead to decreased blood flow and oxygen supply to various organs, including the brain, lungs, and heart, resulting in serious complications such as respiratory distress, confusion, and even death. Fat embolism is most commonly associated with bone fractures and can also occur after certain surgeries, such as liposuction or joint replacement."},{"name":"Gas (nitrogen) embolism","after":{"null":["Pulmonary Embolism","Arthralgia","Myalgia"]},"before":{"null":["Decompression sickness"]},"description":"A gas embolism, specifically nitrogen gas embolism, occurs when nitrogen gas bubbles enter the bloodstream. This can happen during activities such as scuba diving or high altitude flying, where sudden changes in pressure can cause dissolved nitrogen gas to form bubbles in the blood vessels. The bubbles can block blood flow, leading to tissue damage and potentially life-threatening complications such as stroke or heart attack. Symptoms can vary depending on the severity of the embolism but may include chest pain, difficulty breathing, confusion, and loss of consciousness. Rapid medical treatment is necessary to prevent further complications."},{"name":"Decompression sickness","after":{"null":["Gas (nitrogen) embolism"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Decompression sickness (DCS) is a medical condition that occurs due to rapid and inadequate decompression of the body after exposure to high pressure, such as during diving or aviation. It results from bubbles of gas (primarily nitrogen) that form in the tissues of the body and can cause various symptoms depending on their location, including joint pain, muscle weakness, tingling, confusion, loss of consciousness, and even death in severe cases. DCS can be prevented by following proper decompression procedures, such as slowly ascending to the surface or allowing a gradual decrease in cabin pressure during flight. Treatment involves administering oxygen and hyperbaric chamber therapy to help remove the gas bubbles from the body."},{"name":"Arthralgia","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Gas (nitrogen) embolism"]},"description":"Arthralgia is the medical term for joint pain. It refers to pain or discomfort in one or more joints, which can be caused by a variety of factors including injury, inflammation, infection, or degeneration of the joint. Arthralgia is a common symptom of many different types of arthritis and other rheumatic conditions. Symptoms can range from mild to severe and can be acute or chronic. Treatment options depend on the underlying cause of the joint pain and may include medication, physical therapy, and other interventions."},{"name":"Myalgia","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Gas (nitrogen) embolism"]},"description":"Myalgia refers to muscle pain, stiffness, or tenderness, often accompanied by inflammation of the affected tissues. It can be caused by a wide range of factors such as injury, overuse, muscle strain, infections, autoimmune diseases, or conditions that affect the muscles, bones, and nerves. Common symptoms of myalgia include dull, achy, or sharp pain that may be localized or spread throughout the body, difficulty moving affected muscles, and overall fatigue. Treatment may involve rest, ice or heat therapy, pain medications, physical therapy, or other interventions depending on the underlying cause and severity of the condition."},{"name":"Fatigue","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Anemia"]},"description":"Fatigue is a state of physical or mental exhaustion that results from prolonged periods of mental or physical activity, illness, sleep deprivation, stress, or other factors. It can cause a feeling of weariness, weakness, or exhaustion that makes it difficult to complete daily tasks or activities. In some cases, fatigue can be a symptom of an underlying medical condition and may require medical treatment."},{"name":"Cardiogenic Syncope","after":{"null":["Syncope"]},"before":{"null":["Pulmonary Embolism","Myocardial Infarction","Bradycardia","Ventricular Tachycardia","Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy","Aortic Stenosis","Pulmonary Hypertension","Atrial Myxoma"]},"description":"Cardiogenic syncope is a type of syncope (fainting) caused by a problem with the heart. In cardiogenic syncope, the heart is not able to pump enough blood to the brain, causing the person to lose consciousness. This condition can be caused by various heart problems, such as heart valve disease, arrhythmias, or coronary artery disease. It is important to seek medical attention if you experience symptoms of cardiogenic syncope, as it can be a sign of a serious underlying condition."},{"name":"Headache","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Anemia","Pheochromocytoma","Increased intracranial pressure","Meningitis","Encephalitis","Hemorrhagic Stroke (Intracerebral Hemorrhage)","Subarachnoid Hemorrhage","Temporal (Giant Cell) Arteritis","Migraine","Tension headache","Cluster Headache","Cerebral Vein Thrombus","Pseudotumour Cerebri","Brain Abscess"]},"description":"Headache is a condition that causes pain or discomfort in the head, scalp, or neck area. It is a common symptom and can vary in intensity and duration. Headaches can be caused by a variety of factors including tension, stress, illness, dehydration, and medication side effects. There are several types of headaches, including migraines, tension headaches, cluster headaches, and sinus headaches."},{"name":"Low ferritin","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Iron Deficiency"]},"description":"Low ferritin is a medical condition characterized by low levels of the protein, ferritin, in the blood. Ferritin is a storage protein that binds to iron, and low levels of this protein can indicate low iron stores in the body. This condition is often associated with anemia and symptoms such as fatigue, weakness, and shortness of breath. Low ferritin levels can also occur in individuals who have undergone significant blood loss, have a diet deficient in iron or suffer from malabsorption disorders."},{"name":"High TIBC (>300 ug\/dL) or Transferrin","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Iron Deficiency"]},"description":"High TIBC (Total Iron-Binding Capacity) refers to the measurement of the amount of transferrin in the blood that is available to bind with iron. When the TIBC level is greater than 300 ug\/dL, it indicates that there is a higher amount of transferrin available in the blood to bind with iron, which can occur in cases of iron deficiency anemia, pregnancy, or in individuals who are taking iron supplements. High TIBC levels can also be seen in conditions that cause chronic bleeding such as ulcers, certain cancers, or inflammatory bowel disease."},{"name":"Low iron saturation (<33%)","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Iron Deficiency","Anemia of Chronic Disease"]},"description":"Low iron saturation refers to a medical condition in which the amount of iron present in the blood is insufficient to bind to transferrin, a protein involved in carrying iron throughout the bloodstream. Iron saturation is a measure of the percentage of transferrin that is bound to iron, and a low iron saturation level (less than 33%) indicates that the body has a limited supply of iron and may be unable to properly produce hemoglobin, the protein that transports oxygen throughout the body. This can lead to symptoms such as fatigue, weakness, and shortness of breath."},{"name":"Autoimmune disease","after":{"null":["Anemia of Chronic Disease","Monocytosis","Gamma globulin gap"]},"before":{"null":["Rheumatoid Arthritis","Adult Still Disease","Lupus","Ankylosing Spondylitis","Scleroderma"]},"description":"Autoimmune disease is a condition in which the immune system mistakenly attacks and damages healthy body tissues, cells, and organs instead of protecting them from infection and illness. This can lead to inflammation, pain, and various symptoms that vary depending on the specific disease. Some examples of autoimmune diseases include rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, multiple sclerosis, and type 1 diabetes."},{"name":"Chronic Infection","after":{"null":["Anemia of Chronic Disease","Monocytosis"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"A chronic infection is an infection that persists for a long period of time, usually several months or more, and can become a long-term or lifelong condition. This type of infection may not produce obvious symptoms initially, but can cause damage to the body over time, leading to more serious health problems. Chronic infections can be caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi or parasites and may require ongoing medical treatment in order to manage symptoms and prevent complications."},{"name":"High ferritin","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Sideroblastic Anemia","Anemia of Chronic Disease","Adult Still Disease","Hemochromatosis"]},"description":"High ferritin refers to a condition where there is an excessive amount of ferritin protein in the body. Ferritin is a protein that stores iron in the body, and high levels of it can indicate an iron overload. This can lead to a variety of health problems, including liver damage, diabetes, and heart disease. High ferritin levels are often associated with conditions such as hemochromatosis, anemia, and liver disease. Treatment for high ferritin levels usually involves identifying and treating the underlying condition, as well as reducing iron intake through diet and medication."},{"name":"Low TIBC (<300 ug\/dL) or Transferrin","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Sideroblastic Anemia","Anemia of Chronic Disease","Hemochromatosis"]},"description":"Low Total Iron Binding Capacity (TIBC) is a medical condition in which the level of a protein called transferrin in the blood is lower than normal. Transferrin is responsible for binding and carrying iron in the blood. A low TIBC indicates that there is less transferrin available to carry iron, which can lead to anemia and other health problems. Causes of low TIBC include iron deficiency, chronic inflammation, liver disease, and certain genetic disorders. Treatment depends on the underlying cause and may include iron supplements, dietary changes, or medication to manage inflammation."},{"name":"High free erythrocyte protoporphyrin (FEP)","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Anemia of Chronic Disease"]},"description":"High free erythrocyte protoporphyrin (FEP) is a medical condition where the level of protoporphyrin in the red blood cells is abnormally high. This may be indicative of a variety of disorders including iron-deficiency anemia, lead poisoning, porphyria, thalassemia, and sideroblastic anemia. It may also be a result of decreased heme synthesis due to impaired iron utilization or transport. A high FEP level is often used as an early indicator of iron deficiency and is frequently measured in children."},{"name":"Lead poisoning","after":{"null":["Sideroblastic Anemia","Acute Tubular Necrosis"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Lead poisoning refers to the condition that arises when a person has a high level of lead in their bloodstream. It can occur when someone is exposed to lead through ingesting contaminated food, water, or dust, or through inhaling lead particles in the air. Lead poisoning can cause a variety of symptoms, depending on the level of exposure, including fatigue, abdominal pain, joint pain, headaches, seizures, and developmental delays in children. It can also lead to long-term damage to the brain and other organs, making prevention and early detection of utmost importance."},{"name":"Vitamin B6 Deficiency","after":{"null":["Sideroblastic Anemia"]},"before":{"null":["Isoniazid use"]},"description":"Vitamin B6 deficiency is a condition where the body does not have enough vitamin B6, which is an essential nutrient needed for the proper functioning of the nervous system, metabolism, and immune system. It can lead to a variety of symptoms, including skin rashes, depression, confusion, irritability, and anemia, among others. Severe cases can also result in seizures or other neurological problems. Causes of vitamin B6 deficiency may include poor diet, malabsorption, excessive alcohol consumption, or certain medications that interfere with vitamin B6 absorption."},{"name":"High iron saturation (>33%)","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Sideroblastic Anemia","Hemochromatosis"]},"description":"High iron saturation refers to a condition in which the amount of iron in the blood exceeds the normal range, which is typically less than 33%. This may be due to an underlying medical condition or an excessive intake of iron through diet or supplements. High iron saturation can lead to damage to various organs in the body, including the liver, heart, and pancreas, and may also increase the risk of certain types of cancer."},{"name":"Aminolevulinic acid synthetase (ALAS) Deficiency","after":{"null":["Sideroblastic Anemia"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Aminolevulinic acid synthetase (ALAS) deficiency is a rare genetic disorder characterized by the absence or decreased activity of the enzyme that helps in the production of heme, an important component of hemoglobin in red blood cells. This leads to the accumulation of porphyrins, a type of molecule involved in the synthesis of heme, in body tissues, resulting in symptoms such as photosensitivity, blistering skin lesions, anemia, and neurological problems. ALAS deficiency is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern, meaning that a person must inherit two copies of the defective gene (one from each parent) to develop the disorder."},{"name":"Isoniazid use","after":{"null":["Vitamin B6 Deficiency"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Isoniazid is a medication used to treat tuberculosis (TB). It works by preventing the growth of the bacteria that causes TB and is often used in combination with other medications to treat this disease. It can also be used as a preventive measure in people who have been exposed to TB but who have not yet developed the disease."},{"name":"High HbF (alpha2gamma2)","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Beta Thalassemia"]},"description":"High HbF (alpha2gamma2) refers to a condition in which the level of fetal hemoglobin (HbF) is higher than the normal range in adults. HbF is a type of hemoglobin that is mainly produced during fetal development and is gradually replaced by adult hemoglobin (HbA) after birth. However, some individuals may continue to produce HbF at high levels due to genetic factors or certain medical conditions. High HbF levels have been associated with certain blood disorders such as sickle cell anemia and thalassemia, and may offer protection against the symptoms of these diseases."},{"name":"High HbA2 (alpha2delta2)","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Beta Thalassemia"]},"description":"High HbA2 (alpha2delta2) refers to an elevated level of hemoglobin A2 in the blood. Hemoglobin A2 is a type of hemoglobin that consists of two alpha and two delta globin chains. Normally, HbA2 comprises 2-3% of the total hemoglobin in the blood. However, a high HbA2 level (>3.5%) may be indicative of certain blood disorders, such as beta-thalassemia or sickle cell anemia. Therefore, a high HbA2 level may require further testing and evaluation to determine the underlying cause and appropriate treatment."},{"name":"Low HbA (alpha2beta2)","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Beta Thalassemia"]},"description":"HbA (alpha2beta2) refers to hemoglobin A, which is a protein found in red blood cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body. Low HbA (alpha2beta2) means that there is a lower than normal level of this type of hemoglobin in the blood, which can be a sign of anemia or other underlying health conditions that affect the production or function of red blood cells. Anemia can cause symptoms such as fatigue, weakness, shortness of breath, and pale skin. Treatment depends on the underlying cause of the low HbA level."},{"name":"High RBC Mass","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Beta Thalassemia","Alpha Thalassemia"]},"description":"High RBC mass, also known as polycythemia, is a medical condition characterized by an abnormally high number of red blood cells in the circulation, causing thickening of the blood and a decrease in blood flow. Polycythemia can arise due to various factors such as genetic mutations, chronic hypoxia, smoking, or certain medications. The condition can lead to several complications, including blood clots, stroke, heart attack, and other cardiovascular diseases. Treatment options for high RBC mass depend on the underlying cause and may include medications, phlebotomy, and lifestyle modifications."},{"name":"Target cells on smear","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Beta Thalassemia"]},"description":"Target cells on a smear refer to red blood cells that appear as a dark spot in the center, surrounded by a lighter ring, giving them a target-like appearance. This is caused by excess cell membrane around the central portion of the red blood cell, giving it a flattened appearance. Target cells may be seen in certain medical conditions, such as hemoglobinopathies, liver disease, and some types of anemia."},{"name":"Hypersegmented neutrophils (>5 lobes) (megaloblasts)","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Vitamin B12 Deficiency","Folate Deficiency"]},"description":"Hypersegmented neutrophils are a type of white blood cell characterized by having more than five lobes in their nucleus. This condition is often seen in individuals with megaloblastic anemia, a disorder in which the bone marrow produces abnormal red blood cells. Megaloblasts are immature, large-sized red blood cells that can be seen in the bone marrow and peripheral blood and are caused by a deficiency of vitamin B12 or folic acid. The presence of hypersegmented neutrophils in the blood can be an indicator of megaloblastic anemia and other related conditions."},{"name":"Methotrexate use","after":{"null":["Folate Deficiency"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Methotrexate is a medication used to treat certain types of cancer such as leukemia, lymphoma, and osteosarcoma. It is also used to treat autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, and psoriatic arthritis. Methotrexate works by inhibiting the growth of rapidly dividing cells, including cancer cells and cells involved in the immune response. It is usually given as an injection or taken orally, depending on the condition being treated."},{"name":"Veganism","after":{"null":["Vitamin B12 Deficiency"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Veganism is a lifestyle and dietary choice that involves the practice of avoiding the use of animal products in all aspects of life. This includes not eating meat, seafood, dairy, eggs, honey, or any other animal-derived products. Vegans also typically avoid using products that are made from animals or tested on animals, such as leather, wool, silk, and cosmetics. The philosophy behind veganism is often based on ethical, environmental, and health concerns."},{"name":"Glossitis","after":{"null":["Macroglossia"]},"before":{"null":["Vitamin B12 Deficiency","Folate Deficiency","Plummer Vinson Syndrome"]},"description":"Glossitis is an inflammation of the tongue that can cause it to become swollen, red, sore, tender, and\/or painful. It can also affect the texture and appearance of the tongue, such as causing it to appear smooth or with a bald patch. Glossitis can be caused by a variety of factors, including infections, allergies, nutritional deficiencies, certain medications, or autoimmune disorders. Treatment depends on the underlying cause, but may include antibiotics, anti-inflammatory medications, or dietary changes."},{"name":"Pernicious anemia","after":{"null":["Vitamin B12 Deficiency"]},"before":{"null":["Atrophic (Autoimmune) Gastritis"]},"description":"Pernicious anemia is a medical condition in which the body cannot make enough red blood cells due to a deficiency of vitamin B12. The condition is caused by the inability of the body to absorb and use vitamin B12 properly, leading to a decrease in the number of red blood cells in the body. Symptoms of pernicious anemia include weakness, fatigue, pale skin, shortness of breath, neurological changes, and tingling or numbness in the hands and feet. Treatment typically involves lifelong injections of vitamin B12."},{"name":"Proton pump inhibitor use","after":{"null":["Vitamin B12 Deficiency"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are a class of drugs that reduce the production of gastric acid in the stomach. They are used to treat a variety of conditions related to the excess production of acid, such as gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), peptic ulcers, and Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. PPIs work by blocking the action of the proton pump, an enzyme found in the cells lining the stomach that produces acid. This reduction in acid production helps to alleviate symptoms related to excess acid and heal damaged tissue in the digestive tract."},{"name":"Pancreatic exocrine insufficiency","after":{"null":["Vitamin B12 Deficiency","Malabsorption"]},"before":{"null":["Chronic Pancreatitis"]},"description":"Pancreatic exocrine insufficiency (PEI) is a condition where the pancreas fails to produce or secrete enough digestive enzymes into the small intestine to properly digest food. This can result in malabsorption of nutrients and other digestive problems. PEI is most commonly caused by chronic pancreatitis, cystic fibrosis, or pancreatic cancer. Symptoms of PEI include bloating, abdominal pain, diarrhea, and weight loss. Treatment typically involves enzyme replacement therapy and addressing the underlying cause."},{"name":"Diphyllobothrium latum (fish tapeworm) infection","after":{"null":["Vitamin B12 Deficiency"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Diphyllobothrium latum, also known as the fish tapeworm, is a type of parasitic worm that infects the intestines of humans and other animals. This infection is acquired through the ingestion of raw or undercooked freshwater fish, as the larvae of the worm live within the tissues of the fish. The tapeworm can grow to be several meters long and can cause a range of symptoms, including abdominal pain, diarrhea, weight loss, and anemia. Treatment for Diphyllobothrium latum infection typically involves the use of antiparasitic medications."},{"name":"Ankyrin, spectrin, or band3 (cytoskeleton membrane tethering protein) defect","after":{"null":["Hereditary Spherocytosis"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Ankyrin, spectrin, and band3 are all proteins involved in the structure and function of the cytoskeleton in red blood cells. Ankyrin serves as a link between the cytoskeleton and the cell membrane, while spectrin forms a meshwork of protein fibers that provide shape and stability to the cell. Band3 is a membrane protein that helps transport ions and molecules across the red blood cell membrane.A defect in any of these proteins can result in various conditions, such as hereditary spherocytosis, which is characterized by abnormally shaped red blood cells that are more fragile and prone to destruction. This can lead to anemia, jaundice, and other complications. Other conditions associated with defects in these proteins include elliptocytosis, pyropoikilocytosis, and hereditary stomatocytosis."},{"name":"Splenectomy","after":{"null":["Howell-Jolly bodies (nuclear material fragments) on blood smear"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Splenectomy is the surgical removal of the spleen, an organ located on the left side of the abdomen. The spleen plays a vital role in the immune system and the destruction of old or damaged blood cells. However, in some cases, the spleen may need to be removed due to various medical conditions such as cancer, anemia, spleen rupture, or certain autoimmune diseases."},{"name":"Howell-Jolly bodies (nuclear material fragments) on blood smear","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Splenectomy","Autosplenectomy (Splenic Sequestration)"]},"description":"Howell-Jolly bodies are small fragments of nuclear material ( DNA ) that can be found on a blood smear. They are normally removed from red blood cells (RBCs) by the spleen, but may appear when the spleen is not functioning normally. Howell-Jolly bodies are round, basophilic (blue) structures that are typically 1-2 \u00b5m in diameter. They are seen as small, black dots or granules within the RBCs when viewed under a microscope. The presence of Howell-Jolly bodies in the blood may indicate certain medical conditions, such as sickle cell anemia, hemolytic anemia, or splenectomy."},{"name":"Autosplenectomy (Splenic Sequestration)","after":{"null":["Howell-Jolly bodies (nuclear material fragments) on blood smear"]},"before":{"null":["Sickle Cell Anemia"]},"description":"Autosplenectomy, also known as splenic sequestration, is a rare condition in which the spleen becomes enlarged and congested with blood, leading to the trapping and destruction of red blood cells. This condition is most commonly seen in people with sickle cell disease, but may also occur in individuals with other hemolytic anemias. Over time, the repeated sequestration of blood in the spleen can cause damage to the organ, eventually leading to its atrophy (autosplenectomy). This can result in a weakened immune system and an increased risk of infections. Patients with autosplenectomy may require regular monitoring and treatment to manage their symptoms and prevent complications."},{"name":"Euvolemic","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Euvolemic refers to a state in which the amount of fluid in the body is normal or balanced, meaning that fluid intake and output are equal. This is in contrast to hypovolemia (low fluid volume) or hypervolemia (excess fluid volume)."},{"name":"Whole body radiation","after":{"null":["Lymphopenia"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Whole body radiation is a type of radiation therapy that targets the entire body, rather than a specific area. This treatment is typically used to treat certain types of cancers, such as leukemia and lymphoma, as well as to prepare the body for bone marrow or stem cell transplants. Whole body radiation involves exposing the body to high doses of ionizing radiation, which can damage or kill cancer cells, but can also harm healthy cells. The treatment is typically given in multiple sessions over a period of several days or weeks."},{"name":"Leukopenia","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Myelophthisic Process","Neutropenia","Lymphopenia"]},"description":"Leukopenia is a medical condition characterized by a lower than normal white blood cell count in the blood. The normal range for WBC in adults is 4,500-11,000 cells per microliter of blood. Having a white blood cell count lower than 4,500 cells per microliter is considered leukopenia. Leukopenia can be caused by a variety of factors including medications, viral infections, autoimmune disorders, and certain types of cancer. Symptoms of leukopenia may include fever, chills, fatigue, and frequent infections."},{"name":"Neutrophilia","after":{"null":["Leukocytosis"]},"before":{"null":["Hypercortisolism (Cushing Syndrome)","Bacteremia"]},"description":"Neutrophilia is a medical condition characterized by an elevated level of neutrophils, a type of white blood cell, in the blood. Neutrophilia may be a sign of an infection, inflammation, or tissue damage in the body. It can also be associated with certain cancers, autoimmune disorders, and other medical conditions. The normal range for neutrophil counts in adults is typically between 2,500 and 6,000 cells\/mm\u00b3. If the number of neutrophils in the blood exceeds this range, it is considered to be neutrophilia."},{"name":"Bacteremia","after":{"null":["Sepsis","Fever","Neutrophilia"]},"before":{"null":["Septic Arthritis","Meningitis","Pneumonia","Endocarditis","Urinary Tract Infection","Cholecystitis","Ascending Cholangitis","Acute Endometritis","Prostatitis","Osteomyelitis","Cellulitis"]},"description":"Bacteremia is the presence of bacteria in the bloodstream. It is typically caused by an infection somewhere else in the body, such as in the lungs, urinary tract, or abdominal cavity, that has spread into the bloodstream. Bacteremia can cause serious illness, and requires prompt medical attention and treatment. Symptoms may include fever, chills, fatigue, and rapid heart rate. Treatment often involves antibiotics and supportive care."},{"name":"Leukocytosis","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Eosinophilia","Hypercortisolism (Cushing Syndrome)","Diverticulitis","Neutrophilia","Monocytosis","Basophilia","Lymphocytosis"]},"description":"Leukocytosis is a medical condition characterized by an increased number of white blood cells (leukocytes) in the blood. This may be due to various factors, including infections, inflammation, allergies, stress, and some types of cancer. Leukocytosis may also indicate a response to injury or tissue damage in the body. The condition is usually diagnosed through a blood test and requires further investigation to determine the underlying cause. Treatment depends on the underlying cause and may include antibiotics, anti-inflammatory medication, or therapy for the underlying condition."},{"name":"Monocytosis","after":{"null":["Leukocytosis"]},"before":{"null":["State of Malignancy","Autoimmune disease","Chronic Infection"]},"description":"Monocytosis is a medical condition characterized by an increased number of monocytes in the blood. Monocytes are a type of white blood cell that helps to fight off infections. In cases of monocytosis, the number of monocytes can be abnormally elevated, which may indicate an underlying health condition. Causes of monocytosis can include infections, autoimmune disorders, and certain cancers. Treatment will depend on the underlying cause of the condition."},{"name":"Hodgkin Lymphoma","after":{"null":["Eosinophilia","Lymphadenopathy","Minimal Change Disease"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Hodgkin lymphoma is a type of cancer that affects the lymphatic system. It is characterized by the presence of abnormal cells called Reed-Sternberg cells, which are derived from B lymphocytes. Hodgkin lymphoma typically originates in one lymph node and can spread to nearby lymph nodes and organs, such as the liver and spleen. Symptoms may include swollen lymph nodes, fatigue, fever, and night sweats. Treatment may involve chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or a combination of the two, and the prognosis can vary depending on the stage and other factors."},{"name":"Basophilia","after":{"null":["Leukocytosis"]},"before":{"null":["Polycythemia Vera","Chronic Myeloid Leukemia"]},"description":"Basophilia is a medical condition marked by an increase in the number of basophilic white blood cells in the bloodstream. Basophils are a type of white blood cell that play a role in the immune system\u2019s response to allergies and infections. Basophilia is often associated with allergic reactions, autoimmune diseases, and certain cancers. The condition can be diagnosed though a blood test and may require further evaluation and treatment by a physician."},{"name":"Chronic Myeloid Leukemia","after":{"null":["Splenomegaly","Basophilia","Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL)","Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML)","Hyperuricemia","Marrow fibrosis"]},"before":{"null":["BCR\/ABL gene mutation (Philadelphia Chromosome) 9-22"]},"description":"Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) is a type of cancer that affects the blood cells in the bone marrow, resulting in the production of too many abnormal white blood cells. In CML, an abnormal gene causes the bone marrow to produce immature and abnormal white blood cells that do not function properly. Over time, these abnormal cells can accumulate in the blood and bone marrow and interfere with the production of normal blood cells, leading to anemia, bleeding, infections, and other complications. CML can be treated with chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and bone marrow transplantation, and many people with CML can achieve long-term remission with proper treatment."},{"name":"Lymphocytosis","after":{"null":["Leukocytosis"]},"before":{"Nonmalignant":["Viral infection","Bordetella pertussis infection"],"Malignant":["Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia","Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL)","Hairy Cell Leukemia","Adult T-Cell Leukemia\/Lymphoma (ATLL)","Mycosis Fungoides"],"null":["Infectious Mononucleosis"]},"description":"Lymphocytosis is a medical condition characterized by an increase in the number of lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell, circulating in the blood. It can occur in response to various infections, autoimmune diseases, and certain types of cancer. Mild cases may not cause any symptoms, while severe cases can lead to fatigue, fever, and night sweats. Treatment depends on the underlying cause and may involve medication or other interventions to address the underlying condition."},{"name":"Viral infection","after":{"null":["Fever","Pneumonia","Lymphocytosis","Henoch-Schonlein Purpura","IgA Nephropathy (Berger Disease)"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"A viral infection is a type of infection that is caused by a virus. Viruses are infectious agents that can enter and infect cells in your body. Once a virus enters your body, it replicates itself and can cause damage to cells and tissues. Some viral infections are mild and self-limiting, while others can be severe and even life-threatening. Examples of viral infections include the flu, measles, chickenpox, HIV, and hepatitis."},{"name":"Bordetella pertussis infection","after":{"null":["Lymphocytosis"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Bordetella pertussis infection is a respiratory illness caused by the bacterium Bordetella pertussis. It is also known as whooping cough because of the characteristic \"whoop\" sound that is made when a person tries to breathe in after a coughing fit. The infection is highly contagious and can cause severe coughing that can last for several weeks or even months. It can be particularly dangerous for infants and young children, and can sometimes lead to complications such as pneumonia, seizures, and brain damage. Vaccines are available to prevent Bordetella pertussis infection."},{"name":"Infectious Mononucleosis","after":{"null":["Splenomegaly","Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia (IgM)","Lymphocytosis","Pharyngitis","Hepatomegaly","Atypical lymphocytes","Lymphadenopathy"]},"before":{"null":["Ebstein Barr Virus (EBV)"]},"description":"Infectious Mononucleosis is a viral infection caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). It is also known as glandular fever or mono. It is usually transmitted through saliva and close contact with infected individuals. Symptoms include fever, sore throat, swollen lymph nodes, fatigue, and sometimes a rash. It typically lasts for several weeks to a few months and is usually self-limiting. Treatment includes rest, hydration, and management of symptoms such as pain and fever. In rare cases, complications such as an enlarged spleen, liver inflammation, or neurological symptoms may occur."},{"name":"Pharyngitis","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Infectious Mononucleosis","Strep Pharyngitis"]},"description":"Pharyngitis is inflammation or swelling of the pharynx, which is the tube-like structure at the back of the throat that connects the mouth and nasal passages to the esophagus. It is usually caused by a viral or bacterial infection and can cause sore throat, difficulty swallowing, and other symptoms."},{"name":"Hepatitis","after":{"null":["Abdominal Pain","Indirect Hyperbilirubinemia","Direct Hyperbilirubinemia","Hepatomegaly","Transaminitis"]},"before":{"null":["Hepatitis B","Hepatitis C","Hemochromatosis","Autoimmune Hepatitis","Ebstein Barr Virus (EBV)","Hepatitis A","Hepatitis D","Hepatitis E","Cytomegalovirus","Alcoholic Hepatitis","Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease","Ischemic Hepatitis"]},"description":"Hepatitis refers to an inflammation of the liver that can be caused by a variety of factors, including viral infections (such as hepatitis A, B, and C), alcohol abuse, drug toxicity, and autoimmune diseases. The condition can range in severity from mild to life-threatening, and its symptoms may include fatigue, jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting. Treatment for hepatitis varies depending on the underlying cause and the severity of the disease, but may involve antiviral medications, lifestyle changes, or in some cases, liver transplant surgery."},{"name":"Hepatomegaly","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Congestive hepatopathy","Infectious Mononucleosis","Hepatitis","Metastasis to Liver"]},"description":"Hepatomegaly is a medical term that refers to an enlarged liver beyond its normal size, as a result of various underlying conditions such as liver disease, infection, inflammation, or cancer. The liver is the largest internal organ in the body, responsible for various functions including detoxification, metabolism, and production of certain proteins and hormones, and an enlargement of the liver can impact its ability to perform these functions properly. Symptoms of hepatomegaly can include abdominal discomfort, jaundice, fatigue, and abnormal liver function tests. A proper diagnosis and treatment plan are necessary to manage the underlying cause of the hepatomegaly."},{"name":"Atypical lymphocytes","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Infectious Mononucleosis"]},"description":"Atypical lymphocytes are a type of white blood cell that appear abnormal under the microscope. They are larger than normal lymphocytes and have an irregular shape. Atypical lymphocytes are often associated with viral infections, such as infectious mononucleosis, but may also be seen in other conditions such as lymphoma or leukemia."},{"name":"Acute Leukemia","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL)","Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML)"]},"description":"Acute leukemia is a type of cancer that develops rapidly in the blood and bone marrow. It is marked by the overproduction of immature white blood cells, often resulting in anemia, infections, and bleeding disorders. Acute leukemia is classified into two types: acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML), which are differentiated by the type of immature white blood cells that are overproduced. Treatment typically involves chemotherapy and\/or a bone marrow transplant."},{"name":"Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL)","after":{"null":["Splenomegaly","Lymphocytosis","Acute Leukemia"]},"before":{"null":["Chronic Myeloid Leukemia"]},"description":"Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) is a type of blood cancer that affects the cells that are responsible for producing white blood cells. In ALL, immature white blood cells (precursor lymphoblasts) multiply rapidly in the bone marrow, crowding out normal blood cells. This leads to problems such as anemia, infection, and bleeding. The disease is characterized by the overproduction and accumulation of immature white blood cells, known as lymphoblasts, in the bone marrow, blood, and various organs of the body. ALL is the most common type of childhood cancer, but it can also occur in adults."},{"name":"Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML)","after":{"null":["Splenomegaly","Acute Leukemia"]},"before":{"null":["Chronic Myeloid Leukemia","Myelodysplastic Syndrome"]},"description":"Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) is a type of cancer that affects the blood and bone marrow. It is characterized by the uncontrolled growth of abnormal white blood cells (myeloid cells) that do not function properly and crowd out healthy blood cells. AML progresses rapidly and requires immediate treatment. Symptoms include fatigue, shortness of breath, fever, easy bruising or bleeding, and increased risk of infections. Treatment may involve chemotherapy, stem cell transplant, or other targeted therapies."},{"name":"Myelodysplastic Syndrome","after":{"null":["Anemia","Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML)","Pancytopenia","Pelger-Huet Cell (Bilobed neutrophil nucleus)"]},"before":{"null":["5q deletion"]},"description":"Myelodysplastic Syndrome (MDS) is a group of blood disorders characterized by abnormal production or development of blood cells in the bone marrow, which leads to a decrease in the number or quality of blood cells in the body. MDS can cause anemia, fatigue, infections, and bleeding disorders. It is more common in older adults and can sometimes progress to acute leukemia."},{"name":"Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia","after":{"null":["Splenomegaly","Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia (IgG)","Lymphocytosis","Lymphadenopathy","Hypogammaglobulinemia"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) is a type of cancer that affects the blood and bone marrow. It is characterized by the abnormal and uncontrolled growth of immature lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell) in the bone marrow, lymph nodes, and other organs of the body. The disease progresses slowly and may not require immediate treatment in the early stages, but as it advances, it can cause symptoms such as fatigue, swollen lymph nodes, and an increased risk of infection and bleeding. CLL most commonly affects older adults and is typically diagnosed through blood tests and bone marrow biopsies. Treatment options may include chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and stem cell transplantation."},{"name":"Lymphadenopathy","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Hodgkin Lymphoma","Infectious Mononucleosis","Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia","Follicular Lymphoma","Mantle Cell Lymphoma","Marginal Zone Lymphoma","Burkitt Lymphoma","Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma"]},"description":"Lymphadenopathy is the enlargement of lymph nodes, which are small bean-shaped structures found throughout the body that help fight infections and diseases. The enlargement or swelling of lymph nodes can be caused by various factors, including infections, inflammation, cancer, or autoimmune diseases. Lymphadenopathy can be localized, affecting only the lymph nodes in one specific area of the body, or generalized, affecting lymph nodes throughout the body. It is often associated with other symptoms such as fever, fatigue, and weight loss."},{"name":"Hypogammaglobulinemia","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Nephrotic Syndrome","Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia"]},"description":"Hypogammaglobulinemia is a condition in which the body has low levels of immunoglobulins, which are antibodies that fight infections. This can result in recurring infections, chronic diarrhea, and other health problems. It can be congenital or acquired later in life, and treatment typically involves regular infusions of immunoglobulin and antibiotics to prevent infections."},{"name":"Microcytic","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Microcytic refers to the red blood cell size being smaller than normal, typically less than 80 femtoliters (fl). This can be seen in certain types of anemia, such as iron deficiency anemia."},{"name":"Normocytic","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Normocytic refers to the normal size of red blood cells, which typically range from 6 to 8 micrometers in diameter. A person with normocytic cells has neither microcytic (small) nor macrocytic (large) red blood cells. This term is often used in the context of a complete blood count (CBC) test to describe the size of red blood cells."},{"name":"Macrocytic","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Macrocytic refers to the presence of unusually large red blood cells (RBCs) in the bloodstream. This is often associated with certain medical conditions or disorders, such as pernicious anemia, folic acid deficiency, and alcohol use disorder. Macrocytic RBCs can also be seen in some drug reactions, as well as in certain inherited disorders of metabolism. Clinically, macrocytic RBCs can lead to symptoms of anemia, including fatigue, weakness, paleness, and shortness of breath. Diagnosis of macrocytosis is typically made through blood tests, which measure the size and number of RBCs in the bloodstream. Treatment depends on the underlying cause, but may involve dietary changes, vitamin supplementation, or medications."},{"name":"Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection","after":{"null":["Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia (IgM)","Pneumonia","Erythema Multiforme"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection is a respiratory illness caused by the bacterium Mycoplasma pneumoniae. It is a type of atypical pneumonia that typically presents with symptoms such as cough, fatigue, fever, and shortness of breath. This type of infection is commonly known as walking pneumonia and can be spread through sneezing and coughing. The infection is usually mild and can be treated with antibiotics. However, in some cases, it can lead to complications such as pneumonia, bronchitis, or severe lung infections."},{"name":"Extravascular","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Extravascular refers to the area or space outside of the blood vessels or circulatory system. This term is typically used in medical contexts to describe the movement or distribution of fluids, drugs, or other substances that are administered outside of the bloodstream. Examples of extravascular spaces or compartments within the body include the interstitial space between cells and the cerebrospinal fluid that surrounds the brain and spinal cord."},{"name":"Intravascular","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Intravascular refers to something within the blood vessels or circulatory system. It may describe a medical procedure or treatment that involves administering medication or fluids directly into a vein or artery, or a condition that affects the blood vessels, such as narrowing or blockages."},{"name":"Hairy Cell Leukemia","after":{"null":["Splenomegaly","Lymphocytosis","Pancytopenia"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Hairy cell leukemia is a rare, slow-growing cancer of the blood and bone marrow that affects the white blood cells known as lymphocytes. It is called \"hairy cell\" leukemia because the cells have small, hair-like projections on their surface. This leukemia is characterized by an abnormal accumulation of these hairy cells in the bone marrow, spleen, and lymph nodes, leading to a decrease in the number of healthy blood cells circulating in the body. Hairy cell leukemia is often treated with chemotherapy and other medications, and while it cannot yet be cured, many people with the disease can live for years with proper treatment."},{"name":"Adult T-Cell Leukemia\/Lymphoma (ATLL)","after":{"null":["Lymphocytosis"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Adult T-cell leukemia\/lymphoma (ATLL) is a rare, aggressive form of cancer that affects the T-cells of the immune system. It is caused by infection with the human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1). ATLL can affect the blood, lymph nodes, skin, and other organs, and is typically diagnosed in adults over the age of 40. Symptoms may include fever, fatigue, weight loss, skin lesions, lymphadenopathy, and neurological symptoms. Treatment may include a combination of chemotherapy, antiviral drugs, and stem cell transplantation, but the prognosis is generally poor."},{"name":"Mycosis Fungoides","after":{"null":["Lymphocytosis"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Mycosis fungoides is a type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma that primarily affects the skin, causing itchy rashes, patches, and tumors. It is a slow-growing cancer of the white blood cells that normally fight infection. Mycosis fungoides is also known as cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL). It is a rare type of cancer that affects approximately1 in 300,000 people in the United States."},{"name":"Metastasis to Liver","after":{"null":["Hepatomegaly"]},"before":{"null":["Colon Cancer"]},"description":"Metastasis to liver refers to the spread of cancer cells from a primary tumor located in another part of the body to the liver. This is a common way for cancer to spread, as the liver is a major organ that receives a large amount of blood flow, allowing cancer cells to potentially lodge themselves there and grow. When cancer cells metastasize to the liver, they can interfere with its ability to perform important functions, such as filtering toxins and producing important proteins, leading to serious complications and sometimes death."},{"name":"Hyperuricemia","after":{"null":["Gout","Urate Nephropathy","Uric acid precipitation"]},"before":{"null":["Renal Failure (ESRD)","State of Malignancy","Polycythemia Vera","Chronic Myeloid Leukemia","High protein diet","Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome (HGPRT deficiency)"]},"description":"Hyperuricemia is a medical condition characterized by abnormally high levels of uric acid in the blood. Uric acid is a waste product that is formed when the body breaks down purines, which are substances found in many foods and drinks. Normally, uric acid is dissolved in the blood and excreted from the body through the kidneys in the urine. However, if there is an excess of uric acid or the kidneys are unable to excrete it properly, it can build up in the blood and cause a variety of health problems. Hyperuricemia has been linked to gout, kidney stones, and other health issues."},{"name":"Erythrocytosis","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"Low Erythropoietin":["Polycythemia Vera","Essential Thrombocythemia (ET)"],"High Erythropoietin":["Renal Cell Carcinoma","Hypoxia"],"null":[]},"description":"Erythrocytosis is a medical condition characterized by an overproduction of red blood cells in the body, leading to an increase in the number of red blood cells in the blood. This can be caused by a variety of factors, including primary bone marrow disorders, genetic mutations, or chronic hypoxia (lack of oxygen). Erythrocytosis can lead to thickening of the blood and increased risk of blood clots and other complications. Treatment may involve medication or therapeutic phlebotomy (removal of blood)."},{"name":"Portal Vein Thrombus","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Polycythemia Vera"]},"description":"Portal vein thrombus (PVT) is a blood clot that forms in the portal vein, which is the large vein that carries blood from the intestines and other abdominal organs to the liver. PVT can cause serious complications, such as portal hypertension, liver failure, and bowel ischemia. PVT is often associated with liver cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, and other liver diseases, but it can also occur in individuals without any underlying liver disorders."},{"name":"JAK2 Kinase Mutation","after":{"null":["Polycythemia Vera","Essential Thrombocythemia (ET)","Myelofibrosis"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"JAK2 kinase mutation is a genetic alteration in the Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) gene that leads to the overactivity of the JAK2 protein, a key regulator of blood cell production. This mutation is most commonly associated with the myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN), a group of blood cancers that cause the rapid growth of abnormal blood cells in the bone marrow. The JAK2 kinase mutation is found in approximately 95% of patients with polycythemia vera (PV), about 50% of patients with essential thrombocythemia (ET), and roughly 50% of patients with primary myelofibrosis (PMF)."},{"name":"Plethora","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Polycythemia Vera"]},"description":"The definition of plethora is an excessively large amount or number of something. It can also refer to a condition where there is an overabundance of blood in the body."},{"name":"Renal Cell Carcinoma","after":{"null":["State of Malignancy","Hematuria","Erythrocytosis","Flank pain","Left renal vein obstruction"]},"before":{"null":["Von Hippel-Lindau disease"]},"description":"Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is a type of kidney cancer that starts in the cells lining the small tubes in the kidney called renal tubules. RCC is the most common type of kidney cancer, accounting for 85% of all cases. The cancerous cells can grow and multiply uncontrollably, eventually forming a tumor in the kidney. Symptoms of RCC include blood in the urine, lower back pain, weight loss, and fever. Treatments for RCC may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and targeted therapy. The exact cause of RCC is unknown, but risk factors include smoking, obesity, high blood pressure, and a family history of kidney cancer."},{"name":"Essential Thrombocythemia (ET)","after":{"null":["Hepatic Vein Thrombus (Budd-Chiari Syndrome)","Erythrocytosis","Thrombocytosis","Marrow fibrosis"]},"before":{"null":["JAK2 Kinase Mutation"]},"description":"Essential Thrombocythemia (ET) is a blood disorder in which the bone marrow produces too many platelets, resulting in an increased risk of blood clots and bleeding. The exact cause of ET is unknown, but it is believed to be related to a genetic mutation. Symptoms may include fatigue, headache, vision problems, or tingling or numbness in the hands and feet. Treatment may involve medications to control platelet levels or prevent blood clots, or in some cases, blood thinners or bone marrow transplantation."},{"name":"Thrombocytosis","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Iron Deficiency","Essential Thrombocythemia (ET)","Reactive Thrombocytosis"]},"description":"Thrombocytosis is a medical condition characterized by higher than normal level of platelets (thrombocytes) in the blood. It may be primary (essential) thrombocytosis - caused by a mutation in the bone marrow stem cells that produce platelets, or secondary thrombocytosis - caused by another underlying condition, such as infection, inflammation, cancer, or surgery. Thrombocytosis can increase the risk of blood clotting (thrombosis), which can lead to serious complications, including stroke and heart attack. Treatment may involve blood thinners, platelet-lowering medications, or other therapies depending on the underlying cause and severity of the condition."},{"name":"Marrow fibrosis","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Polycythemia Vera","Chronic Myeloid Leukemia","Essential Thrombocythemia (ET)","Myelofibrosis"]},"description":"Marrow fibrosis is a medical condition where the normal bone marrow tissue is replaced by a fibrous scar tissue. This condition can disrupt the normal functioning of the bone marrow, which may lead to a decrease in the production of blood cells. Marrow fibrosis is commonly seen as a manifestation of malignant diseases such as myelofibrosis or leukemia, but it can also occur as a result of other causes such as certain infections, autoimmune disorders, and exposure to toxins or chemicals."},{"name":"Myelofibrosis","after":{"null":["Splenomegaly","Marrow fibrosis","Tear-drop RBCs","Pancytopenia"]},"before":{"null":["JAK2 Kinase Mutation"]},"description":"Myelofibrosis is a rare bone marrow disorder characterized by the accumulation of scar tissue (fibrosis) in the bone marrow, which leads to the inability of the bone marrow to make enough blood cells, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. This condition can cause anemia, infections, and bleeding or bruising easily. It can also progress to acute leukemia in some cases."},{"name":"Tear-drop RBCs","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Myelofibrosis"]},"description":"Tear-drop RBCs, also known as dacrocytes, are abnormal red blood cells that have a teardrop or oval-shaped appearance. They are formed when the bone marrow produces irregularly shaped cells due to various disorders of the blood-forming cells. These abnormalities may be related to certain types of anemia, myelofibrosis, leukemia, or other bone marrow disorders. The presence of tear-drop RBCs in the blood may indicate an underlying health condition that requires further evaluation and treatment."},{"name":"Lymphoma","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Sjogren Syndrome"]},"description":"Lymphoma is a type of cancer that begins in cells of the lymph system. The lymph system is part of the body\u2019s immune system, which helps fight infections and other diseases. Lymphoma can occur in many different parts of the body, including the lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow, and other organs. There are two main types of lymphoma: Hodgkin lymphoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Symptoms can include enlarged lymph nodes, fever, weight loss, and fatigue. Treatment may include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and\/or stem cell transplant."},{"name":"Follicular Lymphoma","after":{"null":["Lymphadenopathy","Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":""},{"name":"Mantle Cell Lymphoma","after":{"null":["Lymphadenopathy"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) that arises from B cells in the mantle zone of the lymph node. It is characterized by the uncontrolled growth of abnormal B lymphocytes that lead to the formation of tumors in the lymphoid tissue, primarily in the lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow, and gastrointestinal tract. MCL is typically an aggressive cancer with a poor prognosis, but there are treatment options available that can help manage the symptoms and improve survival rates."},{"name":"Marginal Zone Lymphoma","after":{"null":["Lymphadenopathy"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Marginal Zone Lymphoma (MZL) is a type of cancer that develops from B cells in the marginal zone of a lymph node or other lymphoid tissue. It is a slow-growing, low-grade non-Hodgkin lymphoma that affects the immune system. MZL can also occur in various organs such as the stomach, lung, thyroid, and salivary gland. Symptoms may include swelling of lymph nodes, fever, night sweats, and weight loss. Treatment depends on the location and extent of the disease but may include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, immunotherapy, or targeted therapy."},{"name":"Burkitt Lymphoma","after":{"null":["Lymphadenopathy"]},"before":{"null":["Ebstein Barr Virus (EBV)"]},"description":"Burkitt lymphoma is a type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma that occurs mainly in children and young adults. It is characterized by rapidly growing cancer cells in the lymphatic system, which can lead to the formation of large tumors in the lymph nodes, bone marrow, and other organs. Burkitt lymphoma is caused by a genetic mutation that leads to the uncontrolled division of immune cells called B cells, which normally help protect the body from infection. Symptoms include enlarged lymph nodes, fever, weight loss, and fatigue. Treatment typically involves chemotherapy and sometimes radiation therapy."},{"name":"Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma","after":{"null":["Lymphadenopathy"]},"before":{"null":["Follicular Lymphoma"]},"description":"Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is a type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma, which is a cancer that starts in the lymphatic system. It is the most common form of lymphoma, accounting for about 1 in 3 cases. DLBCL is a rapidly growing tumor that can arise from any part of the body where lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell) are found, such as lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow, and the gastrointestinal tract. It is called \"diffuse\" because the cancerous cells are spread widely throughout the affected tissue. B-cells are a type of lymphocyte that produce antibodies to fight infections. In DLBCL, these B-cells grow and divide uncontrollably, forming a mass of cancerous cells that can interfere with the normal functioning of various organs. The cause of DLBCL is not known, but genetic mutations and immune system dysfunction may play a role in its development. Treatment options for DLBCL include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and stem cell transplantation."},{"name":"Multiple Myeloma","after":{"null":["Myelophthisic Process","Renal Tubular Acidosis, Type II (Proximal)","Bone lytic lesions","AL Amyloidosis","Increased serum free light chains (>3)"]},"before":{"null":["MGUS"]},"description":"Multiple Myeloma is a cancerous disease that affects the plasma cells, which are white blood cells responsible for producing antibodies that help the body fight infections. In multiple myeloma, abnormal plasma cells grow uncontrollably in the bone marrow, causing pain and damage to the bones, and hindering the production of normal blood cells. This results in symptoms such as bone pain, fatigue, weakness, and susceptibility to infections. Multiple myeloma is a rare cancer, but still represents the second-most common blood-related cancer in the world."},{"name":"MGUS","after":{"null":["Multiple Myeloma","AL Amyloidosis"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) is a condition characterized by the presence of abnormal proteins (monoclonal gammopathies) in the blood, which are produced by a small number of abnormal plasma cells. MGUS is considered a pre-cancerous condition, as it carries a slight risk of progressing to multiple myeloma or related disorders. However, in many cases, MGUS is asymptomatic and does not require treatment. Regular follow-up is typically recommended to monitor for any changes or progression of the condition."},{"name":"Bone lytic lesions","after":{"null":["Hypercalcemia","Bone pain","Pathological Fracture"]},"before":{"null":["Multiple Myeloma","Bone Metastases"]},"description":"Bone lytic lesions are areas of bone where there is an abnormal increase in bone destruction or resorption. This can be due to a variety of causes including bone cancer, metastatic cancer, infections such as osteomyelitis, or other conditions such as osteoporosis. The term \"lytic\" refers to the dissolving or breaking down of bone tissue, which can lead to weakened bones and an increased risk of fractures. These lesions can be identified on imaging studies such as X-rays, CT scans, or MRI scans."},{"name":"Elevated serum protein","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Elevated serum protein refers to the condition where the levels of proteins in the blood, specifically in the serum, are higher than the normal range. This can be due to various reasons such as inflammation, infection, cancer, kidney or liver disease, and autoimmune disorders. Elevated serum protein levels can be detected through blood tests and can signify the presence of an underlying medical condition that needs to be further evaluated and managed."},{"name":"AL Amyloidosis","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Multiple Myeloma","MGUS","Increased serum free light chains (>3)","Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia"]},"description":"AL amyloidosis is a rare, serious, and potentially life-threatening disorder that occurs when abnormal protein deposits, called amyloids, accumulate in tissues and organs throughout the body. These amyloids can interfere with normal organ functions and cause damage, particularly to the kidneys, heart, liver, and nervous system. AL amyloidosis is often caused by a type of bone marrow cancer in which abnormal plasma cells produce excessive amounts of immunoglobulin light chains, which then accumulate as amyloid in various tissues. Symptoms vary depending on which organs are affected, and treatment typically involves chemotherapy and other supportive therapies to manage symptoms and slow the progression of the disease."},{"name":"Increased serum free light chains (>3)","after":{"null":["Acute Tubular Necrosis","AL Amyloidosis","Proteinuria","Rouleaux formation of RBCs","Gamma globulin gap"]},"before":{"null":["Multiple Myeloma"]},"description":"Increased serum free light chains (>3) refer to an abnormal concentration of immunoglobulin light chains (kappa or lambda) in the blood that exceeds the normal range (usually 0.26-1.65 mg\/dL). This can indicate the presence of a disorder or condition, such as multiple myeloma or lymphoma, where the body produces an excess of these chains. Elevated levels can also occur in other diseases, infections, or as a result of certain medications. It is important to further investigate and monitor these levels in order to determine the underlying cause and appropriate treatment."},{"name":"Bone pain","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Bone lytic lesions","Bone Metastases","Osteomyelitis","Osteosarcoma","Osteoid osteoma","Osteoblastoma","Ewing Sarcoma","Giant cell tumor","Chondrosarcoma"]},"description":"Bone pain is a type of pain that originates from the bone and the surrounding structures, including the periosteum, endosteum, marrow and surrounding soft tissues. It can be caused by a number of different conditions such as injury, infection, inflammation, cancer, osteoporosis, and other conditions affecting the bone. Bone pain can range from mild to severe, and the intensity and duration of the pain can vary depending on the underlying cause. Common symptoms of bone pain may include dull aching, sharp stabbing, or throbbing discomfort, and may also be accompanied by swelling, redness, and warmth around the affected area."},{"name":"Proteinuria","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Nephrotic Syndrome","Increased serum free light chains (>3)","Nephritic Syndrome","Fanconi Syndrome"]},"description":"Proteinuria is a condition characterized by the presence of an abnormal amount of protein in the urine, usually more than 150 milligrams per day. It is a sign of kidney damage or dysfunction and can be indicative of several underlying medical conditions, such as diabetes, high blood pressure, kidney inflammation, or certain medications. Proteinuria can also be a warning sign of kidney disease and requires medical evaluation and treatment to prevent further damage to the kidneys."},{"name":"Rouleaux formation of RBCs","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Increased serum free light chains (>3)"]},"description":"Rouleaux formation is the process in which red blood cells (RBCs) stack together, resembling a stack of coins. This condition occurs when the surface tension between RBCs is reduced, causing them to stick together and form these aggregates. Rouleaux formation is commonly observed in plasma samples taken from individuals with certain medical conditions, such as inflammatory diseases and infections. The formation of Rouleaux can be visualized through microscopy techniques, such as blood film examination or flow cytometry."},{"name":"Gamma globulin gap","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Hepatitis B","Hepatitis C","HIV","Autoimmune disease","Increased serum free light chains (>3)"]},"description":"The gamma globulin gap is a laboratory finding often used to evaluate patients with possible immune disorders such as autoimmune diseases and immunodeficiencies. It is calculated by subtracting the albumin level from the total serum protein level, and the resulting value represents the amount of gamma globulins in the blood. A high gamma globulin gap may indicate the presence of abnormal immunoglobulins and can be indicative of certain conditions such as multiple myeloma, chronic infection, or autoimmune disease."},{"name":"Temporal (Giant Cell) Arteritis","after":{"null":["Vasculitis","Headache","Polymyalgia Rheumatica","Visual disturbance","Aortitis"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Temporal (Giant Cell) Arteritis is a condition of the blood vessels that cause inflammation and damage in the arteries, mainly affecting those in the head and neck, especially temporal artery. It is a type of vasculitis and can lead to vision loss, stroke, or aortic aneurysm. Symptoms may include headache, scalp tenderness, jaw pain, fever, fatigue, and weight loss. It is more common in older adults and can be diagnosed with a biopsy of the affected artery. Treatment typically involves high-dose steroids."},{"name":"Polymyalgia Rheumatica","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Temporal (Giant Cell) Arteritis"]},"description":"Polymyalgia rheumatica is an inflammatory disorder that causes muscle pain and stiffness, especially in the shoulders and hips. It typically affects people over the age of 50 and can be associated with other autoimmune conditions such as giant cell arteritis. Treatment often involves corticosteroids to reduce inflammation and relieve pain."},{"name":"Visual disturbance","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Temporal (Giant Cell) Arteritis"]},"description":"Visual disturbance refers to any interruption or alteration in the normal functioning of the visual system that results in a change in perception or vision. This can include any condition that impairs the clarity, color, brightness, and sharpness of visual stimuli, such as blurred vision, double vision, dimming, and loss of peripheral vision. Visual disturbances can be caused by a variety of factors, including eye diseases, neurological conditions, injuries, and medications. It is important to seek medical attention if you experience any visual disturbances, as they may be a sign of a serious underlying condition."},{"name":"Buerger Disease","after":{"null":["Vasculitis"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":""},{"name":"Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis","after":{"null":["Pleural Effusion","Vasculitis","Nephritic Syndrome","Rapidly Progressive Glomerulonephritis","Mononeuritis Multiplex"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":""},{"name":"Microscopic Polyangiitis","after":{"null":["Vasculitis","Nephritic Syndrome","Rapidly Progressive Glomerulonephritis","Mononeuritis Multiplex"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Microscopic Polyangiitis (MPA) is a rare autoimmune disease that causes inflammation in small blood vessels, leading to organ damage. It commonly affects the kidneys, lungs, and nerves. MPA is characterized by the presence of anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA) in the blood. Treatment often involves immunosuppressive therapy to control the inflammation and prevent organ damage."},{"name":"Henoch-Schonlein Purpura","after":{"null":["Vasculitis","IgA Nephropathy (Berger Disease)","Palpable Purpura"]},"before":{"null":["Viral infection","Mucosal infection"]},"description":"Henoch-Sch\u00f6nlein purpura (HSP) is a rare inflammatory disease that affects the small blood vessels in the skin, joints, kidneys, and digestive system. It is characterized by a rash of red or purple spots on the skin, joint pain and swelling, abdominal pain, and kidney damage. HSP most commonly affects children between the ages of 2 and 14, but it can also occur in adults. The cause of HSP is not fully understood, but it is thought to be triggered by an abnormal immune system response to an infection or other trigger. Treatment of HSP usually involves managing symptoms and may include medications to reduce inflammation, pain, and other symptoms. In most cases, HSP resolves on its own within a few weeks, but in some cases, it can cause long-term complications."},{"name":"Large vessel","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"A large vessel is a ship or boat that has a length exceeding 24 meters (78.75 feet) and is designed or used for transportation, cargo carrying, fishing, research purposes, or any other commercial or public activity on water. These vessels can range from small cargo and passenger ships to large container vessels, oil tankers, bulk carriers, and cruise ships that can carry thousands of people. Large vessels require skilled crews, specialized equipment, and strict safety measures to operate safely and efficiently on the water."},{"name":"Medium vessel","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"A medium vessel refers to a type of ship that falls between small and large vessels in size. They are typically used for commercial purposes such as cargo transportation, fishing, and offshore activities. Medium vessels range in size from 100 to 500 feet in length and can carry a capacity of up to 10,000 tons."},{"name":"Small vessel","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"A small vessel is a type of watercraft that is relatively small in size and designed for a variety of purposes such as leisure, transportation, or commercial use. Small vessels can include boats, yachts, canoes, kayaks, and other watercraft that are typically less than 30 meters in length or carry less than 12 passengers. These vessels may be powered by engines, sails, oars, or paddles, and are often used for activities such as fishing, water sports, or exploration of coastal areas and waterways."},{"name":"Essential Hypertension","after":{"null":["Hypertension"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Essential hypertension, also known as primary hypertension, is a chronic medical condition characterized by the elevation of blood pressure in the arteries without a specific underlying cause. It is the most common form of hypertension, affecting up to 90% of all individuals with high blood pressure. The exact causes of essential hypertension are not fully understood but may include genetic factors, lifestyle choices, and other medical conditions. Essential hypertension is usually diagnosed after multiple blood pressure measurements and may require lifestyle changes or medication to manage and lower blood pressure to prevent long-term complications such as heart disease and stroke."},{"name":"Fibromuscular dysplasia","after":{"null":["Renal Artery Stenosis (Renovascular Disease)"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD) is a non-inflammatory, non-atherosclerotic vascular disease that predominantly affects medium-sized arteries, including renal, carotid, and vertebral arteries. FMD causes abnormal growth within the artery walls, leading to narrowing, aneurysms, or dissections and can result in ischemia or infarction in the affected tissues or organs. The exact cause of FMD is not known, but genetics, hormones, and environmental factors play a role. FMD often affects young and middle-aged women."},{"name":"Cystic Medial Necrosis","after":{"null":["Aortic Dissection"]},"before":{"null":["Marfan Syndrome","Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome"]},"description":"Cystic Medial Necrosis is a medical condition in which there is degeneration and weakening of the elastic fibers in the middle layer (media) of the aorta wall, leading to the formation of cysts and splitting of the wall. This condition can result in the weakening of the wall and an increased risk of aneurysm formation. It is commonly seen in patients with Marfan syndrome and Ehlers-Danlos syndrome."},{"name":"Hyaline Arteriolosclerosis","after":{"null":["Hyaline Arteriolosclerosis of the aortic vaso vasorum","Hyaline Arteriolosclerosis of efferent arteriole","Hyaline Arteriolosclerosis of lenticulostriate vessels"]},"before":{"null":["Hypertension","Diabetes Mellitus"]},"description":"Hyaline arteriolosclerosis is a type of arteriosclerosis (hardening and thickening of arterial walls). It is characterized by the accumulation of a pink, hyaline-like material in the walls of arterioles (small arteries). This accumulation leads to a narrowing and hardening of the arteriole, which can result in reduced blood flow to the organs and tissues supplied by the affected vessel. Hyaline arteriolosclerosis is often seen in individuals with long-standing hypertension (high blood pressure) and is considered a sign of end-organ damage."},{"name":"Marfan Syndrome","after":{"null":["Mitral Valve Prolapse","Cystic Medial Necrosis","Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Marfan Syndrome is a genetic disorder that affects the connective tissue in the body, including the heart, blood vessels, bones, and eyes. It is caused by a mutation in the FBN1 gene, which controls the production of a protein called fibrillin-1. People with Marfan Syndrome typically have tall stature, long arms, legs, and fingers, a curved spine, and a chest that sinks in or sticks out. They may also have problems with their cardiovascular system, including aortic enlargement, mitral valve prolapse, and heart murmurs. Other symptoms can include nearsightedness, dislocated lenses in the eyes, and joint pain or stiffness."},{"name":"Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome","after":{"null":["Mitral Valve Prolapse","Cystic Medial Necrosis","Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome (EDS) is a group of genetic connective tissue disorders characterized by symptoms that may include joint hypermobility, skin hyperextensibility (stretchiness), easy bruising, chronic joint and\/or limb pain, and in some cases, life-threatening complications. EDS is caused by mutations in genes responsible for the production of collagen, which results in weakened connective tissue and various clinical manifestations across multiple organ systems. There are currently thirteen recognized subtypes of EDS, each with its own clinical presentation and genetic cause."},{"name":"Angiosarcoma","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Polyvinyl chloride exposure","Arsenic exposure","Thorotrast exposure"]},"description":"Angiosarcoma is a rare type of cancer that affects the inner lining of blood vessels, lymph vessels, or the lining of the heart. It is a highly aggressive cancer that can spread quickly to other parts of the body. Angiosarcoma can occur anywhere in the body but is most commonly found in the skin, breast, liver, and other soft tissues. It can also occur as a complication of previous radiation therapy. The symptoms of angiosarcoma depend on the location of the tumor and may include pain, swelling, and the formation of a mass or lump. Treatment options include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and targeted therapy. However, the prognosis for angiosarcoma is generally poor."},{"name":"Polyvinyl chloride exposure","after":{"null":["Angiosarcoma"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Polyvinyl chloride exposure refers to the contact or inhalation of the chemical compound polyvinyl chloride (PVC). PVC is commonly used in the manufacturing of pipes, flooring, and other construction materials, as well as in medical devices and toys. Exposure to PVC can occur through the inhalation of dust or vapors during manufacturing or installation, or through skin contact with products containing PVC. Prolonged or excessive exposure to PVC can lead to health effects such as respiratory complications, skin irritation, and toxicity to internal organs. Workers in industries that involve the use of PVC should take precautions to minimize their exposure to the chemical."},{"name":"Arsenic exposure","after":{"null":["Angiosarcoma"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Arsenic exposure refers to the intake or absorption of arsenic into the body. Arsenic is a toxic metalloid that can enter the body through inhalation, ingestion, or contact with the skin. Arsenic exposure can lead to a range of health problems, including skin lesions, cancers of the lung, bladder, and skin, and cardiovascular disease. Chronic exposure to arsenic has also been linked to developmental delays and intellectual impairment in children. Arsenic exposure is most commonly associated with drinking water that has been contaminated with the element, but it can also occur in industrial and occupational settings."},{"name":"Thorotrast exposure","after":{"null":["Angiosarcoma"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Thorotrast exposure refers to the exposure to radiation from medical imaging procedures or occupational work with the chemical thorium dioxide (Thorotrast). Thoronium emissions from Thorotrast can cause damage to tissues, organs and DNA, leading to an increased risk of cancer and other health problems. This substance is no longer in use due to its harmful effects."},{"name":"Kaposi Sarcoma","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["HHV-8 Infection","Immunosuppresion"]},"description":"Kaposi Sarcoma is a type of cancer that causes abnormal growth of blood vessels and leads to the development of tumors in the skin, mucous membranes, and internal organs. It is primarily seen in people with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV\/AIDS, and is caused by a virus called human herpes virus 8 (HHV-8). The tumors may be red, purple, or brown in color and can be small or large. Kaposi Sarcoma is often treated with chemotherapy or radiation therapy."},{"name":"HHV-8 Infection","after":{"null":["Kaposi Sarcoma"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"HHV-8 (Human Herpesvirus 8) infection is a viral infection caused by a herpesvirus that can lead to the development of Kaposi sarcoma, a type of cancer that can affect the skin, mouth, and other organs. HHV-8 is transmitted through sexual contact, blood transfusions, and organ transplants, and is more common in people with weakened immune systems, including those with HIV\/AIDS. Symptoms of HHV-8 infection can include skin lesions, fever, and swollen lymph nodes. There is no cure for HHV-8 infection, but antiviral medications and treatments for Kaposi sarcoma can help manage symptoms."},{"name":"Immunosuppresion","after":{"null":["Kaposi Sarcoma","Cervical Cancer","Oral candidiasis","Hairy Leukoplakia","Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy"]},"before":{"null":["Lymphopenia"]},"description":"Immunosuppression refers to the deliberate or unintentional suppression of the immune system, which is responsible for protecting the body against various infections and diseases. This can occur naturally due to aging or illness, or it can be induced through medication or medical treatment, such as chemotherapy or organ transplantation. Immunosuppression can leave a person vulnerable to infections and diseases that their immune system would otherwise be able to fight off."},{"name":"Ventricular fibrillation","after":{"null":["Sudden Cardiac Death"]},"before":{"null":["Myocardial Infarction"]},"description":"Ventricular fibrillation (VF) is a life-threatening cardiac arrhythmia (abnormal heart rhythm) in which the ventricles (lower chambers of the heart) quiver rapidly and inefficiently, reducing blood flow to the body. VF can cause sudden cardiac arrest and may result in death within minutes if not treated promptly with defibrillation (shock)."},{"name":"Fibrinous pericarditis","after":{"null":["Pericarditis"]},"before":{"null":["Myocardial Infarction"]},"description":"Fibrinous pericarditis is a condition characterized by the inflammation of the pericardium, the sac-like structure that encloses the heart. The inflammation is caused by the accumulation of fibrin, a protein that is involved in the blood clotting process. Fibrinous pericarditis can result from a variety of causes, including infection, autoimmune disorders, trauma, cancer, and heart surgery. The condition can lead to symptoms such as chest pain, shortness of breath, and an irregular heartbeat. Treatment options may include medication, drainage of fluid accumulated around the heart, and surgery."},{"name":"Ventricular wall rupture","after":{"null":["Cardiac Tamponade","Pericardial Effusion"]},"before":{"null":["Myocardial Infarction"]},"description":"Ventricular wall rupture refers to the condition where there is a tear or a hole in the wall of the ventricle (lower chamber of the heart) causing the blood to leak out of the heart. This is a life-threatening condition usually caused by a heart attack or other cardiac diseases. The rupture can lead to heart failure, cardiac shock, and sudden death. Immediate medical attention and treatment are necessary to increase the chances of survival."},{"name":"Septal rupture","after":{"null":["Right to left shunt"]},"before":{"null":["Myocardial Infarction"]},"description":"Septal rupture refers to an abnormality in the septum, a wall between two cavities or structures in the body. The term is often used in reference to a tear or breakage in the septum of the heart, creating a hole (ventricular septal defect) that allows blood to mix between the two ventricles. Septal rupture can also occur in the nasal septum, causing a deviated septum that can result in breathing difficulties. In general, septal rupture refers to a structural defect that impairs the normal function of the affected organ or system."},{"name":"Papillary muscle rupture","after":{"null":["Mitral Regurgitation"]},"before":{"null":["Myocardial Infarction"]},"description":"Papillary muscle rupture is a medical condition where the papillary muscles, which are responsible for maintaining the tension of the heart valves, become damaged or torn. This condition can lead to serious complications, including mitral valve regurgitation, heart failure, and even death. The most common cause of papillary muscle rupture is a heart attack, but it can also occur due to other heart conditions, such as infective endocarditis or trauma to the chest. Symptoms may include chest pain, shortness of breath, rapid heartbeat, and fainting. Timely diagnosis and treatment are essential for managing this condition and preventing severe complications."},{"name":"Ventricular aneurysm","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Myocardial Infarction"]},"description":"Ventricular aneurysm is a condition where a weakened area of the heart muscle (ventricular wall) bulges or balloons out, causing disruption in the normal heart function. It can occur after a heart attack or other cardiac injury that damages the heart muscle, causing a scar to form. The aneurysm may cause symptoms such as chest pain, shortness of breath, and palpitations, and can lead to heart failure or arrhythmias if left untreated. Treatment may include medication, surgery, or other interventions to address the underlying cause and prevent complications."},{"name":"Mural thrombus","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Myocardial Infarction","Atrial fibrillation"]},"description":"Mural thrombus refers to the formation of a blood clot on the wall (mural) of a blood vessel or the heart. It can occur as a complication of certain medical conditions that disrupt the normal blood flow and promote clotting, such as atherosclerosis, heart valve disease, and atrial fibrillation. Mural thrombus can cause obstruction of blood flow, leading to tissue damage, organ dysfunction, and potentially life-threatening complications such as stroke or heart attack."},{"name":"Dressler syndrome","after":{"null":["Pericarditis"]},"before":{"null":["Myocardial Infarction"]},"description":"Dressler syndrome is a condition that is characterized by inflammation of the sac surrounding the heart (pericarditis), fever, and chest pain. It is typically seen several weeks to several months after a heart attack, heart surgery, or injury to the heart muscle (myocardial infarction). The exact cause of Dressler syndrome is unknown, but it is believed to result from an autoimmune response triggered by damage to the heart tissue. Treatment usually involves medications to reduce inflammation and pain, and in some cases, surgical intervention may be necessary."},{"name":"Hours","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"An hour is a unit of time equal to 60 minutes or 3,600 seconds. It is used to measure the duration of an event or the amount of time spent on a task."},{"name":"Heart Failure (Right Sided)","after":{"null":["Peripheral Edema","Congestive hepatopathy","Pleural Effusion","Portal Hypertension","Jugular Venous Distention","Cardiac Cachexia"]},"before":{"null":["Heart Failure (Left Sided)","Dilated Cardiomyopathy","Pulmonary Hypertension WHO group II","Cor Pulmonale","Restrictive Cardiomyopathy"]},"description":"Right-sided heart failure is a condition where the right side of the heart is not able to pump blood effectively to the lungs for oxygenation. It is often caused by underlying conditions such as pulmonary hypertension, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), or left-sided heart failure. Symptoms may include shortness of breath, fatigue, swelling in the legs and ankles, and fluid retention in the body. Treatment involves addressing the underlying cause, improving heart function, and managing symptoms."},{"name":"weeks-months","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"or weeks to months conversion?Weeks and months are units of time used to measure duration. Weeks are shorter units of time, with 1 week being equal to 7 days. Months are longer units of time, with 1 month being equal to approximately 4.35 weeks or 30.44 days.To convert weeks to months, you can divide the number of weeks by 4.35 or multiply it by 0.23. For example, 10 weeks is equivalent to 2.3 months (10\/4.35 = 2.3).Conversely, to convert months to weeks, you can multiply the number of months by 4.35 or divide it by 0.23. For example, 3 months is equivalent to 13.05 weeks (3 x 4.35 = 13.05)."},{"name":"Genetic","after":{"null":["Dilated Cardiomyopathy"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Genetics refers to the study of genes, heredity, and variation in living organisms. It involves the identification and analysis of genes, the ways in which they are inherited and expressed, and how they interact with the environment to produce physical and behavioral traits. Genetics also involves the study of mutations, genetic disorders, and the application of genetic knowledge in medical and agricultural fields."},{"name":"Doxorubicin","after":{"null":["Dilated Cardiomyopathy"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Doxorubicin is a type of chemotherapy medication used to treat various types of cancer, including breast cancer, leukemia, and lymphoma. It works by interfering with the DNA in cancer cells, which slows or stops their growth and division. Doxorubicin is usually given as an injection or infusion in a hospital or clinic setting. It has also been used in some cases as a component of combination therapy."},{"name":"Chagas Disease","after":{"null":["Dilated Cardiomyopathy","Achalasia"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Chagas disease, also known as American trypanosomiasis, is a parasitic infection caused by the Trypanosoma cruzi parasite. It is transmitted to humans and animals through the bite of infected triatomine bugs (also known as \"kissing bugs\"), contaminated blood transfusions, or from mother to child during pregnancy. It primarily affects individuals in rural and impoverished areas of Latin America but has spread to other parts of the world through human migration and international travel. Chagas disease can lead to serious health complications, including heart disease and digestive problems, and can be fatal if left untreated."},{"name":"Restrictive Cardiomyopathy","after":{"null":["Heart Failure (Left Sided)","Kussmaul Sign","Heart Failure (Right Sided)","Low QRS amplitude"]},"before":{"Myocardial":["Scleroderma","Amyloidosis","Sarcoidosis","Hemochromatosis","Gaucher Disease"],"Endomyocardial":["Endocardial Fibroelastosis","Eosinophilia","Ionizing radiation","Carcinoid Heart Disease"],"null":[]},"description":"Restrictive cardiomyopathy is a type of heart disease in which the heart muscle becomes stiff and cannot relax properly. This leads to decreased filling of the heart chambers, reducing the amount of blood pumped out with each heartbeat. This condition can cause heart failure, arrhythmias, and other complications. The term \"restrictive\" refers to the reduced ability of the heart to stretch and expand during the filling phase of the cardiac cycle, which limits the volume of blood that can be accommodated."},{"name":"Endocardial Fibroelastosis","after":{"null":["Restrictive Cardiomyopathy"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Endocardial Fibroelastosis (EFE) is a rare heart condition where the endocardium (the lining of the heart chambers) thickens and becomes fibrous, leading to reduced function of the heart valves and chambers. This condition is most commonly seen in infants and children, but can also occur in adults. The cause of EFE is not well understood, although it may be related to genetics or viral infections. Symptoms vary but can include shortness of breath, fatigue, palpitations, and swelling of the legs and abdomen. Treatment may include medications to manage symptoms and surgery to repair or replace damaged heart valves."},{"name":"Loffler Syndrome","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Eosinophilia"]},"description":"L\u00f6ffler syndrome is a rare and usually mild disorder characterized by an abnormal increase in white blood cells called eosinophils in the lungs and sometimes other organs or tissues. It is usually associated with a temporary, pneumonia-like respiratory illness that may cause cough with bloody sputum, fever, and fatigue. L\u00f6ffler syndrome is believed to be caused by an allergic reaction to various substances such as parasites, drugs, or fungal infections."},{"name":"Low QRS amplitude","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Restrictive Cardiomyopathy"]},"description":"Low QRS amplitude refers to a reduction in the height of the QRS complex on an electrocardiogram (ECG). This can be caused by a variety of factors including heart disease, conduction system abnormalities, electrolyte imbalances, drugs, or metabolic disorders. It may also be a normal variant in some individuals. The significance of low QRS amplitude depends on the underlying cause and clinical context."},{"name":"Influenza Virus","after":{"null":["Myocarditis"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Influenza virus is a highly contagious respiratory virus that belongs to the family Orthomyxoviridae. It is responsible for causing the flu, a common respiratory illness that affects the nose, throat, and lungs. The virus is characterized by its ability to mutate rapidly, leading to the emergence of new strains that can cause widespread epidemics and pandemics. The virus is transmitted through the air by coughing, sneezing, or talking, or by touching a surface contaminated with the virus and then touching the mouth or nose. Symptoms of the flu include fever, cough, sore throat, runny or stuffy nose, body aches, headache, chills, and fatigue. Influenza can be prevented through vaccination and treated with antiviral medications."},{"name":"Vocal Cord Nodule","after":{"null":["Hoarseness"]},"before":{"null":["Excessive use of vocal cords"]},"description":"Vocal Cord Nodule is a benign growth on the vocal cords caused by excessive strain on the voice. It is a small, localized swelling and may occur singly or in clusters. It often causes hoarseness or partial loss of voice, fatigue while speaking, and a rough or scratchy sounding voice."},{"name":"Laryngeal Papilloma","after":{"null":["Hoarseness","Laryngeal Carcinoma"]},"before":{"null":["HPV"]},"description":"Laryngeal papilloma refers to an abnormal growth of small, wart-like bumps on the vocal cords and other parts of the larynx (voice box). This condition is caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV) and can affect individuals of all ages, but is most common in young children. Laryngeal papilloma can cause hoarseness, difficulty in speaking, and breathing problems, and may require surgical intervention to remove the growths. It is a benign condition, but it can be recurrent and require ongoing treatment."},{"name":"Excessive use of vocal cords","after":{"null":["Vocal Cord Nodule"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Excessive use of vocal cords refers to the repetitive and prolonged use of the vocal cords beyond their capacity, resulting in vocal fatigue, hoarseness, and even vocal damage. It can be caused by factors such as overuse in singing, speaking loudly or for extended periods, or improper techniques when using the voice. It can also occur as a result of medical conditions, such as acid reflux, allergies or laryngitis. Chronic excessive use of vocal cords can lead to more serious vocal disorders such as nodules and polyps."},{"name":"HPV","after":{"null":["Laryngeal Papilloma","Genital wart","Cervical Cancer","Condyloma Acuminatum","Vulvar Carcinoma","Vaginal Carcinoma","Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Penis"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"HPV (human papillomavirus) is a common virus that can infect the skin and mucous membranes of humans. There are over 100 different types of HPV, some of which can cause warts on the hands and feet, while others can cause genital warts and some cancers, such as cervical cancer. HPV is transmitted through skin-to-skin contact with an infected person, usually during sexual activity. Most cases of HPV infection go away on their own, but some can lead to more serious health problems. Vaccines are available to help prevent infection with certain types of HPV."},{"name":"Laryngeal Carcinoma","after":{"null":["Hoarseness"]},"before":{"null":["Alcoholism","Smoking","Laryngeal Papilloma"]},"description":"Laryngeal carcinoma is a type of cancer that develops in the tissues of the larynx, which is also known as the voice box. It usually begins in the lining of the vocal cords and can spread to other parts of the throat and neck. Symptoms may include difficulty swallowing, hoarseness, coughing up blood, or a sore throat that does not go away. Treatment typically includes surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy, depending on the stage and location of the cancer."},{"name":"Urinary Tract Infection","after":{"null":["Bacteremia","Orchitis","Pyelonephritis","Cystitis","Pyuria"]},"before":{"null":["Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia"]},"description":"A urinary tract infection (UTI) is an infection that occurs in any part of the urinary system including the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. It is usually caused by bacteria that enter the urethra and multiply in the urinary tract. Symptoms can include pain or burning during urination, frequent urination, and cloudy or strong-smelling urine. UTIs are treated with antibiotics, and individuals can prevent them by drinking plenty of water, urinating frequently, and practicing good hygiene habits."},{"name":"Psoriasis","after":{"null":["Psoriatic Arthritis","Micaceous Plaques"]},"before":{"null":["HLA-C"]},"description":"Psoriasis is a chronic autoimmune disorder that causes red, scaly patches to appear on the skin. The condition occurs when the immune system mistakenly attacks healthy skin cells, leading to an overgrowth of skin cells and the formation of patches. Psoriasis most commonly affects the elbows, knees, scalp, and lower back, but it can occur anywhere on the body. The condition is not contagious but can be uncomfortable and embarrassing for those who have it. There is currently no cure for psoriasis, but treatments can help manage symptoms and improve quality of life."},{"name":"Atopy","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Atopy is a genetic tendency to develop allergic diseases such as allergic rhinitis, asthma, and atopic dermatitis. It is characterized by an overactive immune response to environmental allergens such as pollen, animal dander, and dust mites. People with atopy have a higher risk of developing these conditions, and their symptoms may be more severe. Genetics, environmental factors, and lifestyle factors may all contribute to the development of atopy."},{"name":"Cough","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["COPD","Bronchiectasis","Asthma","GERD","Interstitial Lung Disease","Pneumonia"]},"description":"Cough is a reflex action that helps to clear the airways of the respiratory system by forcefully expelling air from the lungs through the mouth. It is usually caused by irritation or inflammation of the throat, bronchial tubes, or lungs, and can be either acute or chronic in nature. Coughing can be a symptom of several respiratory conditions such as bronchitis, asthma, and pneumonia, as well as allergies and certain medications."},{"name":"Kartagener syndrome (ciliary dysfunction)","after":{"null":["Alcoholism","Bronchiectasis","Sinusitis","Sperm immotility","Situs inversus"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Kartagener syndrome, also known as primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD), is a rare genetic disorder that affects the function of cilia, which are tiny hair-like structures present on the surface of cells in various parts of the body. The dysfunction of cilia leads to a wide range of respiratory, sinus, and fertility problems. People with Kartagener syndrome may have chronic cough, bronchitis, sinusitis, hearing loss, and infertility. The condition is caused by mutations in genes that control the structure and function of cilia. There is currently no cure for Kartagener syndrome, and treatment focuses on managing symptoms to improve quality of life."},{"name":"Sinusitis","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Kartagener syndrome (ciliary dysfunction)"]},"description":"Sinusitis is a common condition in which the sinuses become inflamed and swollen, causing symptoms such as headache, facial pain, nasal congestion, and pressure in the head. It can be caused by a variety of factors, including viruses, bacteria, allergies, and structural abnormalities in the sinuses. Treatment typically involves antibiotics, decongestants, and pain relievers, and in severe cases, surgery may be necessary to correct underlying structural problems."},{"name":"Sperm immotility","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Kartagener syndrome (ciliary dysfunction)"]},"description":"Sperm immotility refers to the condition where sperm cells are unable to move forward or swim properly. This condition can lead to infertility in men as it affects the ability of sperm to fertilize an egg. Immotile sperm may have a structural defect or metabolic dysfunction that prevents them from propelling themselves efficiently towards the egg."},{"name":"Situs inversus","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Kartagener syndrome (ciliary dysfunction)"]},"description":"Situs inversus is a medical condition in which the normal positioning of organs in the chest and abdominal cavity is reversed from the typical anatomical arrangement. In situs inversus, the heart is located on the right side of the chest instead of the left, and other organs such as the liver and spleen are also reversed. This condition is usually present from birth and does not typically cause any significant health problems, although it can make diagnosis of certain medical conditions more challenging due to the unusual placement of organs."},{"name":"Pulmonic Stenosis","after":{"null":["Cor Pulmonale","Right Ventricular Pressure Overload"]},"before":{"null":["Tetralogy of Fallot","Carcinoid Heart Disease"]},"description":"Pulmonic stenosis is a heart valve disorder in which the opening of the valve between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery is narrowed, leading to restricted blood flow from the heart to the lungs. This can cause the heart to work harder and may ultimately result in heart failure. Symptoms of pulmonic stenosis can include shortness of breath, fatigue, chest pain, and fainting."},{"name":"Fetal Alcohol Syndrome","after":{"null":["Ventricular Septal Defect","Mental retardation","Microcephaly"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) is a group of physical and mental defects that can develop in a fetus when a pregnant woman drinks alcohol during pregnancy. FAS can cause growth problems, facial abnormalities, brain damage, and behavioral and cognitive problems in children. It is a preventable condition if women avoid alcohol during pregnancy."},{"name":"Eisenmenger Syndrome","after":{"null":["Right to left shunt"]},"before":{"null":["Atrial Septal Defect (LA to RA)","Ventricular Septal Defect"]},"description":"Eisenmenger syndrome refers to a rare condition where a congenital heart defect causes abnormal blood flow and increased pressure in the pulmonary artery, leading to the development of pulmonary hypertension. As a result, the shunt is reversed, causing blood flow to be redirected from the lungs into the systemic circulation. This can lead to cyanosis (a blueish tinge to the skin due to lack of oxygen), shortness of breath, and other complications. The condition mostly affects individuals with complex congenital heart defects and it is considered a serious and life-threatening condition."},{"name":"Ostium Secundum","after":{"null":["Atrial Septal Defect (LA to RA)","Right Axis Deviation on EKG"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Ostium secundum is a type of congenital heart defect characterized by an abnormal opening in the septum between the two atria of the heart. This opening allows oxygenated and deoxygenated blood to mix, which can lead to health complications such as heart failure and pulmonary hypertension. It is one of the most common types of atrial septal defects."},{"name":"Ostium Primum","after":{"null":["Atrial Septal Defect (LA to RA)","Left Axis Deviation on EKG"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Ostium primum is a term used in medicine to refer to the first opening or orifice that connects the left and right atria of the heart during fetal development. It is normally closed after birth as the foramen ovale closes, but if it remains open, it can cause a congenital heart defect known as an atrial septal defect."},{"name":"Paradoxical Embolus","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Atrial Septal Defect (LA to RA)"]},"description":"A paradoxical embolus is a blood clot that originates in a venous circulation, travels to the arterial circulation through an interatrial shunt, and causes blockage of an arterial blood vessel. It is called paradoxical because the clot travels against the normal direction of blood flow, from the venous system to the arterial system, and causes unexpected symptoms or complications. The most common site of a paradoxical embolus is the brain, causing a stroke or transient ischemic attack, but other organs can also be affected, such as the heart, lungs, or limbs. The risk of paradoxical embolism is increased in individuals with a patent foramen ovale, atrial septal defect, or other congenital heart anomalies that allow the shunting of blood between the two atria."},{"name":"Congenital Rubella","after":{"null":["Patent Ductus Arteriosus"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Congenital Rubella Syndrome (CRS) is a group of physical, mental, and neurological birth defects that occur in an infant whose mother was infected with rubella virus (also known as German measles) during pregnancy. The virus can cross the placenta and cause damage to the developing fetus. The severity of the defects varies depending on the timing of infection during pregnancy. CRS can lead to hearing loss, vision problems, heart defects, intellectual disabilities, and other complications."},{"name":"Tetralogy of Fallot","after":{"null":["Right to left shunt","Ventricular Septal Defect","Right Ventricular Hypertrophy (RVH)","Pulmonic Stenosis","Overriding Aorta"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Tetralogy of Fallot is a congenital heart defect characterized by four defects that affect the structure of the heart. These four defects include a ventricular septal defect (hole in the wall that divides the two lower chambers of the heart), pulmonary stenosis (narrowing of the pulmonary valve and artery), overriding aorta (aorta is shifted to the right and above the ventricular septal defect), and right ventricular hypertrophy (thickening of the right ventricular wall). Together, these defects can cause inadequate oxygenation and cyanosis (bluish tint to skin) because oxygen-poor blood is being pumped from the right ventricle to the body instead of being sent to the lungs to be oxygenated."},{"name":"Overriding Aorta","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Tetralogy of Fallot"]},"description":"Overriding aorta refers to a congenital heart defect in which the aorta is positioned directly over the ventricular septal defect, allowing oxygen-poor blood to mix with oxygen-rich blood. It is a condition commonly seen in patients with a combination of tetralogy of Fallot and ventricular septal defect. In this condition, the aortic arch lies directly over the ventricular septal defect instead of over the left ventricle, resulting in the mixing of oxygen-poor and oxygen-rich blood. This can lead to inadequate oxygenation of the body and various symptoms ranging from mild to severe, including shortness of breath, blueish discoloration of the skin, fatigue, and irregular heartbeat."},{"name":"Strep Pharyngitis","after":{"null":["Pharyngitis","Acute Rheumatic Fever","Poststreptococcal Glomerulonephritis"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Strep pharyngitis, commonly referred to as strep throat, is a bacterial infection that affects the throat and tonsils. It is caused by group A Streptococcus bacteria and is highly contagious. Symptoms can include a sore throat, fever, swollen lymph nodes, and difficulty swallowing. Treatment typically involves antibiotics."},{"name":"Acute Rheumatic Fever","after":{"null":["Myocarditis","Pericarditis","Mitral Regurgitation","Endocarditis","Migratory polyarthritis","Subcutaenous nodules","Erythema marginatum","Sydenham chorea","Aortic Regurgitation","Rheumatic Heart Disease"]},"before":{"null":["Strep Pharyngitis"]},"description":"Acute Rheumatic Fever is a systemic inflammatory disorder that occurs as a complication of untreated or inadequately treated Group A Streptococcal (GAS) infection, particularly pharyngitis or tonsillitis. It is characterized by inflammation of the joints, heart, skin, and nervous system, and typically develops two to four weeks after the onset of GAS infection. ARF is most common in children aged 5-15 years and can lead to permanent damage to heart valves if left untreated."},{"name":"Migratory polyarthritis","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Acute Rheumatic Fever"]},"description":"Migratory polyarthritis is a condition characterized by joint pain and inflammation that affects multiple joints in a sequential manner, with each joint becoming inflamed and painful before symptoms move to another joint. This condition can be caused by a variety of factors, including autoimmune disorders, infections, and other underlying conditions. Symptoms may include pain, stiffness, swelling, and redness in the joints, and can be accompanied by fever, fatigue, and other flu-like symptoms. Treatments may include medications to reduce inflammation and manage pain, as well as physical therapy and lifestyle changes to improve joint health and mobility."},{"name":"Friction rub","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Pericarditis"]},"description":"Friction rub is a medical term that refers to an abnormal sound heard during auscultation (listening to the internal sounds of the body using a stethoscope) of the chest or abdomen. The sound is typically described as a grating or rubbing sound that occurs with each heartbeat or breath. It is usually caused by the rubbing of inflamed or irritated tissues against one another, such as the pleural, pericardial or peritoneal membranes. It can indicate underlying medical conditions like pneumonia, tuberculosis, pericarditis, or cancer."},{"name":"Subcutaenous nodules","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Acute Rheumatic Fever"]},"description":"Subcutaneous nodules are firm, typically small lumps that develop just beneath the skin. They can be caused by a variety of conditions, including infections, inflammation, and certain cancers. Subcutaneous nodules are often painless and movable, but can occasionally be tender or fixed in place. They tend to occur in specific areas of the body, such as the fingers, hands, feet and joints."},{"name":"Erythema marginatum","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Acute Rheumatic Fever"]},"description":"Erythema marginatum is a skin rash characterized by raised, reddish or pinkish, circular or oval-shaped patches with a clear center and a margin that is often slightly elevated and irregular in shape. It is a type of erythema, which refers to redness of the skin caused by inflammation, and it typically occurs in the context of certain autoimmune or infectious diseases, such as rheumatic fever, Lyme disease, or viral infections. Erythema marginatum is usually painless and may be accompanied by other symptoms, such as fever or joint pain, depending on the underlying condition. Diagnostic tests may be necessary to determine the cause of the rash and guide appropriate treatment."},{"name":"Sydenham chorea","after":{"null":["Chorea"]},"before":{"null":["Acute Rheumatic Fever"]},"description":"Sydenham chorea is a neurological disorder characterized by rapid, involuntary, and jerky movements of the limbs, face, and tongue. It is usually associated with rheumatic fever, an inflammatory disease that can affect the heart, joints, and other organs. Sydenham chorea is rare and most commonly affects children between the ages of 5 and 15 years. Other symptoms may include muscle weakness, emotional instability, and difficulty with speech and writing. The exact cause of Sydenham chorea is not known, but it is believed to be an autoimmune response triggered by an infection with group A streptococcus bacteria. Treatment may include medications to control symptoms and antibiotics to treat the underlying infection. In most cases, the symptoms of Sydenham chorea improve with time, although some individuals may continue to experience mild symptoms throughout their life."},{"name":"Aortic Regurgitation","after":{"null":["Dilated Cardiomyopathy","Valvular Heart Disease","Increased Pulse Pressure","Diastolic murmur"]},"before":{"Valve leaflet":["Acute Rheumatic Fever","Endocarditis","Bicuspid Aortic Valve","Myxomatous valve","Rheumatic Heart Disease","Congenital fenestration"],"Aortic root disease":["Aortitis","Aortic Dissection","Hypertension","Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm"],"null":[]},"description":"Aortic regurgitation, also known as aortic insufficiency, is a cardiovascular condition in which the aortic valve of the heart does not close tightly enough. This causes blood to flow backwards from the aorta into the left ventricle during diastole (when the heart is relaxed), resulting in increased volume of blood in the heart and increased workload on the heart. Over time, this can lead to heart failure or other complications if left untreated. The severity of aortic regurgitation is typically categorized as mild, moderate, or severe based on the amount of blood flow that leaks back into the left ventricle."},{"name":"Rheumatic Heart Disease","after":{"null":["Aortic Stenosis","Mitral Stenosis","Mitral Regurgitation","Aortic Regurgitation"]},"before":{"null":["Acute Rheumatic Fever"]},"description":"Rheumatic heart disease is a condition that occurs when the heart valves are damaged or scarred by rheumatic fever, a complication of strep throat caused by an autoimmune response to the infection. The damage to the heart valves can lead to problems with blood flow, including leaky or narrowed valves. Rheumatic heart disease can cause several symptoms, such as shortness of breath, chest pain, and swelling in the legs and ankles. The condition can be treated with medication, surgery, or other interventions to manage the symptoms and prevent further damage to the heart."},{"name":"Bicuspid Aortic Valve","after":{"null":["Aortic Stenosis","Aortic Regurgitation","Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"A bicuspid aortic valve is a congenital heart defect in which the aortic valve, located between the heart and the aorta, has two valve leaflets instead of the normal three. This can cause the valve to function improperly and lead to aortic stenosis or regurgitation, which can require medical or surgical intervention."},{"name":"Increased Pulse Pressure","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Aortic Regurgitation"]},"description":"Increased Pulse Pressure refers to the difference between the systolic and diastolic blood pressure readings. It is calculated by subtracting the diastolic blood pressure from the systolic blood pressure. An increase in pulse pressure may be an indication of an underlying medical condition such as hypertension, atherosclerosis, or heart disease. It can also be caused by physical exertion, stress, anxiety, or other factors that increase the demand for oxygen and nutrients in the body. An abnormally high pulse pressure can lead to complications such as stroke, heart failure, or kidney damage if left untreated."},{"name":"Nonbacterial Thrombotic Endocarditis","after":{"null":["Endocarditis"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis (NBTE), also known as marantic endocarditis, is a condition in which small blood clots (thrombi) form on the lining of the heart valves. Unlike bacterial endocarditis, there is no evidence of an infection causing the clots to form. NBTE is typically seen in patients with advanced cancer or other debilitating illnesses. It can cause symptoms such as heart murmur, stroke, and heart failure. Treatment involves managing the underlying illness and preventing complications such as embolization of the clots."},{"name":"Libman Sacks Endocarditis","after":{"null":["Endocarditis"]},"before":{"null":["Lupus"]},"description":"Libman-Sacks endocarditis is a condition in which there is inflammation and formation of small, wart-like growths on the heart valves. It is often seen in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) - an autoimmune disease. The condition can lead to heart failure, stroke, and other serious complications if left untreated."},{"name":"Pulmonic Regurgitation","after":{"null":["Right Ventricular Volume Overload"]},"before":{"null":["Endocarditis"]},"description":"Pulmonic regurgitation, also known as pulmonic insufficiency, is a heart valve disorder that occurs when the pulmonary valve fails to close properly, allowing some of the blood that has been pumped out of the right ventricle to leak back into the right atrium. This can cause the heart to work harder and may result in symptoms such as shortness of breath, fatigue, and swelling in the feet and ankles. Pulmonic regurgitation may be caused by a congenital heart defect, infection, or other underlying medical conditions, and in some cases, treatment may be required to prevent further heart damage."},{"name":"Nasal polyp","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Cystic Fibrosis","Rhinitis","Aspirin intolerant asthma"]},"description":"Nasal polyp is a soft, painless, non-cancerous growth of the nasal mucosa, which is the lining of the nose. These polyps are typically teardrop-shaped or grape-sized and hang down from the mucous membrane in the nose or sinuses. They are caused by chronic inflammation of the nasal passages and sinuses, and are commonly associated with allergies or chronic sinusitis. Symptoms of nasal polyps can include nasal congestion, a runny nose, reduced sense of smell or taste, postnasal drip, and facial pressure or pain. Treatment usually involves medications to reduce inflammation, but surgery may be necessary if the polyps are large or causing significant symptoms."},{"name":"Aspirin intolerant asthma","after":{"null":["Asthma","Nasal polyp"]},"before":{"null":["Aspirin use"]},"description":"Aspirin intolerant asthma (AIA) is a condition in which patients with asthma experience an exaggerated response to aspirin or other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Symptoms may include congestion, wheezing, coughing, and\/or difficulty breathing. AIA affects a small percentage of individuals with asthma, and can be particularly severe or life-threatening in some cases."},{"name":"Stridor","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Laryngotracheobronchitis (Croup)","Foreign body","Anaphylaxis"]},"description":"Stridor is a harsh, high-pitched sound that is heard during breathing when there is obstruction or narrowing of the airway. It is often heard during inspiration and can indicate an underlying respiratory problem, such as asthma, croup, or vocal cord dysfunction. Stridor may be accompanied by difficulty breathing, coughing, wheezing, and other symptoms, and prompt medical attention may be necessary to treat the underlying cause."},{"name":"Laryngotracheobronchitis (Croup)","after":{"null":["Stridor"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Laryngotracheobronchitis, commonly known as croup, is a viral respiratory infection that affects the larynx (voice box), trachea (windpipe), and bronchi (large airways) in children. It causes inflammation and narrowing of the air passages, resulting in coughing, breathing difficulties, and a hoarse voice. It is more common in children between 6 months and 3 years of age and is usually a mild condition that resolves on its own within a week or two. However, in severe cases, hospitalization may be required to manage symptoms and prevent complications."},{"name":"Foreign body","after":{"null":["Stridor"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"A foreign body refers to any object, substance, or material that is not naturally present or supposed to be inside the body. It is something that enters the body through the nose, mouth, ears, or any other opening and causes an injury, irritation, or infection. Examples of foreign bodies may include dirt, dust, food particles, splinters, insects, chemicals, or any other object or substance that can cause harm or discomfort to the body. The presence of foreign bodies can cause serious health complications and may require medical attention to remove them."},{"name":"Anaphylaxis","after":{"null":["Stridor"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Anaphylaxis is a severe and potentially life-threatening allergic reaction that occurs rapidly and affects the whole body. It is caused by the release of chemicals which cause the airways to narrow and restrict breathing, as well as low blood pressure and other symptoms such as skin rash, swelling, and gastrointestinal disturbance. Anaphylaxis typically occurs in response to exposure to an allergen, such as an insect sting, certain foods, medications, or latex. It requires immediate emergency treatment with epinephrine (adrenaline) injection, as well as supportive care."},{"name":"Genital wart","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["HPV"]},"description":"Genital wart, also known as Condyloma acuminatum, is a sexually transmitted infection that causes the growth of small, flesh-colored or grayish bumps on and around the genital and anal areas. The warts are caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV) and can be spread through sexual contact. They may appear singly or in clusters and may itch or bleed. Genital warts can be treated, but there is no cure for HPV. It is important to practice safe sex and get regular cervical cancer screenings to reduce the risk of developing complications from HPV."},{"name":"Cervical Cancer","after":{"null":["Vaginal bleeding","Postrenal AKI","Hydronephrosis"]},"before":{"null":["Smoking","Immunosuppresion","HPV"]},"description":"Cervical cancer is a type of cancer that develops in the cervix, which is the lower part of the uterus that connects to the vagina. It usually starts with the abnormal growth of cells in the lining of the cervix, known as cervical dysplasia, and can progress to invasive cancer. Cervical cancer can be caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV) and often has no symptoms in its early stages, making regular screening and testing important for early detection and treatment. Symptoms may include abnormal vaginal bleeding, pelvic pain, and pain during sexual intercourse."},{"name":"Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis","after":{"null":["Pulmonary Fibrosis"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic lung disease that causes the thickening and scarring of lung tissue. The cause is unknown in most cases, hence the term \"idiopathic.\" It can increase over time and make it difficult to breathe. The scarring of lung tissue can be gradual, or it can happen suddenly. Over time, it can lead to respiratory failure and death. There is no cure, but there are medications and lung therapies that can help manage symptoms and improve quality of life."},{"name":"Bleomycin","after":{"null":["Pulmonary Fibrosis"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Bleomycin is a medication used in cancer chemotherapy. It works by blocking DNA synthesis in cancer cells, which can prevent their growth and spread. It is primarily used to treat cancers of the testicles, lymph nodes, head and neck, and skin. Bleomycin is typically given by injection or infusion into a vein, and is administered by a healthcare professional in a hospital or clinic setting. Possible side effects of bleomycin include lung damage, skin rash, fever, and nausea."},{"name":"Amiodarone use","after":{"null":["Pulmonary Fibrosis"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Amiodarone is a medication used to treat certain types of irregular heartbeats (arrhythmias). It works by slowing down the electrical signals in the heart, allowing the heart to beat more regularly. It is typically used in patients with atrial fibrillation, ventricular fibrillation, and other serious heart conditions. Amiodarone is available in both oral and intravenous forms."},{"name":"Noncaseating Granulomas","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Sarcoidosis"]},"description":"Noncaseating granulomas are small clumps of immune cells that form in certain tissues and organs in response to prolonged inflammation or infection. Unlike caseating granulomas, which are necrotic and have a central area of dead tissue, noncaseating granulomas are typically made up of epithelioid cells, giant cells, lymphocytes, and other immune cells. These granulomas can occur in various parts of the body, such as the lungs, skin, eyes, and lymph nodes, and are often associated with autoimmune diseases, sarcoidosis, or infections like tuberculosis and fungal diseases."},{"name":"Cardiac","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Cardiac refers to anything related to the heart, including its structure, function, and diseases. It can also refer to medical treatments or procedures that involve the heart, such as cardiac surgery or cardiac rehabilitation. The term is derived from the Greek word kardia, meaning heart."},{"name":"Pulmonary","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Pulmonary refers to anything relating to or affecting the lungs. It can refer to diseases or conditions that affect the lungs, or to medical procedures or devices that are used to treat lung-related health problems. The term \"pulmonary\" comes from the Latin word \"pulmo\" which means lung."},{"name":"Esophageal","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Esophageal refers to the esophagus, which is the muscular tube that connects the throat to the stomach. It is responsible for transporting food and liquids from the mouth to the stomach for digestion. Esophageal can also refer to conditions or diseases that affect the esophagus."},{"name":"Gaucher Disease","after":{"null":["Restrictive Cardiomyopathy"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Gaucher disease is a rare genetic disorder in which a person lacks an enzyme called glucocerebrosidase, which leads to an accumulation of a fatty substance called glucocerebroside in different organs of the body, including the spleen, liver, lungs, brain, and bone marrow. This can cause a range of symptoms, including swollen spleen and liver, anemia, bone pain, fractures, and neurological problems. There are three different types of Gaucher disease, ranging in severity from mild to severe. There is no cure for the disease, but treatment can help manage symptoms and improve quality of life."},{"name":"Cardiac (Non-EM)","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Cardiac (Non-EM) refers to medical conditions or procedures that involve the heart and are not related to emergency medicine. This can include preventative care such as regular checkups, management of chronic conditions such as hypertension or heart disease, and treatment for non-life-threatening heart-related issues such as arrhythmia or heart failure. Non-EM cardiac care typically involves ongoing monitoring, medication, lifestyle changes, and various diagnostic tests and procedures."},{"name":"Pulmonary (EM)","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Pulmonary refers to the lungs, while EM stands for Emergency Medicine. Therefore, pulmonary (EM) refers to emergency medicine related to the treatment of lung-related medical conditions and emergencies."},{"name":"Pulmonary (Non-EM)","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Pulmonary refers to anything related to the lungs and the respiratory system. This can include diseases, conditions, and medications that affect breathing or the lungs. Non-EM stands for non-emergency, meaning that the condition or issue in question is not considered urgent or life-threatening."},{"name":"Myxomatous valve","after":{"null":["Aortic Regurgitation"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Myxomatous valve refers to a heart valve that has undergone degenerative changes, resulting in thickening and ballooning of the valve leaflets. This condition is also known as mitral valve prolapse (MVP), which commonly affects the mitral valve of the heart, but can also affect other valves. Myxomatous valve may cause a functional disturbance or regurgitation of the valve, leading to various symptoms such as chest pain, shortness of breath, and palpitations. It can be genetic or acquired, and treatment options may include medication, surgery, or lifestyle modifications."},{"name":"MSK\/Skin","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"MSK stands for musculoskeletal, which refers to the muscles, bones, and joints of the body. Skin refers to the outer protective layer of the body that covers the muscles, bones, and internal organs."},{"name":"Herpes Zoster","after":{"null":["Superficial Chest Pain"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Herpes zoster, also known as shingles, is a viral infection that causes a painful rash. It is caused by the reactivation of the varicella-zoster virus, which also causes chickenpox. After someone has had chickenpox, the virus can remain dormant in their body and then reactivate later in life, causing herpes zoster. The rash typically appears on one side of the body and follows a specific nerve pattern. It is most commonly seen in older adults or people with weakened immune systems."},{"name":"Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis","after":{"null":["Interstitial Lung Disease"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) is a heterogeneous group of immunologically mediated lung diseases caused by an exaggerated immune response to inhaled environmental antigens from various sources, such as fungi, bacteria, animal proteins, and chemicals. It is characterized by diffuse inflammation of the alveoli, terminal bronchioles, and interstitium of the lungs, leading to cough, dyspnea, fever, and fatigue. HP can progress to irreversible fibrosis and respiratory failure if left untreated. Diagnosis requires a combination of medical history, physical examination, radiological findings, and laboratory tests, including serology and bronchoalveolar lavage. The treatment includes avoidance of the inciting antigens, systemic corticosteroids, and immunosuppressive agents in severe cases."},{"name":"Mesothelioma","after":{"null":["Restrictive Lung Disease"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Mesothelioma is a rare form of cancer that affects the mesothelium, a thin tissue layer that covers organs in the body, including the lungs, heart, and abdomen. The cancer is usually caused by exposure to asbestos, a naturally occurring mineral that was commonly used in building and industrial materials until the 1980s. Symptoms of mesothelioma often do not appear until many years after the initial exposure to asbestos and can include difficulty breathing, chest pain, and coughing. Treatment options for mesothelioma include surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy."},{"name":"Aphthous Ulcer","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Crohn Disease","Anxiety","Behcet Syndrome"]},"description":"Aphthous ulcer, also known as canker sore, is a common type of oral ulceration that appears as a painful and shallow lesion or sore in the mouth, typically on the inner surface of the lips, cheeks, tongue, or gums. It is a recurring condition, characterized by the formation of small white or yellowish dots surrounded by a red ring, and can cause discomfort while eating, speaking, or brushing teeth. Aphthous ulcers are not contagious and may be caused by a variety of factors, such as stress, trauma, hormonal changes, certain foods, or underlying medical conditions. They usually heal on their own within one to two weeks but can be treated with topical ointments, mouthwashes, or pain relievers to manage symptoms."},{"name":"Uveitis","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Sarcoidosis","Crohn Disease","Behcet Syndrome","Ankylosing Spondylitis"]},"description":"Uveitis is an inflammatory condition that affects the uvea, which is the middle layer of the eye that contains the iris, the choroid, and the ciliary body. It can also affect other parts of the eye, such as the retina, vitreous, optic nerve, and sclera. Uveitis may cause eye pain, redness, light sensitivity, blurred vision, floaters, and in severe cases, vision loss. It may be caused by an infection, an autoimmune disease, or an injury and can be treated with anti-inflammatory medications, corticosteroids, immunosuppressants, or antibiotics. Early diagnosis and treatment can help prevent serious complications and preserve vision."},{"name":"Behcet Syndrome","after":{"null":["Aphthous Ulcer","Uveitis","Genital ulcer"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Behcet Syndrome is a rare autoimmune disorder that causes inflammation in blood vessels throughout the body. This can lead to a range of symptoms that vary from person to person and may include recurring mouth sores, genital sores, skin lesions, eye inflammation, arthritis, and gastrointestinal problems. The cause of Behcet Syndrome is not fully understood, but it is believed to be related to a combination of genetic and environmental factors. There is currently no cure for Behcet Syndrome, but treatment can help manage symptoms and prevent complications."},{"name":"Genital ulcer","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Behcet Syndrome"]},"description":"A genital ulcer is a sore or lesion that forms on the genital area, including the penis, vagina, anus, or surrounding skin. These ulcers can be caused by a number of different conditions, including sexually transmitted infections such as herpes, syphilis, chancroid, or HIV\/AIDS. Genital ulcers may also be caused by non-sexually transmitted conditions such as autoimmune disorders, inflammatory diseases, or skin conditions like psoriasis or eczema. Symptoms of genital ulcers may include pain, itching, burning, and swelling in the affected area, and may also be accompanied by fever, fatigue, and other flu-like symptoms in some cases. Treatment for genital ulcers varies depending on the underlying cause and may include prescription medications, topical ointments or creams, or other interventions."},{"name":"Oral candidiasis","after":{"null":["White deposit on tongue"]},"before":{"null":["Immunosuppresion"]},"description":"Oral candidiasis, also known as thrush, is a fungal infection caused by an overgrowth of Candida yeast in the mouth and throat area. It presents as white or yellowish patches on the tongue, gums, tonsils, or inside the cheeks. Oral candidiasis is more common in infants, elderly people, and individuals with weakened immune systems. It can also occur in people who use certain medications, wear dentures, or have specific medical conditions such as diabetes. Treatment options include antifungal medications, topical creams, and good oral hygiene practices."},{"name":"White deposit on tongue","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"Scrapes away":["Oral candidiasis"],"Does not scrape":["Leukoplakia"],"null":[]},"description":"White deposit on the tongue is a term used to describe the presence of a coating or whitish layer on the surface of the tongue. It is often caused by an overgrowth of bacteria, fungi, or other microorganisms in the mouth, and can also be a sign of dehydration, poor oral hygiene, or other underlying health conditions. In some cases, white tongue may be accompanied by other symptoms such as bad breath, dry mouth, or a burning sensation."},{"name":"Leukoplakia","after":{"null":["White deposit on tongue"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Leukoplakia is a condition of the mouth in which thick, white patches or spots form on the gums, tongue, inside of the cheeks, or roof of the mouth. These patches cannot be scraped off and may be painless, but they can be sensitive to touch, heat, or spicy foods. Leukoplakia can be a harmless condition or may be a sign of a more serious condition such as oral cancer, and it should be evaluated by a dentist or doctor. It is commonly associated with tobacco use, alcohol consumption, and poor oral hygiene."},{"name":"Hairy Leukoplakia","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Immunosuppresion","Ebstein Barr Virus (EBV)"]},"description":"Hairy leukoplakia is a white, corrugated (ridged) lesion on the side of the tongue or inside of the cheek. It is most commonly seen in people with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV\/AIDS. The lesion is caused by a virus called the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and is characterized by hair-like projections on the surface. Hairy leukoplakia is not cancerous and usually does not require treatment, but it may be a sign of a weakened immune system."},{"name":"Mumps","after":{"null":["Pancreatitis","Meningitis","Primary Hypogonadism","Orchitis","Parotitis"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Mumps is a viral infection that primarily affects the salivary glands, which are located near the ears. It is caused by the paramyxovirus and is highly contagious. Symptoms include swollen and painful salivary glands, fever, headache, fatigue, and muscle aches. In some cases, mumps can lead to more serious complications such as meningitis, encephalitis, or deafness. Vaccination is the most effective way to prevent mumps."},{"name":"Orchitis","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Urinary Tract Infection","Mumps","Chlamydia","Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection","Autoimmune orchitis"]},"description":"Orchitis is an inflammation of one or both testicles, typically caused by a bacterial or viral infection. It can cause pain and swelling in the affected area and may also result in fever and other flu-like symptoms. Orchitis can affect men of any age, but it is most common in young adult males. In some cases, orchitis may lead to complications such as infertility or testicular atrophy."},{"name":"Parotitis","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Mumps","Sialolithiasis"]},"description":"Parotitis is inflammation of one or both parotid glands, which are major salivary glands located behind the jaw and in front of the ears. It often causes pain and swelling in the affected area. The condition can be caused by viral or bacterial infections, autoimmune diseases, or blockage of the salivary ducts. Symptoms typically include pain in the affected gland, swelling, tenderness, difficulty opening the mouth, and sometimes fever and chills. Treatment options may include antibiotics, pain relievers, warm compresses, and in severe cases, surgery."},{"name":"Scrapes away","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Scrapes away refers to the action of removing or peeling off a thin layer of material or substance from a surface using a scraping tool or a rough surface. It can also mean to rub off or wear away something through friction or erosion."},{"name":"Does not scrape","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"As an AI language model, I cannot conclusively determine the specific context you are referring to that defines \"Does not scrape.\" However, generally speaking, the term \"does not scrape\" refers to a process or activity that does not involve extracting data or information from a webpage, website, or other online platforms through automated tools or techniques. Instead, it may rely on manual or human-driven methods to obtain the desired information."},{"name":"Ebstein Barr Virus (EBV)","after":{"Primary":["Infectious Mononucleosis"],"Secondary":["Hairy Leukoplakia","Burkitt Lymphoma"],"null":["Hepatitis"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a member of the herpesvirus family and is one of the most common human viruses. It was discovered in 1964 by Dr. Michael Epstein and Dr. Yvonne Barr. EBV is known to cause infectious mononucleosis, also known as \"mono\" or the \"kissing disease,\" and is associated with several types of cancer, including lymphoma and nasopharyngeal cancer. It is transmitted through saliva and can remain dormant in the body for years, reactivating and causing illness later in life. There is currently no vaccine to prevent EBV infection."},{"name":"Primary","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"The primary refers to something that is first in importance or position, or the main or central element of something. It can also refer to the initial stage or beginning of something."},{"name":"Secondary","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Secondary refers to anything that follows the primary or initial phase or thing. It can also refer to something that is of lesser importance, rank, or significance compared to something else. In education, secondary refers to the level of schooling that follows primary education and typically covers grades 9-12 or ages 14-18."},{"name":"Sialolithiasis","after":{"null":["Parotitis"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Sialolithiasis is a medical condition in which a stone or calculus forms inside a salivary gland or duct. This condition can cause pain and swelling in the affected gland, as well as difficulty opening the mouth and eating. In some cases, it may also lead to infection or obstruction of the salivary gland. Treatment may involve removal of the stone through surgery or conservative management like increasing fluid intake, warm compresses, or medications to help stimulate saliva flow."},{"name":"Parotid mass","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Pleomorphic adenoma","Warthin tumor","Mucoepidermoid carcinoma"]},"description":"A parotid mass is an abnormal lump or growth that develops in the parotid gland, which is the largest salivary gland located in front of the ear, between the skin and the jawbone. The mass can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous), and can cause symptoms such as pain, swelling, and difficulty with eating and speaking. A diagnostic examination is required to determine the nature of the parotid mass, which may involve imaging tests, biopsy, or surgical removal."},{"name":"Pleomorphic adenoma","after":{"null":["Parotid mass"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Pleomorphic adenoma is a benign tumor that develops in the salivary glands, mostly the parotid gland. It is also known as mixed tumor since it is composed of both epithelial and mesenchymal tissue. The tumor has variable size and shape, and can cause facial deformity or obstruction in the gland. It has a high tendency of recurrence and very rarely develops into a malignant tumor."},{"name":"Warthin tumor","after":{"null":["Parotid mass"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Warthin tumor, also known as papillary cystadenoma lymphomatosum, is a benign tumor that develops in the salivary gland, most commonly in the parotid gland. It is composed of both epithelial and lymphoid tissues, giving it a unique appearance under a microscope. The tumor is named after Dr. Aldred Warthin, who first described it in 1929. Warthin tumors are usually asymptomatic but may cause pain or swelling in the affected gland. Treatment may involve surgical removal of the tumor, depending on the size and location."},{"name":"Mucoepidermoid carcinoma","after":{"null":["Parotid mass"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Mucoepidermoid carcinoma is a type of cancer that primarily occurs in the salivary glands, but can also occur in other parts of the body like the bronchial tract, lacrimal gland, thyroid gland, and paranasal sinuses. This type of cancer is composed of a mixture of mucus-producing cells and epidermal cells. Symptoms vary depending on the location of the cancer, but may include pain or swelling in the affected area, difficulty swallowing or breathing, and changes in speech or vision. Treatment typically involves surgical removal of the tumor, along with radiation therapy and\/or chemotherapy. Prognosis depends on various factors such as the stage of the cancer and the overall health of the individual."},{"name":"Esophageal Web","after":{"null":["Dysphagia","Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma"]},"before":{"null":["Plummer Vinson Syndrome"]},"description":"Esophageal web is a thin membrane of tissue that stretches across the inside of the esophagus, the muscular tube that connects the throat to the stomach. It is a rare condition that can cause difficulty swallowing, especially with solid foods, and can sometimes lead to malnutrition. Esophageal web can be congenital or acquired and may require treatment if the symptoms are severe."},{"name":"Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma","after":{"null":["Esophageal Carcinoma"]},"before":{"null":["Alcoholism","Smoking","Esophageal Web","Achalasia","Very hot tea"]},"description":"Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is a type of cancer that develops in the lining of the esophagus, the muscular tube that carries food and liquid from the mouth to the stomach. ESCC is called squamous cell carcinoma because it arises from the flat, thin cells (squamous cells) that line the inside of the esophagus. This type of cancer is most common in parts of Asia and Africa, and is associated with alcohol and tobacco use, as well as poor nutrition and certain infections. Symptoms of ESCC include difficulty swallowing, chest pain, weight loss, and hoarseness. Treatment options typically involve surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these approaches."},{"name":"Plummer Vinson Syndrome","after":{"null":["Iron Deficiency","Glossitis","Esophageal Web"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Plummer-Vinson Syndrome, also known as Paterson-Kelly Syndrome, is a rare condition characterized by a triad of symptoms consisting of iron-deficiency anemia, difficulty in swallowing (dysphagia), and webs or ring-like bands of tissue in the upper part of the esophagus (esophageal webs). It is commonly seen in middle-aged women and is associated with chronic malnutrition and low levels of iron in the body. The condition is generally treatable with nutritional supplements and endoscopic therapy, but may increase the risk of cancer in the affected area if not diagnosed and treated in a timely manner."},{"name":"Zenker Diverticulum","after":{"null":["Dysphagia","Esophageal obstruction","Halitosis"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Zenker diverticulum (also known as pharyngoesophageal diverticulum) is a pouch or sac that develops in the wall of the pharynx (the part of the throat that connects the mouth with the esophagus) usually just above the upper esophageal sphincter. It is caused by the herniation of the mucous membrane and the underlying layers through a weak area in the muscle wall of the pharynx. The condition can cause difficulty in swallowing or regurgitation of food and can be treated through surgery or endoscopic techniques."},{"name":"Esophageal obstruction","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Zenker Diverticulum"]},"description":"Esophageal obstruction refers to a blockage or narrowing of the esophagus, which is the muscular tube that connects the throat to the stomach, and is responsible for transporting food and fluids from the mouth to the stomach. The obstruction can be caused by a variety of factors, such as structural abnormalities, inflammation, tumors, foreign objects, or abnormal muscle function, and can result in difficulty swallowing, chest pain, regurgitation, and other symptoms. Severe or untreated obstructions can lead to complications such as aspiration pneumonia, malnutrition, and even death."},{"name":"Halitosis","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Zenker Diverticulum","Achalasia"]},"description":"Halitosis is a condition commonly known as bad breath, which is characterized by an unpleasant odor coming from the mouth, nose, or throat. It can have various causes, including poor oral hygiene, certain foods and drinks, tobacco products, dry mouth, and underlying medical conditions."},{"name":"Bulimia","after":{"null":["Mallory Weiss Tear"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Bulimia, also known as bulimia nervosa, is an eating disorder characterized by a cycle of binge eating followed by compensatory behavior such as purging (vomiting, laxative use), fasting, or excessive exercise. People with bulimia often feel a lack of control during binge episodes and may feel shame and guilt afterward. They may also have distorted body image and fear weight gain, which drives their disordered eating behavior. Bulimia can have serious health consequences and requires professional treatment."},{"name":"Hematemesis","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding (UGIB)"]},"description":"Hematemesis is a medical condition characterized by the vomiting of blood. The blood may be bright red or dark, and may be mixed with other materials in the stomach. Hematemesis is typically caused by bleeding in the upper gastrointestinal tract, which includes the esophagus, stomach, or the first part of the small intestine. This can be caused by a variety of conditions, including peptic ulcers, gastritis, esophageal varices, and cancer. Hematemesis can be a serious and life-threatening condition, and medical attention should be sought immediately if symptoms occur."},{"name":"Achalasia","after":{"null":["Dysphagia","Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma","Halitosis","\"bird beak\" sign on barium xray"]},"before":{"null":["Chagas Disease","Idiopathic Achalasia"]},"description":"Achalasia is a rare disorder of the esophagus that affects the ability of the esophageal sphincter to relax and allow food to pass into the stomach. This results in difficulty swallowing, chest pain, and regurgitation of food. It is caused by damage or dysfunction to the nerves in the esophagus. Treatment options include medication, dilation of the esophagus, or surgery."},{"name":"Idiopathic Achalasia","after":{"null":["Achalasia"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Idiopathic Achalasia is a medical condition where there is a failure of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) to relax during swallowing, leading to difficulty in food and liquid passing through the esophagus into the stomach. The term \"idiopathic\" implies that the cause of the condition is unknown or not clearly defined. Achalasia is a rare disorder, and it affects the nerves surrounding the gastroesophageal junction, leading to the abnormal behavior of the LES muscle. Symptoms may include difficulty swallowing, chest pain, regurgitation of food and liquid, weight loss, and heartburn."},{"name":"\"bird beak\" sign on barium xray","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Achalasia"]},"description":"a radiographic description of the tapering off of the distal esophagus commonly seen in achalasia"},{"name":"Hiatal hernia","after":{"null":["GERD"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Hiatal hernia is a condition in which a portion of the stomach bulges up through the diaphragm and into the chest cavity, resulting in symptoms such as heartburn, chest pain, difficulty swallowing, and regurgitation of food or stomach acid into the throat. It is caused by a weakening or separation of the muscles and tissues that normally keep the stomach in its proper location below the diaphragm. Hiatal hernias can be classified as sliding or paraesophageal, depending on the position of the stomach relative to the esophagus. Treatment options include lifestyle modifications, medications, and surgery."},{"name":"Caffeine","after":{"null":["GERD"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Caffeine is a naturally occurring stimulant that belongs to a class of compounds called xanthines. It is found in many commonly consumed products, including coffee, tea, chocolate, and energy drinks, and is known for its ability to temporarily increase alertness, improve mood, and enhance physical performance. Caffeine works by blocking adenosine receptors in the brain, which can promote wakefulness and reduce feelings of tiredness. However, excessive consumption of caffeine can lead to negative effects such as insomnia, anxiety, and increased heart rate."},{"name":"Esophageal Carcinoma","after":{"null":["Dysphagia","Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding (UGIB)"]},"before":{"null":["Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma","Esophageal Adenocarcinoma"]},"description":"Esophageal carcinoma, also known as esophageal cancer, is a type of cancer that develops in the esophagus or the tube that connects the throat to the stomach. It is usually caused by abnormal cell growth in the lining of the esophagus, which can spread to nearby tissues and organs if left untreated. Esophageal carcinoma is often diagnosed at an advanced stage because the early symptoms are often non-specific and can mimic other conditions. Treatment options include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and targeted therapy, depending on the stage and type of cancer."},{"name":"Esophageal Adenocarcinoma","after":{"null":["Esophageal Carcinoma"]},"before":{"null":["Barrett Esophagus (Columnar metaplasia)"]},"description":"Esophageal adenocarcinoma is a type of cancer that occurs in the lining of the esophagus, the muscular tube that connects the throat to the stomach. It is often associated with chronic acid reflux and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), which can cause inflammation and damage to the lining of the esophagus over time. The cancer cells in esophageal adenocarcinoma are typically glandular or columnar in shape and can spread to nearby lymph nodes and other organs if left untreated. Symptoms may include difficulty swallowing, chest pain, heartburn, and weight loss. Treatment options include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and targeted therapy drugs."},{"name":"Very hot tea","after":{"null":["Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"As an AI language model, I do not have personal experiences or emotions to qualify what is considered \"very hot tea.\" However, in general terms, very hot tea refers to tea that is served at a temperature that is hotter than the average drinking temperature. Hot tea is usually served at around 160-180\u00b0F (71-82\u00b0C), but very hot tea could be anywhere from 180-212\u00b0F (82-100\u00b0C) and may require additional time to cool before consuming to avoid burning the mouth."},{"name":"Gastritis","after":{"null":["Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding (UGIB)"]},"before":{"null":["Alcoholism","Increased intracranial pressure","H. Pylori Infection","NSAID use","Burns","Shock","Atrophic (Autoimmune) Gastritis"]},"description":"Gastritis is an inflammation or irritation of the lining of the stomach. It can be acute (sudden onset) or chronic (long-term or recurring), and it can be caused by a variety of factors such as alcohol consumption, prolonged use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), Helicobacter pylori infection, or autoimmune disease. Symptoms of gastritis may include abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, bloating, and loss of appetite. The condition can be diagnosed through medical tests such as endoscopy, biopsy, and blood tests. Treatment options include medication to reduce inflammation, antibiotics to treat H. pylori infection, and lifestyle changes such as avoiding alcohol and spicy foods."},{"name":"Shock","after":{"null":["Acute Tubular Necrosis","Gastritis","Lactic Acidosis","Ischemic Hepatitis","Prerenal AKI"]},"before":{"null":["Cardiogenic Shock","Septic Shock","Anaphylactic Shock","Hypovolemic Shock","Neurogenic Shock"]},"description":"Shock is a life-threatening medical emergency characterized by inadequate blood flow to the organs and tissues of the body, which leads to cellular and tissue damage. Shock can be caused by a variety of factors, including severe injury, illness, or infection, and can result in organ failure and even death if not promptly treated. Symptoms of shock may include low blood pressure, rapid or irregular heartbeat, cool and clammy skin, and confusion or unconsciousness. Immediate medical attention is required if shock is suspected."},{"name":"Atrophic (Autoimmune) Gastritis","after":{"null":["Pernicious anemia","Gastritis","Intestinal Type Gastric Carcinoma"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Atrophic (Autoimmune) Gastritis is a chronic autoimmune disorder that occurs when the immune system mistakenly attacks and damages the cells of the stomach lining, leading to inflammation and atrophy of the glandular cells that produce stomach acid and intrinsic factor. This can cause a deficiency of vitamin B12, which is essential for the production of red blood cells and proper nervous system function. People with atrophic gastritis may experience symptoms such as stomach pain, indigestion, nausea, and vomiting, and may be at increased risk for developing stomach cancer. Treatment may involve vitamin B12 supplementation and medication to reduce stomach acid production."},{"name":"Gastric Carcinoma","after":{"null":["Peptic Ulcer","Leser Trelat sign","Acanthosis Nigricans"]},"before":{"null":["Intestinal Type Gastric Carcinoma","Diffuse type (Signet ring)"]},"description":"Gastric carcinoma, commonly known as stomach cancer, is a malignant tumor that originates in the cells lining the stomach. It is a type of cancer that develops slowly over many years and can spread to nearby tissues and organs such as the liver, lymph nodes, and lungs. The exact cause of gastric carcinoma is not known, but risk factors include a family history of the disease, eating a diet high in salty or smoked foods, tobacco and alcohol use, and infection with the bacteria Helicobacter pylori. Symptoms can include abdominal pain, bloating, nausea, and unexplained weight loss. Diagnosis is typically made through a combination of medical history, physical examination, imaging tests, and biopsy. Treatment options include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and targeted therapy, depending on the size and stage of the tumor and other factors. Early detection is key to improving outcomes for patients with gastric carcinoma."},{"name":"Leser Trelat sign","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Gastric Carcinoma"]},"description":"Leser Trelat sign, also known as the Leser-Tr\u00e9lat sign, is a sudden eruption of multiple seborrheic keratoses all over the body. These are benign warty growths that usually develop in old age. However, if they appear suddenly, in large numbers and with rapid growth, it may indicate an underlying cancer, particularly gastrointestinal malignancies such as stomach and colon cancer. Therefore, Leser Trelat sign is an important indicator of an underlying malignancy, especially in elderly patients."},{"name":"Acanthosis Nigricans","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Gastric Carcinoma"]},"description":"Acanthosis Nigricans is a skin condition characterized by dark, thick, and velvety patches typically developing on the neck, armpits, groin, and other skin folds. It is often associated with obesity and insulin resistance and can also be a sign of an underlying medical condition such as diabetes, polycystic ovary syndrome, or cancer."},{"name":"Intestinal Type Gastric Carcinoma","after":{"null":["Gastric Carcinoma","Periumbilical met (Sis Mary Joseph nodule)"]},"before":{"null":["H. Pylori Infection","Atrophic (Autoimmune) Gastritis","Nitrosamine in smoked foods","Blood type A"]},"description":"Intestinal type gastric carcinoma is a type of stomach cancer that arises from the glandular cells lining the inner surface of the stomach. It is typically characterized by a well-defined area of cancerous tissue that forms in the stomach lining and closely resembles the appearance and structure of normal intestinal tissues. This type of cancer tends to develop slowly over time and may display a range of symptoms, including abdominal pain, weight loss, nausea, vomiting, and bleeding from the digestive tract. Intestinal type gastric carcinoma is often diagnosed through a combination of imaging tests, endoscopy, and biopsy. Treatment options may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or a combination of these approaches, depending on the extent and severity of the cancer."},{"name":"Diffuse type (Signet ring)","after":{"null":["Gastric Carcinoma","Linitis Plastica","Bilateral ovary metastasis (Krukenberg tumor)"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"The diffuse type, also known as the signet ring type, is a type of adenocarcinoma cancer characterized by the presence of cells that are filled with mucin material, giving the appearance of a signet ring. These cells are large and round, and their nucleus is often pushed to one side by the accumulation of mucin. This type of cancer tends to grow diffusely throughout the tissue rather than forming a distinct tumor mass. It is most commonly found in the stomach, but can also occur in other organs such as the breast and colon."},{"name":"Linitis Plastica","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Diffuse type (Signet ring)"]},"description":"Linitis Plastica is a type of stomach cancer that affects the upper part of the stomach and causes a thickening and hardening of the stomach wall. This leads to a decreased ability of the stomach to expand and contract, resulting in a loss of normal stomach function. The condition is often accompanied by symptoms such as abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting. Linitis Plastica is a rare form of cancer and is often difficult to diagnose and treat."},{"name":"Nitrosamine in smoked foods","after":{"null":["Intestinal Type Gastric Carcinoma"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Nitrosamines are a type of chemical compound that can form in smoked foods containing nitrates\/nitrites (usually from added curing salts). They are formed due to a reaction between the amines (found in protein-containing foods such as meat, fish, and cheese) and the nitrosating agents (such as nitrites) in the curing process. Nitrosamines are considered carcinogenic and may increase the risk of certain types of cancer if consumed in high amounts over time. To reduce the formation of nitrosamines, it is recommended to limit the consumption of smoked and cured foods, and to avoid overcooking such foods."},{"name":"Blood type A","after":{"null":["Intestinal Type Gastric Carcinoma"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Blood type A is a blood classification system where red blood cells have surface markers known as antigen A. This means that people with blood type A have red blood cells with antigen A on their surface and antibodies against antigen B in their plasma. Blood type A can be further categorized as either A positive or A negative, depending on whether the individual has the Rh factor on their red blood cells. Blood type A is one of four main blood types, with the others being B, AB, and O."},{"name":"Bilateral ovary metastasis (Krukenberg tumor)","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Diffuse type (Signet ring)"]},"description":"Bilateral ovary metastasis (Krukenberg tumor), also known as Krukenberg carcinoma, is a rare cancer that occurs when cancer cells from a primary tumor, usually in the gastrointestinal tract, spread to the ovaries. The metastases in the ovaries typically contain mucin-secreting signet-ring cells, and can cause enlargement of the ovaries and various symptoms, such as abdominal pain, bloating, and menstrual irregularities. The prognosis for Krukenberg tumors is generally poor due to the aggressive nature of the cancer and its tendency to spread to other organs. Treatment usually involves surgery followed by chemotherapy."},{"name":"Periumbilical met (Sis Mary Joseph nodule)","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Intestinal Type Gastric Carcinoma"]},"description":"A Periumbilical met or a Sister Mary Joseph nodule is a lump or nodule that appears on or near the navel. It is usually a sign of underlying cancer, most commonly gastrointestinal or gynecological in origin, and indicates that the cancer has spread to the abdomen. The nodule is named after Sister Mary Joseph, a surgical assistant who worked with Dr. William J. Mayo, who first identified the correlation between the appearance of the nodule and the presence of cancer in the abdomen. The nodule is a clinical sign and not a disease entity."},{"name":"Volvulus","after":{"null":["Colonic infarction"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Volvulus is a condition in which a loop of intestine twists around itself or another part of the intestine, causing a blockage and potentially cutting off blood flow to that section of the bowel. This can lead to severe pain, bloating, abdominal swelling, and potentially life-threatening complications if left untreated. Volvulus most commonly affects the large intestine, but can occur in any part of the gastrointestinal tract."},{"name":"Colonic infarction","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Volvulus","Intussusception"]},"description":"Colonic infarction is a medical condition that occurs when the blood flow to the colon is restricted or blocked, resulting in tissue death or necrosis in the affected part of the colon. It is usually caused by a sudden blood clot or a narrowing of the blood vessels due to atherosclerosis or other conditions that affect blood flow. Symptoms of colonic infarction include abdominal pain, bloating, diarrhea, and rectal bleeding. It is a serious condition and requires immediate medical attention. If left untreated, it can lead to sepsis, bowel perforation, and other life-threatening complications."},{"name":"Intussusception","after":{"null":["Colonic infarction"]},"before":{"null":["Colon Cancer","Lymphoid hyperplasia"]},"description":"Intussusception is a medical condition in which one segment of the intestine invaginates, or folds, into another segment of the intestine. This can cause a blockage and lead to abdominal pain, vomiting, and rectal bleeding. Intussusception is most commonly seen in infants and young children and often requires surgery to correct. It can also occur in adults, but it is much less common."},{"name":"Lymphoid hyperplasia","after":{"null":["Appendicitis","Intussusception"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Lymphoid hyperplasia refers to the enlargement or increase in the number of lymphoid tissues or cells in the body. It is a normal physiological response to the presence of antigens (harmful substances) or other stimuli which activate the immune system. Lymphoid hyperplasia can occur in various organs such as the lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, adenoids, and other lymphoid tissues. It is commonly associated with infections, inflammation, autoimmune disorders, and other immune-mediated diseases. In most cases, lymphoid hyperplasia is benign and resolves on its own once the underlying cause is treated. However, in some cases, it may require further investigation or treatment if it causes significant symptoms or complications."},{"name":"Superior Mesenteric Artery Thrombosis","after":{"null":["Mesenteric Ischemia"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Superior Mesenteric Artery Thrombosis (SMAT) is a condition in which there is a blood clot formation in the superior mesenteric artery, a major blood vessel that supplies blood to the small intestine. This leads to reduced blood flow to the small intestine, which can cause damage and ultimately lead to gangrene and death if left untreated. SMAT is a medical emergency and requires immediate treatment to prevent irreversible damage. The condition is most commonly seen in elderly patients with underlying conditions such as atherosclerosis, hypercoagulable states, or cardiac disease. Symptoms of SMAT include severe abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Diagnosis is made through imaging studies such as CT scan or ultrasound, and treatment usually involves anticoagulant therapy or surgery to remove the thrombus."},{"name":"Superior mesenteric vein thrombosis","after":{"null":["Mesenteric Ischemia"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Superior mesenteric vein thrombosis (SMVT) is a medical condition characterized by the formation of a blood clot in the superior mesenteric vein (SMV), which is a large blood vessel that carries blood from the small intestine, colon, and part of the stomach to the liver. SMVT can cause abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and other digestive symptoms, and in severe cases, it can lead to intestinal ischemia or infarction, which can be life-threatening. SMVT can occur due to a variety of factors, including blood disorders, abdominal surgery, inflammatory bowel disease, certain medications, and cancer. Treatment typically involves blood thinners to dissolve the clot and prevent further clots from forming. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to remove the clot or repair the vein."},{"name":"Bloody diarrhea","after":{"null":["Lower Gastrointestinal Bleed (LGIB)"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Bloody diarrhea is a medical condition in which the stool or feces contains blood or mucus, giving it a reddish or maroon color. This can be a sign of a number of different conditions ranging from mild to severe and can be caused by infections, inflammatory bowel disease, hemorrhoids, or colorectal cancer, among other things. Bloody diarrhea can be accompanied by other symptoms such as abdominal pain, cramping, fever, nausea, and vomiting, and should be evaluated by a healthcare professional as soon as possible."},{"name":"Decreased bowel sounds","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Mesenteric Ischemia"]},"description":"Decreased bowel sounds, also known as hypoactive bowel sounds, refer to a decrease in the normal frequency and intensity of bowel sounds heard on auscultation with a stethoscope. It means that the natural sounds made by the digestive system during digestion are quieter than usual and can indicate a decrease in bowel motility or function. It can be caused by a variety of factors, including surgery, medications, constipation, bowel obstruction, or neurological disorders."},{"name":"Lactose Intolerance","after":{"null":["Diarrhea"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":""},{"name":"Dermatitis Herpetiformis","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Celiac Disease"]},"description":"Dermatitis herpetiformis (DH) is a chronic autoimmune disorder characterized by the appearance of small, itchy blisters and bumps on the skin. It is closely associated with celiac disease, and both conditions are triggered by exposure to gluten, a protein found in wheat, barley, and rye. The exact cause of DH is unknown, but it is believed to be caused by an abnormal immune response to gluten that leads to inflammation in the skin. Treatment typically involves a combination of a gluten-free diet and medication to control the symptoms."},{"name":"Tropheryma whippelii","after":{"null":["Whipple Disease"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":""},{"name":"Abetalipoproteinemia","after":{"null":["Malabsorption"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Abetalipoproteinemia is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by the inability to produce and transport lipoproteins, resulting in the malabsorption of fat-soluble vitamins, progressive neuropathy, and other metabolic and neurological abnormalities. It is caused by mutations in the MTP (microsomal triglyceride transfer protein) gene and typically presents in early childhood with failure to thrive, steatorrhea, and fat-soluble vitamin deficiencies. Treatment involves a specialized diet and vitamin supplements."},{"name":"Carcinoid Tumor","after":{"null":["Carcinoid Syndrome","Carcinoid Heart Disease"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Carcinoid tumor is a type of neuroendocrine tumor that originates in the cells of the neuroendocrine system, which is responsible for the production of hormones and regulating various bodily functions. Carcinoid tumors can occur anywhere in the body but are most commonly found in the gastrointestinal tract, lungs, and appendix. These tumors are usually slow-growing and may not cause symptoms until they have spread to other parts of the body. Treatment options include surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy."},{"name":"Carcinoid Syndrome","after":{"null":["Diarrhea","Bronchospasm","Skin flushing"]},"before":{"null":["Carcinoid Tumor"]},"description":"Carcinoid syndrome is a group of symptoms caused by the release of chemicals (such as serotonin) from a rare type of cancerous tumor called a carcinoid tumor. Symptoms may include flushing, diarrhea, difficulty breathing, heart palpitations, and abdominal pain. The syndrome can occur in patients with both benign and malignant carcinoid tumors."},{"name":"Carcinoid Heart Disease","after":{"null":["Restrictive Cardiomyopathy","Pulmonic Stenosis","Tricuspid Stenosis"]},"before":{"null":["Carcinoid Tumor"]},"description":"Carcinoid heart disease is a condition in which abnormal fibrous tissue grows throughout the heart in response to excess serotonin produced by certain types of neuroendocrine tumors, called carcinoid tumors. This can lead to damage of the heart valves and chambers, causing symptoms such as shortness of breath, fatigue, and palpitations. It is a rare condition that occurs in only a small percentage of people with carcinoid tumors."},{"name":"Bronchospasm","after":{"null":["Wheezing"]},"before":{"null":["Asthma","Carcinoid Syndrome"]},"description":"Bronchospasm is the constriction or narrowing of the airways in the lungs due to the tightening of the smooth muscles that surround them. This can lead to difficulty breathing, wheezing, coughing, and shortness of breath. It is a common symptom of asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and other respiratory conditions. Bronchospasm can be triggered by a variety of factors including allergies, environmental irritants, exercise, and infections."},{"name":"Skin flushing","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Carcinoid Syndrome","Scromboid"]},"description":"Skin flushing is a temporary reddening of the skin due to increased blood flow, typically in response to an emotion, such as embarrassment or anger, or due to a physical response, such as exercise or exposure to hot temperatures. It can also be a side effect of certain medications, alcohol or spicy foods. The flushing may be accompanied by a sensation of warmth and sometimes itching or tingling."},{"name":"Periappendiceal abscess","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Appendicitis"]},"description":"A periappendiceal abscess is a collection of pus that forms in the tissues around the appendix. It is a complication of appendicitis where the inflamed appendix gets blocked and the infection spreads to the surrounding tissues, leading to the formation of an abscess. The abscess may cause symptoms such as fever, abdominal pain, and swelling. Treatment usually involves drainage of the abscess and antibiotics. If left untreated, a periappendiceal abscess can lead to serious complications, such as sepsis and organ failure."},{"name":"Ulcerative Colitis","after":{"null":["Abdominal Pain","Colon Cancer","Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis","Lower Gastrointestinal Bleed (LGIB)","Mucosal ulcers","Toxic Megacolon","P-ANCA","Pyoderma Gangrenosum"]},"before":{"null":["Smoking Cessation"]},"description":"Ulcerative colitis is an inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that causes inflammation and ulcers (sores) in the lining of the large intestine (colon) and rectum. It usually begins gradually and can cause symptoms such as abdominal pain, diarrhea, rectal bleeding, weight loss, and fatigue. The cause of ulcerative colitis is unknown, but it is thought to be a result of a combination of genetic, environmental, and immune system factors. It can be a chronic condition that requires lifelong management."},{"name":"Mucosal ulcers","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Ulcerative Colitis"]},"description":"Mucosal ulcers are open sores or lesions that develop in the mucous membrane lining of organs such as the stomach, mouth, and intestines. These ulcers can be caused by a variety of factors such as infection, injury, inflammation, or autoimmune disorders. Symptoms of mucosal ulcers can vary depending on their location and severity, but commonly include pain, swelling, redness, and difficulty eating or speaking. Treatment options may include medications, surgery, or lifestyle changes depending on the underlying cause."},{"name":"Toxic Megacolon","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Ulcerative Colitis"]},"description":"Toxic megacolon is a rare but life-threatening complication of certain medical conditions, particularly inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), in which the colon (large intestine) becomes severely inflamed and dilated. This can result in a number of serious complications, including bowel perforations, sepsis, and organ failure. Symptoms include severe abdominal pain, bloating, and cramping, fever, rapid heart rate, dehydration, and bloody diarrhea. Treatment typically involves hospitalization and the administration of intravenous fluids, antibiotics, and sometimes surgery to remove the affected section of the colon."},{"name":"Smoking Cessation","after":{"null":["Ulcerative Colitis"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Smoking cessation refers to the cessation or stopping of smoking tobacco products, such as cigarettes, cigars or pipes. It is the process of quitting smoking and overcoming addiction to nicotine, which is a highly addictive substance found in tobacco. The goal of smoking cessation is to reduce the health risks associated with smoking and to improve overall health and well-being. Smoking cessation may involve the use of cessation aids such as nicotine replacement therapy, counseling, and behavioral interventions."},{"name":"P-ANCA","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis","Ulcerative Colitis"]},"description":"P-ANCA stands for perinuclear anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody. It is a type of antibody that reacts with proteins in the nucleus of neutrophils (a type of white blood cell), causing inflammation and damage to blood vessels. P-ANCA is associated with certain autoimmune diseases, such as microscopic polyangiitis, Churg-Strauss syndrome, and ulcerative colitis."},{"name":"Fissures","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Crohn Disease"]},"description":"Fissures refer to a narrow opening or crack, usually in a hard substance like rock or earth. It can also refer to a crack or tear in something softer such as skin or fabric. In medical terms, fissures are often associated with conditions like anal fissures which are small tears in the lining of the anus that cause pain and bleeding during bowel movements."},{"name":"Myocardial","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"infarction?Myocardial infarction (MI), commonly known as a heart attack, occurs when blood flow to a part of the heart is blocked, causing damage to the heart muscle. This usually happens due to the buildup of plaque in the arteries that supply the heart with blood. Symptoms include chest pain, shortness of breath, nausea, vomiting, and anxiety. Prompt medical attention and treatment are essential to prevent further damage and complications."},{"name":"Strictures","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Crohn Disease"]},"description":"Strictures refer to a narrowing of any passage or opening in the body or an abnormal tightness or constriction in a tissue or organ. It can occur due to various reasons such as scarring, inflammation, infection, injury, or surgical procedures. Strictures can impede normal body function and cause complications in various organ systems such as the digestive, respiratory, and urinary systems. Treatment for strictures may include medication, procedures to dilate or remove the narrowing, or surgery."},{"name":"Fistula formation","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Crohn Disease","Diverticulosis"]},"description":"Fistula formation is the abnormal connection between two parts of the body, usually between two organs or a cavity and the skin. It can occur due to various reasons such as injury, infection, inflammation, or surgery. Fistulas can cause severe pain, discomfort, and complications depending on their location, size, and underlying cause. Treatment of fistula formation typically involves surgical intervention or non-surgical methods such as drainage or medication."},{"name":"Ankylosing Spondylitis","after":{"null":["Autoimmune disease","Uveitis","Low Back Pain","Fusion of vertebrae (bamboo spine)","Aortitis","Systemic Inflammation"]},"before":{"null":["Crohn Disease","HLA-B27"]},"description":"Ankylosing spondylitis is a type of arthritis that primarily affects the spine. It causes inflammation of the spinal joints and eventually leads to the fusion of the spine, which can cause stiffness and pain in the lower back and hips. It can also affect other parts of the body, such as the eyes, heart, and lungs. Ankylosing spondylitis is a chronic condition that typically begins in early adulthood and can vary in severity from person to person."},{"name":"Angiodysplasia","after":{"null":["Lower Gastrointestinal Bleed (LGIB)"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Angiodysplasia is a medical condition characterized by abnormal, dilated blood vessels in the gastrointestinal tract, particularly in the colon. It can cause gastrointestinal bleeding and is often seen in elderly patients with chronic kidney disease or aortic stenosis. The exact cause of angiodysplasia is not fully understood, but it is thought to be related to age-related changes in the blood vessels. Treatment may involve medications to control bleeding, endoscopic therapy, or surgery."},{"name":"Scromboid","after":{"null":["Skin flushing"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Scombroid is a type of food poisoning caused by eating fish containing high levels of histamine. The condition is named after the Scombridae fish family, which includes mackerel, tuna, and bonito. When these types of fish are not stored properly or are left at room temperature for too long, the naturally occurring bacteria present on the fish can convert the naturally occurring histidine into histamine. This histamine build-up can cause symptoms such as flushing, headache, sweating, abdominal cramps, and diarrhea."},{"name":"Fecalith","after":{"null":["Appendicitis"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"A fecalith is a hard, calcified mass of feces that develops in the intestines and can cause blockage and inflammation of the bowel. It is also known as a fecal stone or coprolith. Fecaliths are most commonly found in the appendix, but they can also occur in other parts of the intestines. Symptoms of fecaliths include abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, constipation, and fever. Treatment usually involves removal of the fecalith through surgery or colonoscopy."},{"name":"Ischemic colitis","after":{"null":["Lower Gastrointestinal Bleed (LGIB)"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Ischemic colitis is a condition that occurs when there is a reduced blood flow to the colon (large intestine) resulting in damage to the cells lining the colon. It is caused by the interruption of blood supply to the colon due to a variety of conditions such as blood clots, blockage in the arteries supplying the colon, or atherosclerosis. Symptoms of ischemic colitis include abdominal pain, cramping, and bloody diarrhea. Treatment includes supportive care, medications to control symptoms, and surgery in severe cases."},{"name":"Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia","after":{"null":["Lower Gastrointestinal Bleed (LGIB)"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia (HHT), also known as Osler-Weber-Rendu syndrome, is a rare genetic disorder that affects blood vessels. It is characterized by abnormal connections between arteries and veins, causing fragile blood vessels that can rupture and bleed. Symptoms include recurrent nosebleeds, skin discoloration, and small red or purple spots on the skin. HHT can also affect other organs such as the lungs, liver, and brain, leading to more severe complications. The condition is inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern, which means a person with one affected parent has a 50% chance of inheriting the condition."},{"name":"Colonic polyp","after":{"null":["Colon Cancer","Lower Gastrointestinal Bleed (LGIB)"]},"before":{"null":["Familial Adenomatous Polyposis (FAP)","Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome"]},"description":"A colonic polyp is a growth of tissue that protrudes from the lining of the colon into the hollow center of the colon. Polyps can be benign or malignant and are a common finding during colonoscopy screenings. Some polyps, if left untreated, may develop into colon cancer over time. Therefore, polyps are usually removed during a colonoscopy to prevent the development of cancer."},{"name":"Familial Adenomatous Polyposis (FAP)","after":{"null":["Colon Cancer","Colonic polyp"]},"before":{"null":["Gardner Syndrome","Turcot Syndrome"]},"description":"Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) is an inherited genetic disorder that causes the development of multiple non-cancerous (benign) polyps in the colon and rectum. These polyps can become cancerous over time if left untreated. FAP is caused by a mutation in the APC gene, which normally controls the growth and division of cells in the colon and rectum. Symptoms of FAP can include abdominal pain, diarrhea, rectal bleeding, and a family history of colon cancer. Treatment options may include surgery to remove the colon and rectum, regular colonoscopies to monitor for cancerous changes, and genetic counseling for affected individuals and their families."},{"name":"Gardner Syndrome","after":{"null":["Familial Adenomatous Polyposis (FAP)","Osteoma"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Gardner syndrome is a rare inherited disorder characterized by the development of multiple colon polyps, which can lead to the development of colon cancer. In addition, individuals with Gardner syndrome may also develop noncancerous tumors, especially on the skin and soft tissues. Other features of the condition can include dental abnormalities, osteomas (bony growths) of the jaw, and various types of cysts. Gardner syndrome is caused by mutations in the APC gene and is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner. Early diagnosis and regular colonoscopies are important in the management of Gardner syndrome."},{"name":"Osteoma","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Gardner Syndrome"]},"description":"Osteoma is a benign tumor that arises from bone tissue. It typically develops in the skull or facial bones, but may also occur in other areas of the body. Osteomas are usually asymptomatic and do not require treatment unless they cause pain or interfere with bodily functions. They can grow slowly over time but usually, these growths do not spread to other parts of the body."},{"name":"Turcot Syndrome","after":{"null":["Familial Adenomatous Polyposis (FAP)","Medulloblastoma","Glioblastoma","Astrocytoma"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Turcot syndrome is a rare genetic disorder that increases the risk of developing certain types of cancer, particularly those of the colon and the central nervous system. Individuals with Turcot syndrome may also have multiple polyps in the colon and may develop other types of tumors, such as those affecting the skin and connective tissues. It is caused by mutations in certain genes that regulate cell growth and division, and it is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner, which means that an affected person has a 50% chance of passing the mutation on to their children. Treatment for Turcot syndrome typically involves regular monitoring for the development of cancer, as well as surgery and chemotherapy when necessary."},{"name":"Medulloblastoma","after":{"null":["Brain Tumor"]},"before":{"null":["Turcot Syndrome"]},"description":"Medulloblastoma is a type of cancerous tumor that starts in the cerebellum, the region of the brain that controls balance and coordination. It is the most common malignant brain tumor in children and accounts for about 20% of all brain tumors in children. Medulloblastoma can spread to other parts of the brain and spinal cord, and can also spread outside the nervous system to other parts of the body. Symptoms of medulloblastoma can include headaches, nausea, vomiting, blurry vision, unsteadiness or lack of coordination, and changes in behavior or personality. Treatment usually involves a combination of surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy."},{"name":"Glioblastoma","after":{"null":["Brain Tumor"]},"before":{"null":["Turcot Syndrome"]},"description":"Glioblastoma is a type of aggressive cancer that develops in the brain or spinal cord. It is also known as glioblastoma multiforme. It arises from cells that support nerve cells, called astrocytes. Glioblastoma is the most common and malignant form of astrocytoma, accounting for 15% of all brain tumors. It is often life-threatening, with a five-year survival rate of less than 10%. Symptoms may include headaches, seizures, personality changes, and difficulty speaking and remembering things. Treatment typically involves surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy."},{"name":"Astrocytoma","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Turcot Syndrome"]},"description":"Astrocytoma is a type of brain tumor that originates from astrocytes, which are star-shaped cells that provide structural support to the brain and help regulate the flow of nutrients and waste products between neurons and blood vessels. Astrocytomas can be either benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous) and are graded based on their level of aggressiveness. Symptoms of astrocytoma depend on the size and location of the tumor and may include headaches, seizures, cognitive and behavioral changes, and motor deficits. Treatment options typically include surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy."},{"name":"Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome","after":{"null":["Colonic polyp"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome (PJS) is a rare genetic disorder characterized by the development of hamartomatous polyps in the gastrointestinal tract and mucocutaneous hyperpigmentation. The polyps usually develop in the small intestine, but can also occur in the stomach, colon, and rectum. PJS can lead to intestinal obstruction, bleeding, and an increased risk of intestinal cancer. People with PJS also have an increased risk of developing other cancers, including breast, ovarian, and pancreatic cancer. PJS is caused by mutations in the STK11 gene and is inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern."},{"name":"Small Bowel Obstruction","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Annular Pancreas","Gallstone Ileus"]},"description":"Small bowel obstruction refers to a condition in which there is a blockage in the small intestine, which prevents the normal flow of intestinal contents through the bowel. This can be caused by a variety of factors, including scar tissue from surgery, hernias, inflammation, or tumors. Symptoms may include abdominal pain, bloating, constipation, nausea, vomiting, and dehydration. Treatment may involve bowel rest, IV fluids, medication to relieve pain and inflammation, or surgical intervention to remove the blockage."},{"name":"Annular Pancreas","after":{"null":["Small Bowel Obstruction"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Annular pancreas is a rare congenital anomaly in which a band of pancreatic tissue encircles the second part of the duodenum, the first part of the small intestine. This can cause narrowing or blockage of the duodenum, leading to digestive problems. It may also be associated with other congenital anomalies or syndromes. Treatment usually involves surgical correction of the obstruction."},{"name":"Abdominal trauma","after":{"null":["Pancreatitis"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Abdominal trauma refers to physical injury or damage to the structures and organs within the abdomen, which includes the liver, spleen, kidney, pancreas, and intestines. This type of trauma can occur due to a variety of causes, such as blunt force (e.g. car accidents, falls), penetrating injuries (e.g. knife wounds, gunshot wounds), or crush injuries. Symptoms may include abdominal pain, swelling, tenderness, nausea, vomiting, and internal bleeding, which can be life-threatening if not treated promptly."},{"name":"Posterior duodenal ulcer rupture","after":{"null":["Pancreatitis"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"A posterior duodenal ulcer rupture is the condition where an ulcer in the posterior or back wall of the duodenum (the first part of the small intestine) breaks open and spills its contents into the abdominal cavity. This can cause severe pain, inflammation, and infection and is a medical emergency that requires immediate treatment. The most common cause of this condition is the presence of Helicobacter pylori bacteria in the stomach, which can infect the lining of the duodenum and cause ulcers. Other factors that increase the risk of duodenal ulceration and rupture include prolonged NSAID use, smoking, and alcohol abuse."},{"name":"Pancreatic pseudocyst","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Pancreatitis"]},"description":"A pancreatic pseudocyst is a collection of fluid and tissue debris that can develop in the pancreas, typically as a complication of pancreatitis. It is called a \"pseudo\" cyst because it is not a true cyst (which has a lining of epithelial cells), but rather, a collection of fluid enclosed by a fibrous and inflammatory tissue \"wall.\" Symptoms can include abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and jaundice if the cyst compresses the bile duct. Treatment options include observation, intervention with drainage procedures, or surgical resection."},{"name":"Pancreatic Carcinoma","after":{"null":["Abdominal Pain","State of Malignancy","Direct Hyperbilirubinemia","Thrombophlebitis (Trousseau sign)"]},"before":{"null":["Smoking","Chronic Pancreatitis"]},"description":"Pancreatic carcinoma, also known as pancreatic cancer or pancreatic adenocarcinoma, is a malignant tumor that starts in the cells of the pancreas, a gland located in the abdomen that produces enzymes and hormones necessary for digestion and blood sugar regulation. It is a highly aggressive form of cancer that often spreads rapidly to other parts of the body and is difficult to detect and treat in its early stages. Common symptoms of pancreatic carcinoma include abdominal pain, weight loss, and jaundice. Treatment options may include surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy."},{"name":"Thrombophlebitis (Trousseau sign)","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Pancreatic Carcinoma"]},"description":"Thrombophlebitis (Trousseau sign) refers to inflammation and blood clot formation within a vein, commonly in the legs. It is characterized by swelling, redness, warmth, and pain in the affected area. The Trousseau sign is a clinical sign used to help diagnose thrombophlebitis, where pressure on a certain area of the body, such as the arm, can cause involuntary muscle contractions and pain due to the presence of a blood clot. This sign is commonly observed in patients with deep vein thrombosis (DVT) or cancer-associated thrombosis."},{"name":"Choledocolithiasis","after":{"null":["Direct Hyperbilirubinemia"]},"before":{"null":["Gallstones (Cholelithiasis)"]},"description":"Choledocholithiasis is the medical term used to describe the presence of gallstones in the common bile duct. The common bile duct is a tube that carries bile from the liver and gallbladder to the small intestine. When gallstones become lodged in this tube, it can cause pain, blockages and inflammation which can lead to serious complications such as pancreatitis, cholangitis, or liver damage."},{"name":"Biliary colic","after":{"null":["Abdominal Pain"]},"before":{"null":["Gallstones (Cholelithiasis)"]},"description":"Biliary colic is a type of pain that occurs when there is a blockage or obstruction in the bile duct, which leads to the buildup of pressure in the gallbladder and surrounding tissues. The primary symptom is severe pain in the upper right or upper middle section of the abdomen that can last from 15 minutes up to several hours. This type of pain is usually caused by the presence of gallstones or inflammation of the gallbladder. Treatment options for biliary colic may include medication to alleviate pain, surgery to remove the gallbladder, or other medical interventions."},{"name":"Cholecystitis","after":{"null":["Abdominal Pain","Peritonitis","Bacteremia"]},"before":{"null":["Gallstones (Cholelithiasis)"]},"description":"Cholecystitis is a medical condition that involves inflammation of the gallbladder, usually caused by the presence of gallstones or an obstruction of the bile ducts. Symptoms may include abdominal pain, fever, nausea and vomiting, jaundice, and a loss of appetite. Treatment may involve antibiotics, pain management, or surgery to remove the gallbladder."},{"name":"Ascending Cholangitis","after":{"null":["Abdominal Pain","Direct Hyperbilirubinemia","Bacteremia"]},"before":{"null":["Gallstones (Cholelithiasis)","Clonorchis sinensis infection"]},"description":"Ascending cholangitis is a bacterial infection that occurs as a result of the obstruction of the biliary tract, usually by a gallstone or stricture. Bile (digestive juice) that is produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder cannot flow into the small intestine and its back up flows into the liver and causes infection. This condition can lead to inflammation, abscesses, and even sepsis if not treated promptly. Symptoms include right upper abdominal pain, fever, jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), and nausea\/vomiting."},{"name":"Ascaris lumbricoides infection","after":{"null":["Direct Hyperbilirubinemia","Biliary tract infection"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Ascaris lumbricoides infection is a parasitic infection caused by the roundworm Ascaris lumbricoides. The roundworm lives in the intestines of infected humans and spreads through contaminated food and water. Symptoms of the infection may include abdominal pain, diarrhea, vomiting, and weight loss. In severe cases, the roundworm can cause intestinal blockages, appendicitis, or pneumonia. Treatment involves anti-parasitic medication and hygiene measures to prevent re-infection."},{"name":"Cholesterol stone","after":{"null":["Gallstones (Cholelithiasis)"]},"before":{"null":["Hypercholesterolemia"]},"description":"Cholesterol stone is a type of gallstone that is formed when there is an excess of cholesterol in the bile. These stones are usually yellow or green and can range in size from small to large. Cholesterol stones account for about 80% of all gallstones and are more common in women than men. They can cause a range of symptoms including abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and fever. Treatment for cholesterol stones usually involves surgery to remove the gallbladder."},{"name":"Bilirubin stone","after":{"null":["Gallstones (Cholelithiasis)"]},"before":{"null":["Hemolysis","Biliary tract infection"]},"description":"A bilirubin stone is a hard, crystallized deposit that forms in the gallbladder or bile ducts due to an excess of bilirubin in the bile. Bilirubin is produced by the breakdown of red blood cells and is normally processed by the liver and excreted in the bile. However, if there is a blockage in the bile ducts or if the liver is not functioning properly, bilirubin can accumulate and form solid deposits known as bilirubin stones. These stones can cause pain, inflammation, and other complications if left untreated."},{"name":"Biliary tract infection","after":{"null":["Bilirubin stone"]},"before":{"null":["Ascaris lumbricoides infection","E Coli","Clonorchis sinensis infection"]},"description":"Biliary tract infection, also known as cholangitis, is an infection that occurs in the bile ducts or the gallbladder. It is usually caused by bacteria that enter these organs from the intestine. The infection causes inflammation and blockage of the bile ducts, which can lead to fever, abdominal pain, jaundice, and other symptoms. Biliary tract infection is a serious medical condition that requires prompt treatment with antibiotics and other therapies to prevent complications."},{"name":"E Coli","after":{"null":["Biliary tract infection"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"E. coli (Escherichia coli) is a type of bacteria that commonly lives in the intestines of humans and animals. While most strains of E. coli are harmless, some can cause illnesses such as diarrhea, urinary tract infections, and even life-threatening infections like sepsis."},{"name":"Clonorchis sinensis infection","after":{"null":["Direct Hyperbilirubinemia","Ascending Cholangitis","Biliary tract infection"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Clonorchis sinensis infection is a parasitic infection caused by the liver fluke Clonorchis sinensis, which infects humans and other animals who consume raw or undercooked fish that contain the larvae of the parasite. The infection is common in East and Southeast Asia, particularly in China, Korea, Vietnam, and the eastern regions of Russia. The parasite affects the liver and bile ducts, leading to symptoms such as abdominal pain, diarrhea, and jaundice. If left untreated, the infection can lead to chronic liver disease and even liver cancer."},{"name":"Cocaine\/ Methamphetamine","after":{"null":["Heart Failure (Left Sided)","Fever","Hyperprolactinemia","Vasospasm"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Cocaine is a highly addictive and powerful stimulant drug made from the coca plant. It produces a short-term euphoric effect on the user, followed by a crash and strong desire for more. Long-term cocaine use can cause serious health problems, including addiction, heart and respiratory system damage, and mental health issues.Methamphetamine, also known as meth, is a highly addictive stimulant drug that affects the central nervous system. It is made up of a potent combination of chemicals, including ephedrine or pseudoephedrine, and can be produced in home labs or illegally manufactured. Meth produces a rush of euphoria, increased energy, and alertness but can also lead to serious health problems like addiction, psychosis, and heart damage."},{"name":"Gallstone Ileus","after":{"null":["Small Bowel Obstruction"]},"before":{"null":["Gallstones (Cholelithiasis)"]},"description":"Gallstone ileus is a rare complication of gallstone disease in which a large gallstone becomes lodged in the small intestine, causing a blockage or obstruction. This can lead to abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and other symptoms. Gallstone ileus typically occurs in elderly individuals with a history of long-standing gallstone disease and may require surgery to remove the impacted stone and relieve the obstruction."},{"name":"Gilbert Syndrome (absence of uridine glucuronyl transferase)","after":{"null":["Indirect Hyperbilirubinemia"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Gilbert Syndrome is a genetic condition that causes a person to have an insufficient amount of a liver enzyme called uridine glucuronyl transferase. This results in a buildup of bilirubin in the bloodstream, leading to episodes of jaundice and other symptoms such as fatigue, abdominal pain, and nausea. The condition is usually harmless and does not require treatment, but certain triggers such as fasting or illness can cause symptoms to occur."},{"name":"Dubin-Johnson Syndrome","after":{"null":["Direct Hyperbilirubinemia"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Dubin-Johnson Syndrome is a rare genetic condition that causes the liver to be unable to process bilirubin properly. Bilirubin is a waste product produced when red blood cells are broken down. In individuals with this condition, the bilirubin builds up in the liver and is not properly removed from the body, leading to jaundice (a yellowing of the skin and eyes), dark urine, and fatigue. The condition does not usually cause significant health problems and is typically diagnosed through blood tests and imaging studies. Treatment typically involves managing symptoms and preventing complications."},{"name":"Rotor Syndrome","after":{"null":["Direct Hyperbilirubinemia"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Rotor syndrome is a rare genetic disorder that affects the liver and causes mild jaundice. It is a type of hyperbilirubinemia, which means there is an excess of bilirubin in the blood due to problems with its breakdown and elimination. Rotor syndrome is caused by mutations in genes that are involved in the transport and storage of bilirubin in liver cells, and it typically does not cause any serious health problems. Symptoms of Rotor syndrome may include yellowing of the skin and eyes, dark urine, and fatigue. Treatment may involve medication to help improve bilirubin clearance and manage symptoms."},{"name":"Cholangiocarcinoma","after":{"null":["Direct Hyperbilirubinemia"]},"before":{"null":["Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis"]},"description":"Cholangiocarcinoma is a type of cancer that affects the bile ducts, which are the tubes that connect the liver and the intestines. It is a rare and aggressive form of cancer that can start in the bile ducts inside or outside the liver. Symptoms of cholangiocarcinoma may include abdominal pain, jaundice, weight loss, and fatigue. Treatment options for cholangiocarcinoma include surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy."},{"name":"Hepatitis A","after":{"null":["Hepatitis"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Hepatitis A is a highly contagious liver infection caused by the hepatitis A virus. It is usually spread through contaminated food or water, or close contact with an infected person. Symptoms include fatigue, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes). It usually resolves on its own within a few weeks, but can cause severe illness in some cases and may require hospitalization. Hepatitis A can be prevented through vaccination and practicing good hygiene."},{"name":"Hepatitis D","after":{"null":["Hepatitis"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Hepatitis D, also known as delta virus or HDV, is a viral infection that causes liver inflammation and damage. It is considered one of the most severe types of viral hepatitis as it requires the presence of the hepatitis B virus to cause an infection, meaning HDV only affects people who are already infected with hepatitis B. HDV can be contracted through exposure to infected blood or bodily fluids, and can lead to chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, and liver failure. There is no specific treatment for HDV, but a vaccine is available for hepatitis B, which can prevent HDV infection."},{"name":"Hepatitis E","after":{"null":["Hepatitis"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Hepatitis E is a liver infection caused by the hepatitis E virus (HEV). It is usually a self-limiting disease that resolves on its own without treatment, but it can be severe and even fatal in some cases, especially in pregnant women and people with weakened immune systems. The virus is transmitted through contaminated food or water, and can cause symptoms such as fever, fatigue, jaundice, and abdominal pain."},{"name":"Cytomegalovirus","after":{"null":["Hepatitis"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a common virus that can infect people of all ages. It is a member of the herpesvirus family and can cause a variety of symptoms ranging from mild to severe. CMV can cause problems for people with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV\/AIDS or who have had an organ transplant. In pregnant women, it can lead to birth defects or developmental issues in the baby. The virus is typically spread through bodily fluids, such as saliva, urine, and blood, and can be prevented by practicing good hygiene and avoiding contact with infected individuals."},{"name":"Decreased Detoxification","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Decreased detoxification refers to when the body\u2019s ability to remove harmful toxins and waste products is diminished. This can be due to a variety of reasons such as liver dysfunction, poor nutrition, chronic exposure to toxins, or genetic factors. The accumulation of these harmful substances in the body can lead to a range of health issues, including chronic fatigue, allergies, skin problems, digestive disorders, and other chronic diseases. Proper detoxification is essential for maintaining overall health and wellbeing."},{"name":"Mechanical Pressure","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Mechanical pressure is a force per unit area that is exerted on an object by a mechanical system. It is the amount of force applied to an object by pressing or squeezing it through a mechanical force or a mechanical device. This pressure is typically expressed in units of pounds per square inch (psi) or newtons per square meter (Pa) and is used in various fields of engineering and physics to describe the behavior of materials under stress, or to determine the strength and durability of different mechanical components."},{"name":"Decreased Synthesis","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Decreased synthesis refers to a reduction in the production or creation of a substance, such as a protein or hormone, within an organism or cell. This can occur due to various factors such as genetic mutations, disease, environmental toxins, or nutritional deficiencies. Decreased synthesis of certain substances can lead to various health problems and disorders."},{"name":"Alcoholic Hepatitis","after":{"null":["Hepatitis"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Alcoholic hepatitis is a serious inflammation of the liver caused by long-term, excessive alcohol consumption. It can range from mild to severe and can cause symptoms such as fatigue, loss of appetite, abdominal pain, jaundice, and fever. In severe cases, it can lead to liver failure and death. Treatment includes avoiding alcohol, medications to reduce inflammation and help the liver heal, and in some cases, a liver transplant may be necessary."},{"name":"Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease","after":{"null":["Hepatitis"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a condition where there is an excessive accumulation of fat in the liver, without any significant alcohol consumption. It is the most common liver disease in the world and can range from simple fatty liver (steatosis) to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), which can lead to liver cirrhosis and liver failure. NAFLD is commonly associated with obesity, insulin resistance, and metabolic syndrome, and can be diagnosed using imaging tests and blood tests to assess liver function. Treatment may include lifestyle modifications such as weight loss, exercise, and a healthy diet, as well as medications to manage underlying risk factors or complications."},{"name":"Hepatocellular Carcinoma","after":{"null":["State of Malignancy","High alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)"]},"before":{"null":["Liver Cirrhosis","Hepatitis B","Hepatitis C","Aspergillus aflatoxins"]},"description":"Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a type of liver cancer that starts in the main type of liver cells called hepatocytes. It is the most common type of primary liver cancer and is often associated with underlying liver disease such as hepatitis B or C infection, alcohol-related liver disease, or non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. HCC can spread to other parts of the body and can be life-threatening."},{"name":"Cataracts","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Diabetes Mellitus"]},"description":"Cataracts are a medical condition characterized by clouding of the natural lens in the eye, affecting vision and causing blurry or hazy vision. They can occur due to ageing, genetic factors, ailments such as diabetes, exposure to UV radiation or injury to the eye. Cataracts can lead to gradual vision loss if left untreated."},{"name":"Kayser-Fleisher rings in cornea","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Wilson Disease"]},"description":""},{"name":"Chorea","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Huntington Disease","Wilson Disease","Sydenham chorea"]},"description":"Chorea (or choreia) is a neurological disorder characterized by involuntary, rapid, irregular, jerky movements of the limbs, face, and trunk. The movements are often sudden and unpredictable, and may also be repetitive or continuous. Chorea can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetic mutations, autoimmune disorders, infections, medications, and other conditions that affect the brain and nervous system. It is often associated with other neurological and psychiatric symptoms, such as dementia, depression, and anxiety. While there are treatments available to manage the symptoms of chorea, there is currently no cure for the condition."},{"name":"Antimitochondrial antibody (AMA) on labs","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Primary Biliary Cirrhosis"]},"description":"Antimitochondrial antibody (AMA) is an autoantibody that targets structures found in the mitochondria. On labs, AMA is detected through blood tests and indicates the presence of autoimmune liver diseases, particularly primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC). The presence of AMA in the blood can therefore suggest an increased risk of developing PBC or other autoimmune diseases affecting the liver."},{"name":"Aspergillus aflatoxins","after":{"null":["Hepatocellular Carcinoma"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Aspergillus aflatoxins refers to a group of toxic and carcinogenic secondary metabolites produced by certain species of the Aspergillus fungi, most notably Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. These toxins can contaminate various food crops such as peanuts, corn, cottonseed, and tree nuts, leading to serious health risks for humans and animals if consumed. The most common type of aflatoxin produced by these fungi is aflatoxin B1, which is classified as a Group 1 carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). Strict regulations and testing methods are in place worldwide to prevent the consumption of contaminated foods and reduce the risk of aflatoxin-related illnesses."},{"name":"High alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Hepatocellular Carcinoma"]},"description":"High alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) refers to a medical condition where the levels of a protein called alpha-fetoprotein in the blood are elevated above normal range. Elevated AFP levels may be a sign of various medical conditions including liver diseases such as hepatitis and cirrhosis, certain types of cancer such as testicular cancer, ovarian cancer, and liver cancer, neural tube defects (abnormalities in the brain and spinal cord development in a fetus), or multiple pregnancy (when the mother is carrying twins or triplets)."},{"name":"Intrinsic","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Intrinsic refers to something that is inherent, innate or natural to a particular object or organism. It refers to the internal or inherent qualities and characteristics of a thing or a person, rather than something that is imposed externally. For example, the intrinsic value of a diamond refers to its natural value based on its physical properties, such as its cut, clarity, color, and carat weight, rather than its market value. Similarly, the intrinsic motivation of a person refers to the inherent drive, passion, or interest that comes from within, rather than external factors such as rewards, punishments or approval from others."},{"name":"Postrenal","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Postrenal refers to a condition or process occurring after the urine is formed in the kidneys and before it is excreted from the body. This may include the ureters, bladder, and urethra, which are responsible for transporting urine out of the body. Postrenal conditions may affect these structures and cause problems with urine flow, leading to complications such as urinary tract infections or kidney damage."},{"name":"Muddy brown casts (nectrotic tubular cells)","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Acute Tubular Necrosis"]},"description":"Muddy brown casts refer to the presence of necrotic tubular cells in urine, which appear as brownish mud-like particles when viewed under a microscope. This finding is often associated with acute kidney injury and may indicate severe damage to the renal tubules, which can impair the ability of the kidneys to filter waste products and maintain fluid and electrolyte balance. Muddy brown casts are generally considered a sign of a serious medical condition and require prompt evaluation and treatment."},{"name":"Aminoglycoside use","after":{"null":["Acute Tubular Necrosis"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Aminoglycosides are a class of antibiotics that are used to treat bacterial infections. They work by blocking protein synthesis in the bacteria, ultimately leading to cell death. Aminoglycosides are commonly used to treat serious infections, such as sepsis, respiratory tract infections, and urinary tract infections caused by gram-negative bacteria. They are often administered intravenously."},{"name":"Myoglobinuria","after":{"null":["Acute Tubular Necrosis"]},"before":{"null":["Rhabdomyolysis"]},"description":"Myoglobinuria is the presence of myoglobin, a protein found in muscle tissue, in the urine. It occurs when there is damage to muscle tissue, causing myoglobin to be released into the bloodstream. It can be a sign of conditions such as rhabdomyolysis, muscle injury, or muscle breakdown, and can lead to kidney damage if not treated promptly. Symptoms may include dark, reddish-brown urine, muscle pain, weakness, and fatigue. Treatment may involve hydration, electrolyte replacement, and addressing the underlying cause."},{"name":"Ethylene glycol poisoning","after":{"null":["Acute Tubular Necrosis","Hypocalcemia","Anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Ethylene glycol poisoning is a serious medical condition caused by the ingestion, inhalation, or skin absorption of ethylene glycol, a toxic chemical commonly found in antifreeze, brake fluids, and other automotive products. The toxicity of ethylene glycol is due to its metabolism by the liver into toxic metabolites, including glycolic and oxalic acids, which can cause severe metabolic acidosis, renal failure, and central nervous system depression. Ethylene glycol poisoning is a medical emergency that requires immediate treatment to prevent serious health complications and death. Signs and symptoms of ethylene glycol poisoning may include abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting, dehydration, confusion, respiratory failure, and coma."},{"name":"Urate Nephropathy","after":{"null":["Acute Tubular Necrosis"]},"before":{"null":["Gout","Hyperuricemia"]},"description":"Urate nephropathy is a medical condition characterized by the accumulation of uric acid crystals in the kidneys, leading to kidney damage and impairment of renal function. This condition is commonly associated with gout, a type of arthritis caused by high levels of uric acid in the blood. Urate nephropathy can cause symptoms such as pain in the lower back, decreased urine output, and swelling in the legs and feet. Treatment may involve medications to lower uric acid levels and manage symptoms, as well as dietary changes to avoid foods that are high in purines, which can increase uric acid production. In severe cases, dialysis or kidney transplant may be necessary."},{"name":"Ischemic","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Ischemic refers to a reduction or blockage of blood flow to a specific area of the body, which can cause tissue damage and sometimes organ failure. This can occur due to a variety of factors including blood clots, narrow or blocked blood vessels, or heart failure. Ischemic conditions can affect different parts of the body including the brain, heart, and digestive system, and can lead to a range of symptoms such as pain, numbness, weakness, and difficulty breathing. Treatment options typically depend on the underlying cause of the ischemia and may involve medications, surgery, or lifestyle changes."},{"name":"Toxic","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Toxic refers to anything that can harm or impair the health or well-being of living organisms, including humans, animals, and plants. Toxic substances can be chemical, biological, or physical in nature, and can cause a range of negative effects, from minor irritation or discomfort to serious illness or even death. The toxicity of a substance depends on various factors, such as its concentration, exposure duration, and the susceptibility of the individual exposed."},{"name":"Pyelonephritis","after":{"null":["Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus","Renal Papillary Necrosis","WBC casts in urine","Flank pain","Intrinsic AKI"]},"before":{"null":["Urinary Tract Infection","Cystitis","Vesicoureteral reflux"]},"description":"Pyelonephritis is a bacterial infection that affects the kidneys and the tubes that carry urine away from the kidneys (ureters). Pyelonephritis can cause various symptoms, including fever, chills, nausea, vomiting, back pain, and frequent urination. It is typically caused by bacteria that have spread from the bladder to the kidneys, and it can be either acute (sudden and severe) or chronic (recurring and long-lasting). Pyelonephritis can be diagnosed through urine tests, blood tests, and imaging exams, and it is typically treated with antibiotics. Untreated or severe cases of pyelonephritis can lead to kidney damage or bloodstream infections."},{"name":"Renal Papillary Necrosis","after":{"null":["Intrinsic AKI"]},"before":{"null":["Sickle Cell Anemia","Pyelonephritis"]},"description":"Renal papillary necrosis is a condition characterized by the death of cells in the renal papillae, which are small projections in the kidney that drain urine into the ureter. This condition can cause pain, hematuria, and urinary tract obstruction, and is often associated with conditions such as diabetes, sickle cell disease, and obstruction of the urinary tract. It can also be caused by certain medications, infections, or exposure to toxins. Treatment options may include antibiotics, pain management, and surgery in severe cases."},{"name":"Hyperlipidemia","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Nephrotic Syndrome","Acromegaly","Hypercortisolism (Cushing Syndrome)"]},"description":"Hyperlipidemia is a medical condition characterized by abnormally high levels of fats (lipids) in the blood, such as cholesterol and triglycerides. It is a major risk factor for the development of cardiovascular disease, including heart attack and stroke. There are two types of hyperlipidemia: primary hyperlipidemia, which is caused by genetic factors, and secondary hyperlipidemia, which is caused by other underlying medical conditions or lifestyle factors such as diet, physical inactivity, and obesity. Treatment often involves a combination of lifestyle changes and medications."},{"name":"Fatty casts in urine","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Nephrotic Syndrome"]},"description":"Fatty casts in urine are a type of urinary cast that is composed of lipids or fat droplets. These casts can be seen under a microscope during a urinalysis and are often present in individuals with kidney disease, specifically those with nephrotic syndrome. Fatty casts can indicate an underlying problem with the kidneys and should be further investigated by a medical professional."},{"name":"Minimal Change Disease","after":{"null":["Nephrotic Syndrome"]},"before":{"null":["Hodgkin Lymphoma"]},"description":"Minimal Change Disease is a condition that affects the kidneys, causing them to become inflamed and leak protein into the urine. It is called \"minimal change\" because the damage it causes cannot be seen under a microscope, and there are no visible changes in the kidneys. This condition is most common in children, but it can also affect adults. Minimal Change Disease is usually treated with steroids and can often be cured with medication."},{"name":"Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis","after":{"null":["Nephrotic Syndrome"]},"before":{"null":["Sickle Cell Anemia","HIV","Heroin use"]},"description":"Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) is a type of kidney disease that affects the glomeruli, the tiny filtering units within the kidneys. FSGS is characterized by scarring or sclerosis of the glomeruli, which can impair their ability to effectively filter waste products from the blood. This can lead to proteinuria (protein in the urine), edema (swelling), and progressive loss of kidney function over time. FSGS can occur as a primary condition (idiopathic FSGS) or may be secondary to other underlying medical conditions. It is an important cause of nephrotic syndrome."},{"name":"Membranous Nephropathy","after":{"null":["Nephrotic Syndrome"]},"before":{"null":["Hepatitis B","Hepatitis C","Lupus"]},"description":"Membranous nephropathy is a kidney disorder that occurs when the small blood vessels (capillaries) in the glomeruli, the filter units of the kidneys, become damaged and thickened. This thickening is caused by the build-up of immune complexes, which are abnormal antibodies and antigens that have become trapped in the kidney tissue. As a result of this damage, the kidneys are unable to filter blood properly, leading to proteinuria (the presence of excess protein in the urine), edema (swelling), and ultimately kidney failure. Membranous nephropathy is a type of glomerulonephritis, which is a group of kidney diseases characterized by inflammation and damage to the glomeruli."},{"name":"Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis","after":{"null":["Nephrotic Syndrome"]},"before":{"null":["Hepatitis B","Hepatitis C","Endocarditis"]},"description":"Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN) is a type of kidney disease that affects the glomeruli, which are tiny filtering units in the kidneys. It is characterized by thickening and inflammation of the glomerular basement membrane, which can lead to decreased kidney function, proteinuria (the presence of excess protein in the urine), and hematuria (the presence of blood in the urine). There are two main types of MPGN: Type I is often associated with hepatitis C, while Type II is a more severe form that can be associated with a genetic predisposition or autoimmune disorders like lupus. Treatment for MPGN includes steroids, immunosuppressants, and sometimes plasma exchange or kidney transplant."},{"name":"Nephritic Syndrome","after":{"null":["Hypertension","Hematuria","Proteinuria","Glomerular disease","RBC casts in urine"]},"before":{"Negative Immunofluorescence":["Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis","Microscopic Polyangiitis","Eosinophilic Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis (Churg-Strauss)"],"Linear Immunofluorescence":["Goodpasture Syndrome (anti-BM antibody)"],"Granular Immunofluorescence":["Poststreptococcal Glomerulonephritis","Diffuse Proliferative Glomerulonephritis"],"Mesangial Immunofluorescence":["IgA Nephropathy (Berger Disease)"],"null":["Polyarteritis Nodosa","Rapidly Progressive Glomerulonephritis","Alport Syndrome (Type IV Collagen Defect)","Cryoglobulinemia"]},"description":"Nephritic syndrome refers to a group of kidney disorders characterized by an inflammation of the glomeruli in the kidneys, which are responsible for filtering waste products from the blood. This inflammation leads to a buildup of fluids and waste products in the body, and can cause symptoms such as high blood pressure, swelling, proteinuria (the presence of abnormally high amounts of protein in the urine), and hematuria (the presence of red blood cells in the urine). The condition is typically caused by an underlying infection, autoimmune disease, or other medical condition, and can be treated with medications and lifestyle changes."},{"name":"Glomerular disease","after":{"null":["Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)","Intrinsic AKI"]},"before":{"null":["Nephrotic Syndrome","Nephritic Syndrome"]},"description":"Glomerular disease refers to any disease or condition that affects the glomeruli, which are tiny blood vessels in the kidneys that filter waste products and excess fluids from the blood. Glomerular disease can result in damage to the kidneys and lead to decreased kidney function or even kidney failure. There are many different types of glomerular disease, including glomerulonephritis, lupus nephritis, diabetic nephropathy, and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Symptoms of glomerular disease may include proteinuria, hematuria, edema, hypertension, and decreased urine output. Treatment options depend on the underlying cause of the disease and may include medication, dietary changes, and dialysis or kidney transplant in severe cases."},{"name":"RBC casts in urine","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Nephritic Syndrome"]},"description":"RBC casts in urine are cylindrical structures composed of red blood cells that are found in urine samples under microscopic examination. They can indicate the presence of bleeding within the kidneys or urinary tract and may be a sign of various kidney diseases or infections, including glomerulonephritis, nephrotic syndrome, or pyelonephritis. The presence of RBC casts in urine requires further evaluation by a healthcare provider."},{"name":"Poststreptococcal Glomerulonephritis","after":{"null":["Nephritic Syndrome","Rapidly Progressive Glomerulonephritis"]},"before":{"null":["Strep Pharyngitis","Strep Cellulitis"]},"description":"Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis is a type of kidney disease that occurs after an infection with certain types of streptococcus bacteria, usually streptococcus pyogenes, which causes strep throat or skin infections. It is characterized by inflammation and damage to the glomeruli (tiny filters in the kidneys that remove waste and excess fluids from the blood) leading to proteinuria (excretion of protein in the urine), hematuria (presence of blood in the urine), and decreased urine output. The condition typically resolves on its own with supportive care, but in some cases, it can lead to chronic kidney disease or end-stage renal disease."},{"name":"Strep Cellulitis","after":{"null":["Poststreptococcal Glomerulonephritis"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Strep cellulitis is a bacterial infection of the skin and subcutaneous tissues caused by Streptococcus pyogenes (also known as group A streptococcus). It is characterized by redness, swelling, warmth, and pain at the site of infection, and can sometimes cause fever and systemic symptoms. If left untreated, it can lead to serious complications such as sepsis and necrotizing fasciitis. Treatment typically involves antibiotics and wound care."},{"name":"Rapidly Progressive Glomerulonephritis","after":{"null":["Nephritic Syndrome","Crescents on H and E stain"]},"before":{"null":["Eosinophilic Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis (Churg-Strauss)","Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis","Microscopic Polyangiitis","Poststreptococcal Glomerulonephritis","Goodpasture Syndrome (anti-BM antibody)","Diffuse Proliferative Glomerulonephritis"]},"description":"Rapidly Progressive Glomerulonephritis (RPGN) is a type of glomerulonephritis that is characterized by rapidly declining kidney function within a few weeks to months. RPGN is caused by inflammation and damage to the glomeruli in the kidneys, which can be due to various underlying conditions such as autoimmune disorders, infections, or vasculitis. RPGN is a serious condition that can lead to kidney failure if left untreated. Symptoms of RPGN may include swelling in the legs and feet, high blood pressure, urine changes, fatigue, and confusion. Treatment typically involves immunosuppressive medications to reduce inflammation and protect the kidneys. In some cases, dialysis or kidney transplant may be necessary to manage the condition."},{"name":"IgA Nephropathy (Berger Disease)","after":{"null":["Nephritic Syndrome"]},"before":{"null":["Viral infection","Henoch-Schonlein Purpura","Mucosal infection"]},"description":"IgA nephropathy, also known as Berger disease, is a kidney disease that occurs when immunoglobulin A (IgA) protein deposits build up in the glomeruli, the tiny filtering units of the kidneys. This can lead to inflammation and damage to the kidneys, causing symptoms such as blood in the urine, proteinuria, and hypertension. It is one of the most common forms of glomerulonephritis (inflammation of the glomeruli) and can progress to kidney failure in some cases. The exact cause of IgA nephropathy is not fully understood, but it is thought to involve a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Treatment may include medications to reduce inflammation and protect the kidneys, as well as lifestyle changes such as a low-salt diet and regular exercise."},{"name":"Alport Syndrome (Type IV Collagen Defect)","after":{"null":["Nephritic Syndrome","Sensory hearing loss"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Alport Syndrome is a hereditary condition that affects the kidneys, ears, and eyes. It is caused by a defect in type IV collagen, a structural protein found in the basement membrane of various organs, including the kidneys. As a result, the kidneys cannot filter waste properly, leading to kidney damage and eventually kidney failure. The disease also affects the hearing and vision, causing progressive hearing loss and changes in the shape and color of the eye lens. Alport Syndrome can be inherited in an X-linked or autosomal recessive pattern."},{"name":"Heroin use","after":{"null":["Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Heroin use refers to the consumption of the opioid drug heroin, which is derived from morphine and produces a powerful, euphoric high. Heroin use can lead to addiction and a range of physical and psychological health problems, including overdose, withdrawal symptoms, depression, respiratory problems, and infectious diseases such as HIV and hepatitis. Heroin use is illegal in most countries and is considered a serious public health concern."},{"name":"Microalbuminuria","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Diabetic Nephropathy"]},"description":"Microalbuminuria is a medical condition that refers to the presence of small amounts of albumin in the urine. Albumin is a protein that is normally found in blood, and its presence in the urine may indicate early kidney damage or disease. Microalbuminuria is often seen in patients with diabetes or hypertension and can be an early marker of diabetic kidney disease or hypertensive nephropathy. It can be diagnosed by a simple urine test and can be treated with appropriate management of the underlying condition."},{"name":"Urothelial (Transitional Cell) Carcinoma","after":{"null":["State of Malignancy","Hematuria"]},"before":{"null":["Smoking","Naphthylamine","Azo dyes","Cyclophosphamide use"]},"description":"Urothelial (Transitional Cell) Carcinoma is a type of cancer that affects the cells lining the urinary tract. It most commonly occurs in the bladder, but can also occur in the ureters, renal pelvis, and urethra. The cancer develops from the transitional cells which line these areas. It is the most common type of bladder cancer. Symptoms include blood in the urine, painful urination, and an urgent need to urinate. Treatment usually involves surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy."},{"name":"Goodpasture Syndrome (anti-BM antibody)","after":{"null":["Hemoptysis","Nephritic Syndrome","Rapidly Progressive Glomerulonephritis"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Goodpasture Syndrome is a rare autoimmune disorder in which the immune system mistakenly attacks the basement membrane of the lungs and kidneys, leading to damage and potentially life-threatening organ failure. This autoimmune reaction is caused by the presence of antibodies targeting the glomerular and alveolar basement membranes. Goodpasture Syndrome is treated with immunosuppressive therapy and plasma exchange to remove the antibodies from the bloodstream. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial for improving patient outcomes."},{"name":"Diffuse Proliferative Glomerulonephritis","after":{"null":["Nephritic Syndrome","Rapidly Progressive Glomerulonephritis"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Diffuse Proliferative Glomerulonephritis (DPGN) is a kidney disease characterized by inflammation and swelling of the glomeruli, which are tiny filters in the kidney that remove waste and excess fluids from the blood. This condition is considered a type of glomerulonephritis, which means it affects the glomeruli of the kidneys. DPGN is often caused by immune system disorders, viral infections, or other underlying health issues, and can lead to symptoms such as proteinuria, hematuria, high blood pressure, and decreased kidney function. Treatment may include medications to control inflammation, manage symptoms, and reduce the risk of complications such as kidney failure."},{"name":"Linear Immunofluorescence","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Linear immunofluorescence (LIF) is a technique used in immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence analysis to detect specific antibodies and antigens. The LIF pattern is a continuous, linear pattern of fluorescence that is distributed in a linear fashion along the basement membrane zone of epithelial tissues. It is a characteristic feature of some autoimmune diseases, such as pemphigoid and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). LIF can also be used to diagnose other diseases, such as viral infections and cancer."},{"name":"Granular Immunofluorescence","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Granular immunofluorescence, also known as indirect immunofluorescence, is a technique used in immunology to detect the presence of antigens in biological samples. This method involves the use of a primary antibody that specifically binds to the antigen of interest, followed by the addition of a secondary antibody labeled with a fluorescent dye. The resulting signal appears as a granular pattern when viewed under a fluorescent microscope. This technique is commonly used to diagnose autoimmune diseases and to identify infectious agents."},{"name":"Negative Immunofluorescence","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Negative immunofluorescence refers to the absence of fluorescent signal when a sample is tested with a particular antibody. This indicates that the specific antigen that the antibody recognizes is not present in the sample. It could also indicate a problem with the antibody or the experimental setup. Negative immunofluorescence is often used to confirm the specificity of an antibody or to rule out the presence of a particular antigen in a sample."},{"name":"Mesangial Immunofluorescence","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Mesangial immunofluorescence is a diagnostic test that uses fluorescent antibodies to detect the presence of immunoglobulins and complement proteins within the mesangial cells in the kidney tissue. It is commonly used to diagnose glomerulonephritis, a type of kidney disease that affects the glomeruli, tiny structures within the kidney that help filter blood. By identifying abnormal deposits of proteins in the mesangial cells, mesangial immunofluorescence can help healthcare providers determine the cause of kidney disease and develop an effective treatment plan."},{"name":"Crescents on H and E stain","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Rapidly Progressive Glomerulonephritis"]},"description":"Crescents on H and E stain refer to the presence of crescent-shaped formations in the glomeruli of the kidneys. These formations are typically seen in cases of rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis and indicate severe damage to the glomeruli. The crescents are made up of proliferating cells, fibrin, and inflammatory cells and can be seen as red-staining structures on H and E stain."},{"name":"Mucosal infection","after":{"null":["Henoch-Schonlein Purpura","IgA Nephropathy (Berger Disease)"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"A mucosal infection is an infection that occurs on the mucous membranes of the body, which are the thin, protective linings that cover internal organs and cavities such as the mouth, nose, lungs, stomach, and genitals. Mucosal infections can be caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, or other microorganisms and can lead to symptoms such as irritation, inflammation, discharge, and pain. Examples of mucosal infections include strep throat, pneumonia, sinusitis, gastroenteritis, and sexually transmitted infections (STIs) such as chlamydia and gonorrhea."},{"name":"Sensory hearing loss","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Meningitis","Alport Syndrome (Type IV Collagen Defect)"]},"description":"Sensory hearing loss, also known as sensorineural hearing loss, is a type of hearing loss caused by damage to the inner ear (cochlea) or the nerve pathways that transmit sound from the inner ear to the brain. This type of hearing loss can be caused by a variety of factors, including aging, exposure to loud noise, certain medications, infections, and congenital conditions. Individuals with sensory hearing loss may have difficulty discerning sounds and may experience difficulty hearing high-frequency sounds. This type of hearing loss is generally permanent and cannot be reversed through medical treatment."},{"name":"Palpable Purpura","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Henoch-Schonlein Purpura"]},"description":"Palpable purpura refers to a skin rash characterized by the appearance of red or purple spots on the skin that are raised and can be felt when touched. It is often caused by underlying autoimmune or inflammatory conditions, such as vasculitis, and can be associated with other symptoms such as joint pain, fatigue, and fever. Treatment depends on the underlying cause."},{"name":"Cystitis","after":{"null":["Pyelonephritis"]},"before":{"null":["Urinary Tract Infection"]},"description":"Cystitis is inflammation of the bladder, usually caused by a bacterial infection. It often presents with symptoms such as pain or discomfort during urination, frequent urination, and lower abdominal pain."},{"name":"Pyuria","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Urinary Tract Infection"]},"description":"Pyuria refers to the presence of white blood cells (leukocytes) in the urine, indicating the occurrence of an infection or inflammation in the urinary tract. It is a common sign of a urinary tract infection (UTI) or other conditions affecting the bladder, urethra, kidneys, or prostate. Typically, a healthy urine sample should not contain any white blood cells. The presence of pyuria may also be accompanied by other symptoms such as pain, burning, and frequent urination. A healthcare provider can diagnose and treat the underlying condition causing pyuria."},{"name":"Vesicoureteral reflux","after":{"null":["Pyelonephritis"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) is a condition in which urine flows backward from the bladder into the ureters and\/or kidneys. This reflux can lead to urinary tract infections, kidney damage, and other complications. It is commonly diagnosed in infants and young children, but can also occur in adults. Treatment may include antibiotics, surgery, or other interventions to correct the underlying problem."},{"name":"Back pain","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Back pain refers to any type of discomfort, pain, or stiffness in the lower, middle, or upper back regions of the body. It can range from a dull ache to sharp, shooting pain and may be caused by a variety of factors, including poor posture, repetitive motion, injuries, or underlying medical conditions. Back pain can also be acute, lasting only a short period of time, or chronic, persisting for months or even years. It is a common complaint that affects millions of people worldwide and can significantly impact daily activities and quality of life."},{"name":"WBC casts in urine","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Acute Interstitial Nephritis","Pyelonephritis"]},"description":"WBC casts in urine refer to the presence of white blood cells (WBCs) that have clumped together and become trapped in the cylindrical structures (casts) that form in the kidneys and urinary tract. These casts can be seen under a microscope during a urine analysis and can indicate an underlying infection or inflammation in the urinary tract."},{"name":"Calcium oxalate precipitation","after":{"null":["Nephrolithiasis (Kidney Stones)"]},"before":{"null":["Hypocitraturia","Hyperoxaluria","Hypercalciuria","Acidification of urine","Low urine volume"]},"description":"Calcium oxalate precipitation refers to the formation of solid particles or crystals of calcium oxalate in a solution. This can occur when there is an excess of oxalate ions or calcium ions in the solution, which combine to form insoluble calcium oxalate. Precipitation of calcium oxalate is common in urinary tract stones, where the crystals may accumulate and form solid masses, causing pain and other symptoms. It can also occur in other biological and environmental settings, where it may have various implications for health and ecology."},{"name":"Calcium phosphate precipitation","after":{"null":["Nephrolithiasis (Kidney Stones)"]},"before":{"null":["Alkalinization of urine","Hypocitraturia","Dark soda (contain phosphorus) intake","Hypercalciuria","Low urine volume"]},"description":"Calcium phosphate precipitation is the process by which calcium ions and phosphate ions combine to form solid calcium phosphate precipitates which are insoluble in water. This process occurs naturally in the human body during bone mineralization, and is also used in laboratory settings to precipitate out unwanted contaminants from biological samples."},{"name":"Ammonium magnesium phosphate (struvite) precipitation","after":{"null":["Nephrolithiasis (Kidney Stones)","Staghorn calculi"]},"before":{"null":["Alkalinization of urine","UTI with urease pos organism","Low urine volume"]},"description":"Ammonium magnesium phosphate (struvite) precipitation is a process in which struvite, a mineral composed of ammonium, magnesium, and phosphate ions, is formed and precipitated from wastewater. This process occurs naturally in the environment but can also be artificially induced in wastewater treatment plants to remove excess nutrients, such as phosphorus, from the water. The precipitated struvite can be harvested and used as a slow-release fertilizer."},{"name":"Uric acid precipitation","after":{"null":["Nephrolithiasis (Kidney Stones)"]},"before":{"null":["Gout","Hyperuricemia","Acidification of urine","Low urine volume"]},"description":"Uric acid precipitation refers to the formation of solid uric acid crystals in the body, typically in the joints or kidneys. This can occur when there is an excess of uric acid in the blood (a condition known as hyperuricemia), which can happen as a result of certain medical conditions or dietary factors. When uric acid levels become too high, the crystals can form and cause pain, inflammation, and other problems. In the joints, this can lead to gout, while in the kidneys, it can cause kidney stones."},{"name":"Cysteine precipitation","after":{"null":["Nephrolithiasis (Kidney Stones)","Staghorn calculi"]},"before":{"null":["Cystinuria","Acidification of urine","Low urine volume"]},"description":"Cysteine precipitation refers to the formation of solid aggregates or particles of the amino acid cysteine from its aqueous solution. This can occur when the solubility of cysteine is exceeded, leading to the formation of insoluble cysteine aggregates that can precipitate out of the solution. This phenomenon may be exploited or optimized in various biotechnological applications such as protein purification, crystallization, and peptide synthesis."},{"name":"Idiopathic Hypercalciuria","after":{"null":["Hypercalciuria"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Idiopathic hypercalciuria is a condition characterized by excess calcium in the urine that appears to have no underlying cause. The excess calcium may be due to the kidneys excreting too much calcium or to increased absorption of calcium from the digestive tract. It is often detected incidentally on routine laboratory tests and can lead to kidney stones and osteoporosis if left untreated. The condition is typically managed with dietary changes and medications to reduce urinary calcium excretion."},{"name":"Cystinuria","after":{"null":["Cysteine precipitation"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Cystinuria is a genetic disorder characterized by the abnormal buildup and excretion of cystine and other amino acids in the urine. This can lead to the formation of kidney stones and other kidney-related complications. The severity of the condition can vary widely between individuals, but it is typically a lifelong condition that requires ongoing management and monitoring."},{"name":"Staghorn calculi","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Ammonium magnesium phosphate (struvite) precipitation","Cysteine precipitation"]},"description":"Staghorn calculi, also known as branched calculi or coral calculi, are large kidney stones that form in a way that they look like the antlers of a deer. These stones can grow and extend into multiple branches and can fill a large portion of the renal pelvis and calyces. Staghorn calculi are usually composed of struvite, a mineral that forms as a result of recurrent urinary tract infections caused by certain types of bacteria. These types of stones can cause significant problems, including obstruction of the urinary tract, recurrent infections, kidney damage, and ultimately, kidney failure. Treatment usually requires surgical intervention."},{"name":"Alkalinization of urine","after":{"null":["Calcium phosphate precipitation","Ammonium magnesium phosphate (struvite) precipitation"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"The process of raising the pH of urine to a level above the normal range of 4.5 to 8.0. It can be achieved through the administration of medications or dietary changes, and is sometimes used to treat conditions such as urinary tract infections, gout, and kidney stones."},{"name":"UTI with urease pos organism","after":{"null":["Ammonium magnesium phosphate (struvite) precipitation"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"A UTI (urinary tract infection) with a urease-positive organism refers to an infection caused by bacteria that are able to produce urease, an enzyme that breaks down urea into ammonia. This type of infection can lead to the formation of urinary tract stones or alkaline urine. Common urease-positive organisms include Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and some strains of E. coli. Treatment typically involves antibiotics and measures to acidify the urine."},{"name":"Hypocitraturia","after":{"null":["Calcium oxalate precipitation","Calcium phosphate precipitation"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Hypocitraturia is a medical condition characterized by the reduced excretion of citrate in urine, leading to an increased risk of kidney stone formation. Citrate is a natural inhibitor of stone formation in urine and is produced by the metabolism of carbohydrates. When the concentration of citrate in urine is low, the risk of calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate stone formation increases. Hypocitraturia can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetic disorders, metabolic disorders, certain medications, and low intake of fruits and vegetables. Treatment involves increasing citrate levels in the body through dietary changes, medication, or supplementation."},{"name":"High sodium intake","after":{"null":["Hypercalciuria"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"High sodium intake refers to the consumption of a large amount of sodium in the diet, usually in the form of salt or sodium-containing food additives. High sodium intake can lead to health problems, such as high blood pressure, stroke, and heart disease. The recommended daily sodium intake is 2,300 milligrams (mg) or less, but many people consume far more than this amount on a daily basis."},{"name":"Hyperoxaluria","after":{"null":["Calcium oxalate precipitation"]},"before":{"null":["Low calcium intake","High oxalate intake","Primary hyperoxaluria","Chronic diarrhea"]},"description":"Hyperoxaluria is a medical condition characterized by the presence of high levels of oxalate in the urine, which can increase the risk of forming kidney stones and cause damage to the kidneys over time. It can be caused by a genetic mutation or from conditions that increase oxalate production in the body such as primary hyperoxaluria or from dietary intake of high oxalate foods."},{"name":"Low calcium intake","after":{"null":["Hyperoxaluria"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Low calcium intake refers to a dietary consumption of calcium that is below the recommended daily requirement, leading to a deficiency of calcium in the body. This deficiency can cause various health problems such as osteoporosis, weak bones, muscle cramps, and other related ailments. The recommended daily intake of calcium for adults is between 1,000 to 1,200 milligrams, depending on age and gender."},{"name":"Dark soda (contain phosphorus) intake","after":{"null":["Calcium phosphate precipitation"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Dark soda, also known as cola or carbonated soft drink, is a type of beverage that typically contains high levels of phosphorus. Phosphorus is a mineral that plays an important role in various bodily functions, including building strong bones and teeth, and aiding in energy metabolism. However, excessive intake of phosphorus, particularly in the form of phosphoric acid found in dark sodas, has been linked to an increased risk of various health issues, such as kidney disease, osteoporosis, and heart disease. Therefore, limiting the consumption of dark soda and other high-phosphorus foods and beverages is recommended to maintain good health."},{"name":"Hypercalciuria","after":{"null":["Renal Tubular Acidosis, Type I (Distal)","Calcium oxalate precipitation","Calcium phosphate precipitation"]},"before":{"null":["Hypercalcemia","Idiopathic Hypercalciuria","High sodium intake"]},"description":"Hypercalciuria is a medical condition characterized by excessive amounts of calcium in urine. The condition can occur due to various factors such as genetics, diet, and certain medical conditions. It can lead to the development of kidney stones and is also associated with osteoporosis. Diagnosis and treatment of hypercalciuria involve identifying the underlying cause and addressing it accordingly."},{"name":"High oxalate intake","after":{"null":["Hyperoxaluria"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"High oxalate intake refers to consuming a diet that is rich in foods containing high amounts of oxalates. Oxalates are organic compounds found in many plants, including leafy greens, nuts, seeds, fruits, vegetables, and grains. When consumed in high amounts, oxalates can bind with calcium in the body to form kidney stones, a painful and potentially serious health condition. Therefore, individuals who are prone to developing kidney stones may need to limit their intake of high-oxalate foods."},{"name":"Primary hyperoxaluria","after":{"null":["Hyperoxaluria"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Primary hyperoxaluria is a rare genetic disorder that causes an overproduction of oxalate, a substance that is normally eliminated by the kidneys. This excess oxalate can form crystals that can damage the kidneys and other organs, leading to kidney stones, kidney damage, and other complications. The three main types of primary hyperoxaluria are caused by mutations in different genes, but all can result in significant medical problems if left untreated. Treatment typically involves managing symptoms and reducing oxalate production through diet, medication, and sometimes kidney transplantation."},{"name":"Chronic diarrhea","after":{"null":["Hyperoxaluria"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Chronic diarrhea is diarrhea that lasts for more than four weeks. It is a common symptom of many different medical conditions and can be caused by infections, irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, food intolerances, and other factors. Chronic diarrhea can lead to dehydration, malnutrition, and other complications if not treated appropriately."},{"name":"Acidification of urine","after":{"null":["Calcium oxalate precipitation","Uric acid precipitation","Cysteine precipitation"]},"before":{"null":["High protein diet"]},"description":"Acidification of urine refers to the process of making the pH of urine more acidic than neutral (7.0) by increasing the concentration of hydrogen ions (H ). This is usually achieved by the excretion of hydrogen ions and other acidic compounds by the kidneys. A low pH in urine can be helpful in preventing the growth of certain bacteria and can be an indication of good kidney function. However, excessively acidic urine (pH <5.0) can also be a symptom of certain medical conditions, such as metabolic acidosis or diabetic ketoacidosis."},{"name":"Low urine volume","after":{"null":["Calcium oxalate precipitation","Calcium phosphate precipitation","Ammonium magnesium phosphate (struvite) precipitation","Uric acid precipitation","Cysteine precipitation"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Low urine volume, also known as oliguria, is a condition characterized by a decreased amount of urine output from the body. It is defined as a urine output of less than 400 milliliters per day in adults and less than 0.5 milliliters per kilogram per hour in children. Low urine volume may be caused by several factors, including dehydration, kidney disease, urinary tract obstruction, medications, or other medical conditions. It can lead to serious complications such as fluid and electrolyte imbalances, kidney damage, and other organ failure if not treated promptly."},{"name":"High protein diet","after":{"null":["Hyperuricemia","Acidification of urine"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"A high protein diet is a meal plan that emphasizes the consumption of foods rich in protein. It typically involves consuming at least 20-30% of daily calories from protein sources such as meat, fish, poultry, eggs, dairy, beans, and nuts. This diet is often used by individuals who want to lose weight and build muscle, as protein helps to increase satiety, maintain lean muscle mass, and promote fat loss. However, it is important to maintain a balanced diet and consult with a healthcare professional before making significant dietary changes."},{"name":"Flank pain","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Nephrolithiasis (Kidney Stones)","Renal Cell Carcinoma","Pyelonephritis"]},"description":"Flank pain is a sensation of discomfort or pain in the side area of the torso, just below the rib cage and above the hip. It may be caused by a variety of conditions, including kidney stones, urinary tract infections, muscle strain, or digestive issues such as gastritis or pancreatitis. It can be mild or severe and may be accompanied by other symptoms such as fever, nausea, vomiting, or difficulty urinating."},{"name":"Decreased 1,25 Vitamin D","after":{"null":["Hypophosphatemia","Hypocalcemia","Secondary hyperparathyroidism","Renal osteodystrophy"]},"before":{"null":["Renal Failure (ESRD)"]},"description":"Decreased 1,25 Vitamin D refers to a condition where the levels of active vitamin D metabolites, specifically 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, in the blood are lower than normal. This can occur due to various conditions such as kidney disease, liver disease, and certain genetic disorders. Low levels of 1,25 Vitamin D can lead to impaired calcium absorption, weakened bones, and increased risk of fractures."},{"name":"Secondary hyperparathyroidism","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Hypocalcemia","Decreased 1,25 Vitamin D"]},"description":"Secondary hyperparathyroidism is a medical condition characterized by the increase in secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH) from the parathyroid gland in response to low levels of calcium in the blood caused by chronic kidney disease (CKD) or other medical conditions. This results in an increase in bone resorption, phosphorus retention, and vitamin D deficiency. It commonly affects individuals with advanced CKD who require dialysis and can lead to bone disease, vascular calcification, and decreased quality of life."},{"name":"Osteomalacia","after":{"null":["Pathological Fracture"]},"before":{"null":["Hypocalcemia","Vitamin D Deficiency","Renal osteodystrophy"]},"description":"Osteomalacia is a medical condition characterized by softening of the bones due to a deficiency of vitamin D or calcium. It is a type of metabolic bone disorder that weakens the bones and makes them more prone to fractures and deformities. The condition can cause pain, muscle weakness, and difficulty walking. Osteomalacia is often caused by inadequate exposure to sunlight, malabsorption syndromes, or chronic kidney disease. It can be treated with vitamin D supplements, calcium supplementation, and treatment of underlying disorders."},{"name":"Renal osteodystrophy","after":{"null":["Vitamin D Deficiency","Osteoporosis","Osteomalacia"]},"before":{"null":["Decreased 1,25 Vitamin D"]},"description":"Renal osteodystrophy is a bone disorder caused by chronic kidney disease (CKD). It is characterized by a disruption in the balance between bone resorption and bone formation, leading to a variety of bone abnormalities, including osteoporosis, bone pain, fractures, and skeletal deformities. This condition is caused by a combination of factors including calcium and vitamin D imbalances, altered mineral metabolism, and increased levels of parathyroid hormone."},{"name":"Von Hippel-Lindau disease","after":{"null":["Renal Cell Carcinoma","Hemangioblastoma of the cerebellum"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Von Hippel-Lindau disease is a rare genetic disorder that primarily affects the development and function of blood vessels. The condition is caused by mutations in the VHL gene, which normally helps regulate cell growth and division. In individuals with this disorder, blood vessel growth can be abnormal, leading to the formation of tumors and cysts in various parts of the body, including the brain, spinal cord, eyes, kidneys, pancreas, and adrenal glands. Some common symptoms of Von Hippel-Lindau disease include vision problems, hearing loss, headaches, high blood pressure, and abdominal pain. The severity and range of symptoms can vary widely between individuals, and the condition can be life-threatening in some cases. There is no cure for Von Hippel-Lindau disease, but management strategies such as surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy can be used to treat affected tissues and prolong survival."},{"name":"Hemangioblastoma of the cerebellum","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Von Hippel-Lindau disease"]},"description":"Hemangioblastoma of the cerebellum is a rare type of brain tumor that develops in the tissue of the cerebellum, which is the part of the brain responsible for coordination and balance. It is a slow-growing tumor that arises from abnormal blood vessel growth in the brain and can cause symptoms including headaches, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, and difficulty with balance and coordination. Hemangioblastoma of the cerebellum is typically diagnosed through imaging tests such as MRI and treated with surgical removal of the tumor, with radiation and chemotherapy used in some cases."},{"name":"Naphthylamine","after":{"null":["Urothelial (Transitional Cell) Carcinoma"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Naphthylamine is an organic compound with the chemical formula C10H9N. It is a type of aromatic amine, which consists of a naphthalene ring (a fused pair of benzene rings) with an amino group attached to one of the carbon atoms. Naphthylamine is used primarily in the production of dyes, but is also used in the manufacture of rubber and plastics, as well as in some analytical chemistry procedures. It can be toxic and potentially carcinogenic if ingested or inhaled in large quantities."},{"name":"Azo dyes","after":{"null":["Urothelial (Transitional Cell) Carcinoma"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Azo dyes are a group of synthetic aromatic compounds that contain one or more azo groups (-N=N-) in their molecular structure. These dyes are characterized by their bright color, high colorfastness, and good affinity for natural and synthetic fibers, making them popular in the textile, printing, and dyeing industries. The production and use of some azo dyes have been regulated due to their potential toxic effects on humans and the environment."},{"name":"Cyclophosphamide use","after":{"null":["SIADH","Urothelial (Transitional Cell) Carcinoma","Hemorrhagic Cystitis"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Cyclophosphamide is a chemotherapy drug that is used to treat various types of cancer, including lymphoma, leukemia, breast cancer, and ovarian cancer. It works by attacking rapidly growing cancer cells and interfering with their ability to divide and reproduce. Cyclophosphamide may be used alone or in combination with other chemotherapy drugs, radiation therapy, or immunotherapy. Additionally, cyclophosphamide may also be used to treat certain types of autoimmune diseases like lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, and multiple sclerosis as it suppresses the immune system."},{"name":"Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Bladder","after":{"null":["State of Malignancy","Hematuria","Postrenal AKI","Hydronephrosis"]},"before":{"null":["Schistosoma hematobium infection","Longstanding nephrolithiasis","Chronic cystitis"]},"description":"Squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder is a type of cancer that develops in the cells lining the bladder. These cells are flat-shaped, and when they become cancerous, they can form abnormal tissue growths or tumors that may spread to other parts of the body if left untreated. Squamous cell carcinoma is less common than other types of bladder cancer, such as transitional cell carcinoma. It is often associated with long-term urinary tract infections, bladder stones, and chronic irritation of the bladder lining. Symptoms of squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder may include painful urination, blood in the urine, or frequent urination. Treatment options may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these approaches, depending on the stage and severity of the cancer."},{"name":"Schistosoma hematobium infection","after":{"null":["Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Bladder"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Schistosoma hematobium infection is an infectious disease caused by a parasitic worm, Schistosoma hematobium, that can lead to a range of symptoms, including urinary tract and genital infections, bladder and kidney damage, pain during urination, and blood in urine. It is most commonly found in sub-Saharan Africa and the Middle East and is transmitted through contact with contaminated freshwater. The disease can be controlled and prevented through improved sanitation, water treatment, and regular treatment with antiparasitic drugs."},{"name":"Longstanding nephrolithiasis","after":{"null":["Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Bladder"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Longstanding nephrolithiasis refers to the presence of one or more kidney stones in the urinary tract for an extended period of time, typically months or years. This condition can cause chronic pain, recurrent infections, and kidney damage if left untreated. Treatment may include medication, dietary changes, hydration, and\/or surgical intervention."},{"name":"Chronic cystitis","after":{"null":["Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Bladder"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Chronic cystitis is a long-term inflammation or irritation of the bladder lining, which can result in recurring urinary tract infections, painful and frequent urination, and bladder discomfort. It is also known as interstitial cystitis. Chronic cystitis can affect both men and women, but it is more common in women. It is a chronic condition that often requires ongoing management and treatment to alleviate symptoms."},{"name":"Adenocarcinoma of the Bladder","after":{"null":["State of Malignancy","Hematuria","Postrenal AKI","Hydronephrosis"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Adenocarcinoma of the bladder refers to the malignant growth of the glandular cells lining the bladder. It is a rare form of bladder cancer and accounts for less than 2% of all bladder cancer cases. Adenocarcinoma of the bladder is often difficult to diagnose and treat because its symptoms are similar to other urinary conditions, and it has a tendency to spread to nearby organs and tissues. Risk factors include having a history of chronic bladder inflammation, prior bladder surgery, and exposure to certain chemicals. Treatment options usually involve surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy."},{"name":"Pelvic Pain","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Bartholin Cyst","Acute Endometritis","Chronic Endometritis","Endometriosis","Leiomyoma (Fibroids)"]},"description":"Pelvic pain is any pain felt in the lower abdomen or pelvis, below the level of the belly button. It can be caused by a variety of conditions affecting the reproductive organs, urinary system, bowel, or musculoskeletal system. Common causes of pelvic pain include menstrual cramps, ovarian cysts, uterine fibroids, endometriosis, urinary tract infections, and pelvic inflammatory diseases. Symptoms can range from mild discomfort to severe pain and can be sharp, crampy, or dull. A thorough medical evaluation is often needed to determine the underlying cause of pelvic pain and develop an effective treatment plan."},{"name":"Bartholin Cyst","after":{"null":["Pelvic Pain"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Bartholin cyst is a fluid-filled sac that develops in the Bartholin gland, which is located on either side of the vaginal opening. These cysts usually occur due to blockage or infection of the gland. A Bartholin cyst can cause discomfort and pain during sexual intercourse, walking, and sitting. In some cases, a Bartholin cyst may become infected, leading to the formation of a painful abscess. Treatments for Bartholin cysts may include warm compresses, antibiotics, or surgical drainage. In some cases, surgical removal of the gland may be necessary."},{"name":"Condyloma (Wart)","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Condyloma Acuminatum","Condyloma Latum"]},"description":"Condyloma (wart) is a small, fleshy bump on the skin or mucous membranes caused by a viral infection, particularly human papillomavirus (HPV). It is usually transmitted through sexual contact and can occur in the genital area or anus. Condyloma can be treated with medication or removal by a healthcare provider."},{"name":"Condyloma Acuminatum","after":{"null":["Condyloma (Wart)"]},"before":{"null":["HPV"]},"description":"Condyloma Acuminatum is a type of sexually transmitted infection caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV), which results in the growth of small, fleshy, cauliflower-like bumps on or around the genitals or anus. It is also known as genital warts. It is highly contagious and can be transmitted through sexual activity, including vaginal, anal, and oral sex."},{"name":"Condyloma Latum","after":{"null":["Condyloma (Wart)"]},"before":{"null":["Syphillis"]},"description":"Condyloma latum is a wart-like lesion that appears in moist areas of the body. It is caused by a sexually transmitted infection known as syphilis and is usually painless. It is highly contagious and can spread to other parts of the body through direct skin-to-skin contact. The lesions are usually flat, moist, and broad-based, and they may occur in the genital area, anus, mouth, or throat. Treatment for condyloma latum involves antibiotics to treat the underlying infection."},{"name":"Syphillis","after":{"Tertiary":["Neurosyphillis","Gummas"],"Secondary":["Condyloma Latum"],"Primary":["Painless chancre"],"null":["Aortitis"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum. It spreads through contact with a syphilis sore during vaginal, anal, or oral sex. It can also be passed from pregnant women to their unborn babies. Symptoms can vary depending on the stage of the infection but can include sores on the genitals, mouth, or anus, rash, fever, fatigue, and swollen lymph nodes. If left untreated, syphilis can lead to serious health problems such as blindness, dementia, and difficulty coordinating muscle movements. Treatment typically involves antibiotics."},{"name":"Vulvar Carcinoma","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["HPV","Lichen Sclerosis","Multiple sexual partners"]},"description":"Vulvar carcinoma is a type of cancer that develops in the vulva, which is the external female genitalia. It can occur in different areas of the vulva, including the labia, clitoris, and vaginal opening. Most vulvar cancers are squamous cell carcinomas, and the main risk factors include infection with human papillomavirus (HPV), smoking, and chronic vulvar inflammation. Symptoms may include itching, pain, and visible changes to the vulvar skin, and treatment options include surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. Early detection and treatment can improve outcomes for women with vulvar cancer."},{"name":"Lichen Sclerosis","after":{"null":["Vulvar Carcinoma"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Lichen sclerosis is a chronic inflammatory skin condition that commonly affects the genital and anal areas, although it can occur in other areas as well. It is most commonly seen in postmenopausal women, but can also occur in men and prepubescent children. Symptoms include itching, pain, and scarring. The exact cause is unknown, but it is thought to be related to an autoimmune reaction or hormonal imbalances. Treatment involves the use of topical steroids and other medications to alleviate symptoms and prevent further damage."},{"name":"Multiple sexual partners","after":{"null":["Vulvar Carcinoma"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Multiple sexual partners refer to individuals who engage in sexual activities with more than one partner during a particular period of time. It can include individuals who have sexual relationships with two or more people concurrently or sequentially. This behavior may be consensual or non-consensual and can occur in various forms such as casual sex, polyamory, or infidelity."},{"name":"Vaginal Carcinoma","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["HPV"]},"description":"Vaginal carcinoma is a type of cancer that originates in the tissues of the vagina, which is the muscular canal that connects the uterus to the outside of the body. It is a rare cancer that accounts for less than 2% of all gynecologic cancers. There are different types of vaginal carcinoma, with squamous cell carcinoma being the most common. Symptoms may include abnormal vaginal bleeding, pain during sex, and vaginal discharge. Treatment options depend on the type and stage of the cancer and may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these."},{"name":"Vaginal bleeding","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Cervical Cancer","Spontaneous Abortion"]},"description":"Vaginal bleeding refers to any discharge of blood from the vagina that is not associated with menstruation. It can occur at any time during the menstrual cycle and may be caused by a variety of factors including hormonal imbalances, infections, trauma, or certain medical conditions. Vaginal bleeding may be light or heavy and may be accompanied by other symptoms such as pain, cramping, or discharge. It is important to seek medical attention if vaginal bleeding occurs outside of normal menstruation or is accompanied by other concerning symptoms."},{"name":"Kidney origin","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"The kidney origin refers to the development and formation of the kidneys in the early stages of embryonic development. The kidneys are formed from the intermediate mesoderm during embryogenesis and play a vital role in filtering waste products from the blood and maintaining homeostasis in the body. The precise molecular mechanisms that govern kidney development are complex and involve the coordinated expression of many genes. Understanding the kidney origin and development can help to improve treatments for kidney diseases and disorders."},{"name":"Scleroderma","after":{"null":["Pericarditis","Arthritis","GERD","Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH) (WHO group I)","Interstitial Lung Disease","Autoimmune disease","Restrictive Cardiomyopathy","Systemic Inflammation","Sclerodactyly"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Autoimmune disorder characterized by tissue damage with activation of fibroblasts and deposition of collagen. Divided into diffuse and localized (known as CREST synrome) types "},{"name":"Asherman Syndrome (Endometrial Scarring)","after":{"null":["Secondary Amenorrhea"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Asherman syndrome, also known as intrauterine adhesions or endometrial scarring, is a condition in which there is scarring or adhesions within the uterus that can lead to menstrual disorders, infertility, and recurrent miscarriages. It is typically caused by trauma to the endometrial lining, such as from a previous uterine surgery, infection, or other uterine trauma. The scarring can lead to the walls of the uterus sticking together, preventing proper menstruation and fertility. Treatment may involve surgery to remove the scar tissue and hormone therapy to improve menstrual function and fertility."},{"name":"Abnormal Uterine Bleeding","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Anovulatory Cycle","Acute Endometritis","Chronic Endometritis","Endometrial Polyp","Endometrial Hyperplasia","Endometrial Cancer","Leiomyoma (Fibroids)"]},"description":"Abnormal uterine bleeding refers to any unusual bleeding from the uterus that differs from what is considered normal menstrual bleeding. This may include heavy bleeding, prolonged bleeding, bleeding between periods, or bleeding after sex. It can be caused by a variety of factors such as hormonal imbalances, fibroids, polyps, endometriosis, or cancer. It is important to seek medical attention if experiencing abnormal uterine bleeding to determine the underlying cause and receive appropriate treatment."},{"name":"Anovulatory Cycle","after":{"null":["Abnormal Uterine Bleeding","Increased estrogen exposure"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"An anovulatory cycle refers to a menstrual cycle in which the ovary fails to release an egg for fertilization. Instead of ovulation, the uterine lining continues to thicken as usual, but since there is no egg to fertilize, the body sheds the lining at the end of the cycle. Anovulatory cycles can occur for various reasons, including hormonal imbalances, stress, excessive exercise, and certain medical conditions. These cycles can result in irregular periods or even a complete absence of menstruation."},{"name":"Acute Endometritis","after":{"null":["Bacteremia","Pelvic Pain","Abnormal Uterine Bleeding"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Acute endometritis is an inflammation of the lining of the uterus (the endometrium) that develops quickly and can cause symptoms such as lower abdominal pain, fever, and abnormal vaginal discharge. It is often caused by a bacterial infection and can occur after childbirth, miscarriage, or any condition that allows bacteria to enter the uterus. It is usually treated with antibiotics."},{"name":"Chronic Endometritis","after":{"null":["Pelvic Pain","Abnormal Uterine Bleeding"]},"before":{"null":["Retained products of conception"]},"description":"Chronic endometritis is an inflammatory condition of the inner lining of the uterus (endometrium) that persists for a prolonged period of time, usually at least six months. It is characterized by the presence of plasma cells, lymphocytes, and other immune cells in the endometrium and is associated with persistent vaginal bleeding, infertility, and recurrent miscarriage. Chronic endometritis is often caused by an infection with a variety of bacteria and is diagnosed through a biopsy of the endometrium. Treatment typically involves a course of antibiotics or other anti-inflammatory medications."},{"name":"Retained products of conception","after":{"null":["Chronic Endometritis"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Retained products of conception (RPOC) refer to the remains of the placenta and\/or fetal membranes that stay in the uterus after childbirth, termination of pregnancy, or miscarriage. This can lead to postpartum hemorrhage, infection, and other complications if not properly managed. RPOC can be diagnosed and treated with medical or surgical interventions."},{"name":"Endometrial Polyp","after":{"null":["Abnormal Uterine Bleeding"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"An endometrial polyp is an abnormal growth of tissue in the lining of the uterus (endometrium). It is usually benign (non-cancerous) but can cause symptoms such as irregular menstrual bleeding, heavy periods, or infertility. Treatment options include removing the polyp through hysteroscopy or performing a hysterectomy in severe cases."},{"name":"Endometriosis","after":{"null":["Pelvic Pain","Scarring of fallopian tube"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Endometriosis is a chronic and painful condition that occurs when the tissue that normally lines the inside of the uterus (the endometrium) grows outside the uterus, causing inflammation, scar tissue, and pain in the pelvic area. This tissue can attach itself to other organs such as the ovaries, fallopian tubes, and the lining of the pelvic cavity, and can even spread to other parts of the body. Endometriosis can cause painful menstrual periods, chronic pelvic pain, fatigue, and infertility. It affects approximately 10% of reproductive-aged women."},{"name":"Endometrial Hyperplasia","after":{"null":["Abnormal Uterine Bleeding","Endometrial Cancer"]},"before":{"null":["Increased estrogen exposure"]},"description":"Endometrial hyperplasia is a condition that occurs when the lining of the uterus (endometrium) grows too thick, usually due to an excess of estrogen hormone and\/or a lack of progesterone hormone. It can also occur due to certain medical conditions and treatments. Endometrial hyperplasia is considered a precancerous condition as it increases the risk of developing endometrial cancer. Symptoms may include heavy or irregular periods, bleeding between periods, or postmenopausal bleeding. Treatment options range from hormone therapy and medication to surgery."},{"name":"Endometrial Cancer","after":{"null":["State of Malignancy","Abnormal Uterine Bleeding"]},"before":{"null":["Endometrial Hyperplasia","Increased estrogen exposure"]},"description":"Endometrial cancer is a type of cancer that originates from the cells of the lining of the uterus, called the endometrium. It is the most common cancer of the female reproductive system and usually occurs in women over the age of 50. The cancerous cells can grow and spread to other tissues and organs in the body, potentially causing serious health complications. Early detection and treatment are important for improving the chances of survival and reducing the risk of recurrence."},{"name":"Increased estrogen exposure","after":{"null":["Endometrial Hyperplasia","Endometrial Cancer","Ductal Carcinoma","Lobular Carcinoma"]},"before":{"null":["Obesity","Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)","Anovulatory Cycle","Early menarche","Late menopause","Nulliparity"]},"description":"Increased estrogen exposure refers to a situation where there is an abnormally high level of estrogen hormone in the body. This may be due to various factors such as certain medical conditions or medications, environmental toxins, or lifestyle factors. Increased estrogen exposure may lead to symptoms such as irregular menstrual cycles, abnormal vaginal bleeding, mood changes, weight gain, and an increased risk of certain health issues such as breast cancer."},{"name":"Early menarche","after":{"null":["Increased estrogen exposure"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Early menarche, also known as precocious puberty, is the onset of menstruation before the age of 8 years. It is considered abnormal and may be caused by various factors including genetics, hormonal imbalances, or certain medical conditions. Early menarche may also lead to increased risk of certain health conditions such as breast cancer and cardiovascular disease."},{"name":"Late menopause","after":{"null":["Increased estrogen exposure"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Late menopause, also known as prolonged menopause or delayed menopause, refers to the natural cessation of menstrual cycle occurring beyond the age of 52 years. In most women, menopause occurs between the ages of 45 and 55 years, but in some cases, it can occur later than the average age. Late menopause can be caused due to genetic factors, environmental factors, certain medical conditions, or lifestyle factors. Women who experience late menopause may have a lower risk of developing certain health conditions such as osteoporosis and cardiovascular disease."},{"name":"Nulliparity","after":{"null":["Increased estrogen exposure"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Nulliparity refers to the absence of a previous pregnancy or childbirth in a woman. A nulliparous woman has never carried a pregnancy beyond 20 weeks gestation or given birth to a viable infant."},{"name":"Leiomyoma (Fibroids)","after":{"null":["Pelvic Pain","Abnormal Uterine Bleeding"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"A leiomyoma, commonly known as a fibroid, is a benign growth or tumor made up of smooth muscle cells and fibrous connective tissue. These growths can occur in any part of the body but most commonly appear in the uterus, ovaries, or fallopian tubes. They can range in size from a few millimeters to several centimeters, and women of reproductive age are most susceptible to developing them. Symptoms can include heavy menstrual bleeding, pelvic pain, and pressure on nearby organs. While fibroids are not cancerous, they can sometimes cause complications and may require medical treatment."},{"name":"Ovarian Cancer","after":{"null":["Ascites"]},"before":{"null":["BRCA mutation","Hereditary non-polyposis colon cancer"]},"description":"Ovarian cancer is a type of cancer that starts in the cells of the ovaries, which are the female reproductive organs that produce eggs. It can occur in various parts of the ovaries and can spread to other nearby areas of the body if left untreated. Ovarian cancer is often referred to as the \"silent killer\" because it often does not cause any symptoms until it has progressed to an advanced stage. However, early detection and prompt treatment can improve the chances of survival."},{"name":"Scarring of fallopian tube","after":{"null":["Ectopic Pregnancy"]},"before":{"null":["Endometriosis","Pelvic Inflammatory Disease"]},"description":"Scarring of the fallopian tubes, also known as tubal scarring, refers to the formation of scar tissue in the fallopian tubes. This can occur as a result of an infection, injury, or surgery in the pelvic area, which can damage the delicate tissues of the tubes. Scarring can cause the tubes to become narrow or completely blocked, interfering with the passage of eggs from the ovaries to the uterus, which can result in infertility or ectopic pregnancy. In some cases, surgical intervention may be necessary to remove or repair the affected areas of the fallopian tubes."},{"name":"Ectopic Pregnancy","after":{"null":["Abdominal Pain"]},"before":{"null":["Scarring of fallopian tube"]},"description":"Ectopic pregnancy is a condition where a fertilized egg implants itself outside the uterus, most commonly in the fallopian tube. It is a life-threatening medical emergency that requires prompt diagnosis and treatment to prevent serious complications. Symptoms of ectopic pregnancy may include abdominal pain, vaginal bleeding, shoulder pain, and dizziness or fainting. Treatment options depend on the location and severity of the ectopic pregnancy, but may include medication or surgery to prevent further damage or loss of fertility."},{"name":"Pelvic Inflammatory Disease","after":{"null":["Scarring of fallopian tube"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is a condition marked by inflammation of the female reproductive organs, typically as a result of a bacterial infection. It can affect the uterus, ovaries, fallopian tubes, and other adjacent structures. PID can cause persistent pain, fever, and other symptoms. If left untreated, it can lead to severe complications such as infertility and ectopic pregnancy. It most commonly affects sexually active women under the age of 25."},{"name":"Spontaneous Abortion","after":{"null":["Vaginal bleeding"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Spontaneous abortion, commonly known as a miscarriage, is the loss of a pregnancy before the 20th week of gestation. It occurs naturally and can happen to any woman, regardless of age, health, or medical history. Spontaneous abortion may be caused by a variety of factors, including chromosomal abnormalities, hormonal imbalances, infections, and maternal health problems. The symptoms of spontaneous abortion include vaginal bleeding, cramping, and the passing of tissue from the uterus. Medical evaluation and treatment may be necessary in some cases."},{"name":"Mental retardation","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Fetal Alcohol Syndrome","Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome (HGPRT deficiency)"]},"description":"Mental retardation, also known as intellectual disability, is a condition that is characterized by limitations in cognitive functioning and adaptive behaviors. It is generally diagnosed in individuals before the age of 18 and can range from mild (slower learning and development) to severe (significant intellectual impairments that affect everyday life skills). Mental retardation may be caused by genetic factors, injury or illness during pregnancy or childbirth, or environmental factors such as malnutrition or exposure to toxins."},{"name":"Microcephaly","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Fetal Alcohol Syndrome"]},"description":"Microcephaly is a rare neurological condition in which a baby is born with a small head and brain size. This condition occurs when there is abnormal brain development during pregnancy or after birth. Microcephaly can be caused by genetic mutations, exposure to certain viruses or chemicals during pregnancy, or other factors that affect brain growth and development. This condition can result in intellectual disability, delayed motor and speech development, and seizures. Treatment for microcephaly typically involves supportive care and therapies to help manage symptoms."},{"name":"Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Penis","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["HPV","Lack of circumcision"]},"description":"Squamous cell carcinoma of the penis is a type of cancer that forms in the cells lining the surface of the penis. It starts as a small, flat, or raised patch of skin on the penis and can grow into a larger, more invasive tumor. The cancer usually develops on the foreskin or the head (glans) of the penis, but it can occur anywhere on the organ. It is a rare form of cancer that mostly affects older men. Risk factors for developing squamous cell carcinoma of the penis include poor hygiene, human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, smoking, and having a history of genital warts. Symptoms may include a lump or growth on the penis, pain or discomfort, bleeding, and discharge. Treatment options include surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy."},{"name":"Lack of circumcision","after":{"null":["Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Penis"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Lack of circumcision refers to the absence of surgical removal of the foreskin, which covers the head of the penis on a male. This can occur for various reasons, including personal choice, religious beliefs, cultural practices, or medical reasons. It is a common procedure performed in many countries, particularly among certain ethnic and religious groups. The lack of circumcision has been associated with certain health risks and cultural stigmas in some communities."},{"name":"Chlamydia","after":{"null":["Orchitis","Reactive Arthritis (Reiter Syndrome)"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Chlamydia is a sexually transmitted bacterial infection caused by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis. It can infect the urethra, cervix, rectum, and throat in both men and women. Chlamydia can cause serious complications if left untreated, including infertility, chronic pain, and pelvic inflammatory disease. It is treatable with antibiotics."},{"name":"Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection","after":{"null":["Orchitis"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection, commonly known as gonorrhea, is a sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae. It primarily affects the mucous membranes of the reproductive tract, but can also affect other parts of the body such as the throat and rectum. Symptoms include painful urination, abnormal vaginal or penile discharge, and in women, abdominal pain and fever. If left untreated, it can lead to serious complications such as infertility and pelvic inflammatory disease."},{"name":"Autoimmune orchitis","after":{"null":["Orchitis"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Autoimmune orchitis is a condition where the immune system mistakenly attacks the tissues of the testes, causing inflammation and damage. This condition is a type of autoimmune disease, in which the immune system mistakenly attacks healthy tissues in the body. It can lead to infertility and other complications if left untreated. Symptoms of autoimmune orchitis include pain and swelling in the testes, fever, and a general feeling of malaise. Treatment may include anti-inflammatory medications and hormone therapy."},{"name":"Testicular Pain","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Testicular Torsion"]},"description":"Testicular pain is a discomfort or pain felt in one or both testicles (the male reproductive organs located within the scrotum). The pain can be mild or severe and may vary in duration, from short-term to persistent. It can be caused by a variety of factors, including injury, infection, inflammation, torsion (twisted testicle), hernia, and in rare cases, testicular cancer. It is important to seek medical attention if the pain is severe or accompanied by other symptoms such as swelling, redness, or fever."},{"name":"Testicular Torsion","after":{"null":["Testicular Pain","Absent cremasteric reflex on physical exam"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Testicular torsion is a condition characterized by the twisting of the spermatic cord, which supplies blood to the testicle. This twisting can restrict blood flow to the testicle, leading to ischemia (lack of oxygen) and damage to the testicular tissue. It is a medical emergency and requires immediate treatment to prevent permanent damage to the testicle. Symptoms of testicular torsion include sudden and severe pain in the scrotum, swelling, and redness. It is most common in young males and can occur spontaneously or as a result of trauma to the scrotum."},{"name":"Absent cremasteric reflex on physical exam","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Testicular Torsion"]},"description":"Absent cremasteric reflex on physical exam means that there is no upward movement of the testicle when the inner thigh is stroked. The cremasteric reflex is an involuntary reflex that occurs when the nerves of the inner thigh are stimulated and causes the cremaster muscle to contract, pulling the testicle upward. An absent reflex suggests damage or interruption to the nerve pathway that controls the reflex, which can be caused by various medical conditions or injuries."},{"name":"Left renal vein obstruction","after":{"null":["Varicocele"]},"before":{"null":["Renal Cell Carcinoma"]},"description":"Left renal vein obstruction is a condition in which the left renal vein, which carries filtered blood from the left kidney back to the heart, becomes narrowed or blocked. This can cause a backup of blood in the vein and increased pressure in the left kidney, which can lead to a variety of symptoms such as flank pain, swelling of the left leg or ankle, and nausea or vomiting. Left renal vein obstruction may be caused by a variety of factors, including blood clots, tumors, or compression of the vein by nearby structures. Treatment may involve medications to reduce blood pressure and\/or surgery to remove the blockage."},{"name":"Varicocele","after":{"null":["Infertility (male)","Scrotal swelling"]},"before":{"null":["Left renal vein obstruction"]},"description":"Varicocele is a medical condition that occurs when the veins that drain blood from the testicles become swollen and twisted. This condition is similar to varicose veins that occur in the legs. Varicocele is a common cause of male infertility and affects up to 15% of all men. It usually develops during puberty and is more common in men aged 15 to 25. Symptoms may include pain or discomfort in the testicles, swelling, and decreased fertility. Treatment options include surgery to repair the affected veins or embolization, which blocks the veins using a small coil or balloon."},{"name":"Infertility (male)","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Varicocele"]},"description":"Infertility in males is defined as the inability to achieve a pregnancy after one year of unprotected sexual activity with a female partner. It can be caused by various factors including problems with sperm production or function, structural issues with the reproductive system, and hormonal imbalances. It is estimated that male infertility contributes to around 30-40% of all infertility cases."},{"name":"Scrotal swelling","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Varicocele","Hydrocele"]},"description":"Scrotal swelling is the enlargement of the scrotum, which may be caused by various medical conditions or injuries. It can be unilateral or bilateral, and may or may not be accompanied by pain. Common causes of scrotal swelling include infections, injuries, hernias, hydrocele, varicocele, orchitis, testicular torsion, and testicular cancer. Treatment depends on the underlying cause and may involve medications, surgery, or other interventions."},{"name":"Hydrocele","after":{"null":["Scrotal swelling"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Hydrocele is a medical condition in which there is an accumulation of fluid in the scrotal sac, which surrounds the testicles in males. It is often caused by an injury or inflammation in the testicles, or due to a blockage in the lymphatic system that prevents the fluid from draining properly. Hydrocele can cause discomfort and swelling in the affected area, but is typically not a serious health concern. It can be treated with medication or surgery."},{"name":"Testicular Tumor","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"Germ Cell":["Seminoma","Embryonal Carcinoma","Yok sac (endodermal sinus) tumor","Choriocarcinoma","Teratoma"],"Sex Cord-Stromal":["Leydig Cell Tumor","Sertoli Cell Tumor"],"null":[]},"description":"A testicular tumor is an abnormal growth or swelling that develops within the testicles, the male reproductive organs that produce sperm and testosterone. These tumors can be benign (noncancerous) or malignant (cancerous), and may cause symptoms such as pain, swelling, or a lump in the testicle. Testicular tumors are relatively rare, but they are the most common type of cancer in young and middle-aged men. Early detection and treatment are important for successful outcomes."},{"name":"Seminoma","after":{"null":["Testicular Tumor"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Seminoma is a type of testicular cancer that arises from germ cells, which are cells that normally develop into sperm. It is a slow-growing cancer that is typically curable if caught early. Seminoma accounts for about half of all cases of testicular cancer. Symptoms may include a painless lump or swelling in the testicles, pain or discomfort in the testicles or scrotum, a dull ache or feeling of heaviness in the lower abdomen or groin, and breast enlargement or tenderness (in rare cases). Treatment usually involves surgery, radiation therapy, and\/or chemotherapy."},{"name":"Embryonal Carcinoma","after":{"null":["Testicular Tumor"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Embryonal carcinoma is a type of malignant tumor that arises from germ cells, which are the cells that produce sperm and eggs. It is typically a type of testicular cancer and can also occur in the ovaries, mediastinum, and retroperitoneum. Embryonal carcinoma is composed of undifferentiated cells that resemble those of the early embryo, hence the name. It is a highly aggressive cancer that can invade nearby tissues and spread to other parts of the body. Treatment often involves surgery to remove the tumor, as well as chemotherapy and radiation therapy to destroy any remaining cancer cells."},{"name":"Yok sac (endodermal sinus) tumor","after":{"null":["Testicular Tumor"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Yolk sac tumor (endodermal sinus tumor) is a type of cancer that usually occurs in the testicles or ovaries but can also occur in other parts of the body. It is a rare type of germ cell tumor that arises from cells that produce eggs or sperm in the early stages of fetal development. These tumors can produce alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), which is a protein that can be detected in the blood and may aid in the diagnosis and monitoring of the tumor. Treatment may involve surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy."},{"name":"Choriocarcinoma","after":{"null":["Testicular Tumor"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Choriocarcinoma is a rare type of cancer that develops in the cells that would normally form the placenta during pregnancy. It is a fast-growing cancer that can spread rapidly to other parts of the body. Symptoms can include vaginal bleeding, abdominal pain, and shortness of breath. Treatment usually involves a combination of chemotherapy and surgery."},{"name":"Teratoma","after":{"null":["Testicular Tumor"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Teratoma is a type of tumor that contains multiple types of tissue, such as hair, muscle, and bone. These tumors can occur in various parts of the body and are typically benign. However, they can sometimes be malignant and require treatment such as surgery or chemotherapy. Teratomas often develop in the ovaries or testes, but can also occur in the brain, spine, or other parts of the body."},{"name":"Leydig Cell Tumor","after":{"null":["Testicular Tumor"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Leydig cell tumor is a rare type of tumor that arises from the Leydig cells in the testicles or ovaries. These cells produce testosterone, which is responsible for the development of male characteristics. Leydig cell tumors are usually benign, but in rare cases, they can be malignant and spread to other parts of the body. Symptoms of Leydig cell tumors may include testicular swelling, pain, and hormonal imbalances leading to masculinization or feminization, depending on whether the tumor produces testosterone or estrogen. Treatment options can include surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy, depending on the size and spread of the tumor."},{"name":"Sertoli Cell Tumor","after":{"null":["Testicular Tumor"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Sertoli cell tumor is a rare type of tumor that develops from the Sertoli cells, which are responsible for supporting and nourishing the developing sperm cells in the testes. It typically occurs in men and can cause hormonal imbalances leading to a range of symptoms such as muscle weakness, enlarged breasts, and reduced sex drive. Treatment usually involves surgical removal of the affected testicle, and if necessary, further treatment may be recommended based on the stage and severity of the tumor."},{"name":"Germ Cell","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Germ cells are the reproductive cells that are responsible for passing genetic information from one generation to the next. They are also known as gametes, and in humans they include the egg cells in females and the sperm cells in males. Germ cells undergo meiosis, a process of cell division that produces cells with half the number of chromosomes as the original cell, which allows for their combination and genetic diversity during fertilization."},{"name":"Sex Cord-Stromal","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"The sex cord-stromal cells are specialized cells that are found in the developing gonads of the embryo. These cells are responsible for the production of sex hormones and play a critical role in the development of reproductive organs and the regulation of the menstrual cycle in females. The cells of the sex cord-stromal tissues also help to support and protect the developing ova (eggs) in females, and spermatogonia (sperm precursors) in males. Tumors of the sex cord-stromal cells can cause hormonal imbalances and other reproductive disorders."},{"name":"Prostatitis","after":{"null":["Bacteremia","Dysuria","Low Back Pain"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Prostatitis is inflammation and swelling of the prostate gland, a walnut-sized gland located directly below the bladder in men. It can cause pain and discomfort in the lower abdomen, groin area, and genital region, as well as problems with urination and sexual function. Prostatitis can be caused by a bacterial infection, but in many cases, the cause is unknown. Treatments may include antibiotics and pain medication."},{"name":"Dysuria","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Prostatitis"]},"description":"Dysuria is a medical term that refers to painful or uncomfortable urination. It is typically associated with a burning or stinging sensation during urination and can be caused by a variety of factors, including infection, inflammation, or injury to the urinary tract. Other common symptoms of dysuria include increased frequency of urination, urgency, and difficulty emptying the bladder. In some cases, dysuria may be a sign of a more serious underlying condition, such as bladder cancer or kidney stones. It is important to seek medical attention if you experience persistent or severe symptoms of dysuria."},{"name":"Low Back Pain","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Spinal Stenosis","Ankylosing Spondylitis","Prostatitis","Lumbar Disc Herniation","Paraspinal Muscle Spasm","Cord Compression"]},"description":"Low back pain is a common condition characterized by discomfort and pain in the lower part of the back, which can range from a mild ache to a severe, debilitating pain. It can be acute, lasting for a few days to a few weeks, or chronic, lasting for three months or more. The pain can be caused by a variety of factors, such as injury, muscle strain or sprain, arthritis, or degenerative disc disease. It can also be associated with other symptoms, such as numbness, tingling, weakness, or stiffness."},{"name":"Lumbar Disc Herniation","after":{"null":["Low Back Pain"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Lumbar disc herniation is a medical condition where the outer wall of a spinal disc in the lower back tears and allows the gel-like material inside the disc to protrude and press against the adjacent nerves, causing pain, weakness, and numbness in the lower back, buttocks, legs, and feet. It is a common cause of lower back pain and sciatica."},{"name":"Paraspinal Muscle Spasm","after":{"null":["Low Back Pain"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Paraspinal muscle spasm refers to the involuntary and sustained contraction or tightness of the muscles located alongside the spine (paraspinal muscles). The spasm usually occurs in response to injury, inflammation, or strain on the back muscles and can cause intense pain, restricted movement, and stiffness. It is a common condition and can affect people of all ages and activity levels. Treatment of paraspinal muscle spasm typically involves pain management, physical therapy, and addressing the underlying cause of the spasm."},{"name":"Pituitary Adenoma","after":{"null":["Central Diabetes Insipidus","Mass effect","Hypopituitarism","Bitemporal hemianopsia"]},"before":{"Nonfunctional":["Silent adenoma"],"Functional":["Prolactinoma","Growth hormone cell adenoma","ACTH cell adenoma","TSH cell adenoma","LH-producing adenoma","FSH-producing adenoma"],"null":[]},"description":"Pituitary adenoma is a noncancerous growth or tumor in the pituitary gland which produces excessive hormones leading to various health problems. It can cause hormonal imbalances and affect multiple body systems including growth, reproduction, metabolism, and stress response. Pituitary adenomas can be classified based on hormone-secreting activity and size, and treatment depends on the type, size, and symptoms of the tumor. Surgery, radiation therapy, and medication are the common treatment options for pituitary adenomas."},{"name":"Bitemporal hemianopsia","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Pituitary Adenoma","Craniopharyngioma"]},"description":"Bitemporal hemianopsia is a visual field defect that affects both temporal visual fields of the eyes. It is characterized by a loss of vision in the outer half of both visual fields, resulting in a decreased ability to see objects on the sides of the visual field. This condition is typically caused by damage to the optic chiasm, the area where the optic nerves of the eyes cross in the brain. Bitemporal hemianopsia can be caused by a variety of conditions, such as tumors, strokes, head injuries, or certain neurological disorders."},{"name":"Migraine","after":{"null":["Headache"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Migraine is a neurological disorder that can cause intense pulsing or throbbing pain on one or both sides of the head. It is often accompanied by other symptoms such as sensitivity to light, sound or smells, nausea, vomiting, and blurred vision. Migraine attacks can last anywhere from a few hours to several days and can be debilitating, impacting daily activities and quality of life."},{"name":"Tension headache","after":{"null":["Headache"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Tension headache is a common type of headache characterized by mild to moderate pain and a sensation of tightness or pressure around the head. It is caused by muscle tension and is often related to stress, anxiety, and poor posture. The pain of tension headache typically affects both sides of the head and may be accompanied by sensitivity to light and sound, difficulty concentrating, and irritability. Tension headache is not typically associated with other symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, or visual disturbances."},{"name":"Cluster Headache","after":{"null":["Headache"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"A cluster headache is a type of severe headache that occurs in cyclical patterns or clusters. The attacks can last anywhere from 15 minutes to three hours and can occur multiple times a day for weeks or months before disappearing for a period of time. The pain is usually felt on one side of the head and can be described as a burning, piercing, or stabbing sensation. Other symptoms may include teary eyes, a runny nose, and sensitivity to light or sound. The exact cause of cluster headaches is unknown, but they are often treated with medication and lifestyle changes."},{"name":"Growth hormone cell adenoma","after":{"null":["Diabetes Mellitus","Acromegaly","Pituitary Adenoma"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Growth hormone cell adenoma is a type of pituitary adenoma, a non-cancerous tumor that develops in the pituitary gland. This type of adenoma specifically affects the cells responsible for producing growth hormone, leading to excessive production and release of the hormone. This can result in symptoms such as excessive growth and enlargement of the hands, feet, and facial features. Treatment may involve medications, surgery, or radiation therapy."},{"name":"ACTH cell adenoma","after":{"null":["Pituitary ACTH (Cushing Disease)","Pituitary Adenoma"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":""},{"name":"TSH cell adenoma","after":{"null":["Hyperthyroidism","Pituitary Adenoma","Goiter"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"There is no such medical term as \"TSH cell adenoma.\" However, there is a type of pituitary adenoma called a \"thyrotroph adenoma\" that produces excessive thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). This can lead to hyperthyroidism and other symptoms associated with high levels of TSH. Treatment may include medication to suppress TSH production or surgical removal of the adenoma."},{"name":"LH-producing adenoma","after":{"null":["Pituitary Adenoma","Hypergonadism"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"LH-producing adenoma is a type of pituitary adenoma, which is a non-cancerous tumor that grows in the pituitary gland. This tumor secretes excessive amounts of luteinizing hormone (LH), which can lead to hormonal imbalances and health problems. LH is a hormone that plays a key role in regulating the menstrual cycle and stimulating the production of testosterone in males. Symptoms of LH-producing adenoma can vary depending on the age and sex of the individual, but may include infertility, irregular menstrual cycles, decreased sex drive, and other hormonal problems. Treatment typically involves surgical removal of the tumor or medication to control hormone levels."},{"name":"FSH-producing adenoma","after":{"null":["Pituitary Adenoma","Hypergonadism"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"FSH-producing adenoma is a type of pituitary tumor that results in overproduction of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) by the pituitary gland. This condition can cause hormone imbalances and disrupt normal reproductive function, leading to symptoms such as infertility, menstrual irregularities, and decreased libido. Treatment may include medications to suppress hormone production or surgery to remove the tumor."},{"name":"Silent adenoma","after":{"null":["Pituitary Adenoma"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"As an AI language model, I do not have access to current medical records or imaging diagnostics. However, generally speaking, silent adenoma is a term used to describe a non-functioning tumor that does not produce any hormones. Silent adenomas can develop in different parts of the body, including the pituitary gland. They may cause symptoms due to their size and location but are typically diagnosed incidentally during medical imaging tests. Treatment may involve observation or surgical removal depending on the size and location of the tumor."},{"name":"Nonfunctional","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Nonfunctional refers to a characteristic or aspect of a system or product that is not related to its primary function or purpose, but rather to its performance, reliability, security, usability, scalability, maintainability, or other quality attributes. Nonfunctional requirements are usually specified in terms of metrics, constraints, or criteria that define the expected behavior or performance of the system or product under various conditions. Examples of nonfunctional requirements include response time, throughput, availability, safety, privacy, adaptability, and compliance with standards or regulations."},{"name":"Functional","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Functional refers to something that is capable of performing its intended purpose or task efficiently and effectively. It can also refer to a style or approach that emphasizes practicality, usability, and utility over aesthetics or appearance. Functionality is often a key consideration in the design and development of software applications, products, and services, as it determines their ability to meet the needs and expectations of users."},{"name":"Decreased libido (low sex drive)","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Hypogonadism","Hyperprolactinemia"]},"description":"Decreased libido or low sex drive is a condition where a person experiences a reduced desire to engage in sexual activities. It can be caused by physical, psychological, or lifestyle factors, and can affect both men and women. Symptoms may include a lack of interest or pleasure in sexual activities, difficulty becoming aroused, or reduced sexual fantasies. It is important to seek medical attention if decreased libido is accompanied by other symptoms or is causing distress."},{"name":"Primary Hyperthyroidism","after":{"null":["Hyperthyroidism"]},"before":{"null":["Toxic Goiter"]},"description":"Primary hyperthyroidism is a condition in which the thyroid gland produces too much thyroid hormone, leading to symptoms such as weight loss, increased appetite, tremors, anxiety, sweating, and heat intolerance. It is typically caused by an overactive thyroid gland or by the growth of a benign tumor or multiple nodules on the gland. Primary hyperthyroidism is diagnosed through blood tests, imaging, and other diagnostic procedures, and treatment may involve medication, radioactive iodine therapy, or surgery."},{"name":"Hypergonadism","after":{"null":["Aggression"]},"before":{"null":["LH-producing adenoma","FSH-producing adenoma"]},"description":"As an AI language model, I do not have personal beliefs or opinions; however, I can provide the definition of hypergonadism. Hypergonadism is a medical condition in which there is abnormally high production of sex hormones by the gonads (testes in males, ovaries in females). This leads to an overactive and enlarged gonads, causing a variety of symptoms such as increased body hair, acne, voice deepening (in females), menstrual cycle abnormalities (in females), and enlargement of the clitoris (in females) or penis (in males). Hypergonadism can be caused by several genetic conditions, tumors, or other underlying conditions and requires medical intervention."},{"name":"Craniopharyngioma","after":{"null":["Hypopituitarism","Bitemporal hemianopsia","Brain Tumor"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Craniopharyngioma is a type of benign (non-cancerous) brain tumor that develops near the pituitary gland and the hypothalamus. It usually affects children and young adults and can cause symptoms such as headaches, vision problems, hormonal imbalances, and cognitive difficulties. The tumor develops from embryonic cells that normally form the pituitary gland and the hypothalamus. Treatment may involve surgery, radiation therapy, and\/or hormone replacement therapy."},{"name":"Pituitary apoplexy","after":{"null":["Hypopituitarism"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Pituitary apoplexy is a condition in which there is bleeding or impaired blood supply to the pituitary gland, a small gland located at the base of the brain. This can lead to sudden and severe headache, vision problems, hormonal imbalance, and neurological symptoms. It is considered a medical emergency and requires urgent treatment to prevent complications such as vision loss or stroke. Possible causes of pituitary apoplexy include tumors, pituitary adenomas, and aneurysms."},{"name":"Sheehan syndrome (pregnancy-related infarction)","after":{"null":["Hypopituitarism"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Sheehan syndrome, also known as postpartum hypopituitarism or pregnancy-related infarction, is a condition that occurs when a pregnant woman experiences severe bleeding (hemorrhage) during or after delivery, leading to a significant loss of blood and oxygen supply to the pituitary gland. This can result in damage to the gland, leading to a deficiency in one or more hormones produced by the pituitary gland. The condition can cause various symptoms, including fatigue, weakness, low blood pressure, reduced milk production in breastfeeding mothers, and even infertility. Prompt treatment with hormone replacement therapy can help manage the symptoms and prevent complications."},{"name":"Empty sella syndrome","after":{"null":["Hypopituitarism"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Empty sella syndrome is a rare condition in which the pituitary gland shrinks or becomes flattened, causing the sella turcica in which the gland is housed to appear empty on imaging studies. This can be associated with symptoms such as headaches, vision changes, and hormonal imbalances, but in many cases, there are no noticeable symptoms. The condition is most commonly seen in middle-aged women and is often discovered incidentally during imaging studies for other medical conditions. Treatment may be necessary if hormonal imbalances are present, but in many cases, no treatment is required."},{"name":"Low urine osmolality","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Primary Polydipsia","Tea\/Toast Syndrome ","Reset Osmostat","Diabetes Insipidus"]},"description":"Low urine osmolality refers to a condition where the concentration of solutes in urine is lower than normal. This may indicate that the kidneys are not functioning properly and are unable to effectively remove excess water from the body, resulting in diluted urine. It may also be caused by certain medications, hormonal imbalances, or other underlying medical conditions."},{"name":"Democlocycline use","after":{"null":["Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Demeclocycline is a tetracycline antibiotic that is used to treat infections caused by bacteria, such as respiratory infections, urinary tract infections, and skin infections. It works by preventing the growth and spread of bacteria in the body. In addition to its antibacterial properties, demeclocycline has also been used to treat a condition called syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH), which is characterized by excess water retention and low sodium levels in the blood."},{"name":"Hemorrhagic Cystitis","after":{"null":["Hematuria"]},"before":{"null":["Cyclophosphamide use"]},"description":"Hemorrhagic cystitis is a condition characterized by inflammation and bleeding in the bladder. It can cause symptoms such as abdominal pain, frequent urination, blood in the urine, and discomfort during urination. It can be caused by various factors including infections, radiation therapy, and certain medications. Treatment often involves addressing the underlying cause and managing symptoms, which may include pain relief and antibiotics. Severe cases may require hospitalization and more aggressive interventions."},{"name":"Low serum osmolality","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Low serum osmolality refers to a condition in which the concentration of solutes in the blood (measured as osmolality) is lower than normal. It may be caused by excess fluid intake, excessive sweating, or certain medical conditions that affect the kidneys or adrenal glands. Symptoms of low serum osmolality can include headache, confusion, seizures, and coma, among others. Treatment usually involves addressing the underlying cause and restoring electrolyte balance through fluid and electrolyte replacement therapy."},{"name":"Increased gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis","after":{"null":["Hyperglycemia"]},"before":{"null":["Thyrotoxicosis"]},"description":"Increased gluconeogenesis refers to the enhanced production of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources in the liver, such as amino acids and fatty acids. This occurs when the body needs to maintain blood glucose levels during fasting or prolonged exercise.Glycogenolysis, on the other hand, refers to the breakdown of glycogen into glucose in the liver and muscles, providing a readily available source of glucose for energy. This process is stimulated by hormones such as glucagon and adrenaline when blood glucose levels are low, allowing the body to maintain normal glucose levels."},{"name":"Hyperglycemia","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Diabetes Mellitus","Increased gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis"]},"description":"Hyperglycemia is a medical condition characterized by excessively high levels of glucose (sugar) in the bloodstream. It is often associated with diabetes mellitus, a chronic metabolic disorder in which the body is unable to properly regulate blood glucose levels. Symptoms of hyperglycemia may include increased thirst and urination, blurred vision, fatigue, and headaches, among others. If left untreated, hyperglycemia can lead to serious health complications such as cardiovascular disease, kidney damage, and nerve damage."},{"name":"Graves Disease","after":{"null":["Hyperthyroidism","Glycosaminoglycan buildup","Hot nodule","Goiter"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Graves Disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes overactivity of the thyroid gland, leading to hyperthyroidism. It results in the stimulation of the thyroid gland by autoantibodies that cause an excessive production of thyroid hormones. Symptoms of Graves Disease may include weight loss, palpitations, anxiety, tremors, heat intolerance, and eye problems such as bulging eyes (exophthalmos) and double vision. Graves Disease is named after Robert J. Graves, an Irish physician who first described it in the 19th century."},{"name":"Exophthalmos","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Glycosaminoglycan buildup"]},"description":"Exophthalmos is a medical condition characterized by the protrusion or bulging of one or both eyes from their sockets, usually due to an underlying medical condition such as thyroid problems, orbital tumors, or inflammation of the eye tissues. It is also commonly known as bulging eyes or proptosis. Symptoms may include changes in vision, eye pain, redness, excessive tearing, and sometimes difficulty in closing the eyelids. Treatment depends on the underlying cause and may include medication, surgery, or radiation therapy."},{"name":"Pretibial myxedema","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Glycosaminoglycan buildup"]},"description":"Pretibial myxedema is a skin condition characterized by the accumulation of a dense, waxy substance called mucin in the tissues beneath the skin, usually in the shins or feet. It is most commonly associated with Graves\u2019 disease, an autoimmune disorder in which the thyroid gland produces too much thyroid hormone. The condition can cause taut, thickened skin, which may be itchy, discolored, or painful. It is also known as thyroid dermopathy."},{"name":"Bone Metastases","after":{"null":["Bone lytic lesions","Bone pain","Pathological Fracture","Cord Compression"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Bone metastases refer to the spread of cancer cells from the primary tumor to the bone, resulting in the development of secondary tumors within the bone. This type of metastasis is common in certain cancers such as prostate, breast, and lung cancer. Bone metastases can cause significant pain, fractures, and other complications, and can be difficult to treat."},{"name":"Glycosaminoglycan buildup","after":{"null":["Pretibial myxedema","Exophthalmos"]},"before":{"null":["Graves Disease"]},"description":"Glycosaminoglycan (GAG) buildup refers to the abnormal accumulation of GAG molecules in cells, tissues, or organs. GAGs are long chains of sugar molecules that are important components of the extracellular matrix, a network of proteins and carbohydrates that provides structure and support to tissues throughout the body. When GAGs accumulate abnormally, they can disrupt normal tissue function and cause a range of health problems. GAG buildup can occur as a result of genetic mutations, metabolic disorders, or other underlying health conditions. Some examples of disorders that involve GAG buildup include mucopolysaccharidoses, Hurler syndrome, and Morquio syndrome."},{"name":"Goiter","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Thyroiditis","Iodine Deficiency","TSH cell adenoma","Graves Disease","Thyroid Follicular Adenoma"]},"description":"Goiter is a medical condition in which the thyroid gland in the neck becomes abnormally enlarged, often causing a noticeable swelling in the front of the neck. It can be caused by a variety of factors including iodine deficiency, autoimmune conditions, genetic mutations, or certain medications. Symptoms may include difficulty swallowing or breathing, hoarseness, and a visible bulge in the neck. In severe cases, goiter can lead to the development of other thyroid disorders such as hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism. Treatment options may include medication, iodine supplements, or surgery to remove the gland."},{"name":"Toxic Goiter","after":{"null":["Primary Hyperthyroidism"]},"before":{"null":["Iodine Deficiency"]},"description":""},{"name":"Hot nodule","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Graves Disease","Thyroid Follicular Adenoma"]},"description":"A hot nodule is a nodule or growth on the thyroid gland that produces excessive amounts of thyroid hormone, causing hyperthyroidism. It appears hot on a nuclear medicine scan due to its increased uptake of radioactive iodine, compared to the surrounding thyroid tissue. Hot nodules are usually non-cancerous and can be treated with medication, radioactive iodine therapy, or surgery depending on the severity of the hyperthyroidism."},{"name":"Thyroid Follicular Adenoma","after":{"null":["Cold nodule","Hot nodule","Goiter"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Thyroid follicular adenoma is a benign tumor that arises from follicular cells of the thyroid gland. These cells produce thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism. Follicular adenomas are usually small and solitary, and may cause no symptoms. However, they can grow larger and compress surrounding structures, leading to symptoms such as difficulty swallowing or breathing. They can also produce excess thyroid hormone, causing hyperthyroidism. Most thyroid nodules (including follicular adenomas) are discovered incidentally on imaging studies and may require biopsy or surgical removal to determine if they are benign or malignant."},{"name":"Thyroid Neoplasia","after":{"null":["Cold nodule"]},"before":{"null":["Thyroid Papillary Carcinoma","Thyroid Follicular Carcinoma","Thyroid Medullary Carcinoma","Thyroid Anaplastic Carcinoma"]},"description":"Thyroid neoplasia refers to abnormal growth of cells in the thyroid gland that can be either benign (noncancerous) or malignant (cancerous). These abnormal growths can cause an enlargement of the thyroid gland, known as a goiter, and may also produce abnormal levels of thyroid hormones. The most common types of thyroid neoplasia include papillary carcinoma, follicular carcinoma, medullary carcinoma, and anaplastic carcinoma. Treatment depends on the type and stage of the neoplasia, and may include surgery, radiation therapy, and\/or medications such as thyroid hormone replacement therapy."},{"name":"Thyroid Papillary Carcinoma","after":{"null":["Thyroid Neoplasia"]},"before":{"null":["Ionizing radiation"]},"description":"Thyroid papillary carcinoma is a type of thyroid cancer that develops in the follicular cells of the thyroid gland. It is the most common type of thyroid cancer, accounting for about 80% of cases. The cancer cells in papillary carcinoma are usually slow-growing and spread to surrounding lymph nodes before spreading to other parts of the body. Papillary thyroid carcinoma is generally treatable with surgery and radioactive iodine therapy."},{"name":"Ionizing radiation","after":{"null":["Lymphopenia","Restrictive Cardiomyopathy","Thyroid Papillary Carcinoma"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Ionizing radiation is a type of electromagnetic radiation that possesses enough energy to ionize atoms or molecules by removing electrons from them, leading to the formation of ions. This radiation includes X-rays, gamma rays, and high-energy ultraviolet radiation, as well as some subatomic particles such as alpha and beta particles, neutrons, and protons. Ionizing radiation can cause damage to living cells and tissues, resulting in genetic mutations, cancer, and other long-term health effects."},{"name":"Thyroid Follicular Carcinoma","after":{"null":["Thyroid Neoplasia"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Thyroid Follicular Carcinoma is a type of cancer that arises from the follicular cells in the thyroid gland. These cells are responsible for the production and secretion of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism and other body processes. Follicular carcinoma is a slow-growing cancer and is usually detected in later stages, making it difficult to treat. It can spread to lymph nodes, bones, and other organs of the body if left untreated."},{"name":"Thyroid Medullary Carcinoma","after":{"null":["Hypocalcemia","Thyroid Neoplasia","High Calcitonin"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Thyroid Medullary Carcinoma is a rare type of thyroid cancer that starts in the cells of the thyroid gland that produce a hormone called calcitonin. It is often referred to as neuroendocrine cancer due to the endocrine function of the thyroid gland. It can occur as a sporadic form or as part of hereditary syndromes, such as Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia (MEN) types 2A and 2B. This type of cancer affects the medullary cells of the thyroid gland, which produce calcitonin hormone. The symptoms of thyroid medullary carcinoma vary and may include neck lumps, difficulty swallowing, hoarseness, and other thyroid-related symptoms. Treatment usually involves surgery to remove the tumor, followed by radiation therapy and\/or chemotherapy."},{"name":"High Calcitonin","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Thyroid Medullary Carcinoma"]},"description":"As an AI language model, I do not have access to a private or confidential medical history of any individual. However, in general, high calcitonin levels may indicate thyroid cancer, a tumor of the parathyroid gland or neuroendocrine tumors, and further testing may be required to confirm the diagnosis. It is important to consult a healthcare provider for personalized medical advice and appropriate management."},{"name":"Thyroid Anaplastic Carcinoma","after":{"null":["Thyroid Neoplasia"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Thyroid anaplastic carcinoma is a rare, aggressive type of thyroid cancer. It is characterized by the rapid growth and spread of cancerous cells in the thyroid gland. Anaplastic carcinoma typically develops from pre-existing thyroid conditions, such as thyroid follicular or papillary carcinoma, and is most commonly found in older adults. This type of cancer is highly invasive and often resistant to treatment, making it difficult to manage and treat."},{"name":"Parathyroid Adenoma","after":{"null":["Primary Hyperparathyroidism"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Parathyroid adenoma is a benign tumor that develops on one of the four tiny glands located on the thyroid gland in the neck, called the parathyroid glands. These glands are responsible for producing the hormone parathyroid, which helps regulate calcium levels in the body. When an adenoma develops, it can cause an excess of parathyroid hormone to be produced, resulting in high levels of calcium in the blood (hypercalcemia). This can lead to a variety of symptoms and health problems, such as kidney stones, osteoporosis, and digestive issues. Treatments for parathyroid adenomas typically involve surgical removal of the affected gland."},{"name":"Parathyroid Carcinoma","after":{"null":["Primary Hyperparathyroidism"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Parathyroid carcinoma is a rare type of cancer that affects the parathyroid glands. These four small glands are located in the neck and are responsible for regulating calcium levels in the body. When a tumor develops in one of these glands, it can cause overproduction of parathyroid hormone (PTH), resulting in high levels of calcium in the blood (hypercalcemia). Parathyroid carcinoma is a slow-growing cancer that is difficult to diagnose, and treatment typically involves surgery to remove the affected gland and possibly radiation or chemotherapy."},{"name":"Parathyroid Hyperplasia","after":{"null":["Primary Hyperparathyroidism"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Parathyroid hyperplasia refers to an enlargement or overgrowth of the parathyroid glands that leads to excessive secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH). It is a disorder that causes increased levels of calcium in the blood, leading to a condition called hypercalcemia. This condition can cause a range of symptoms including bone pain, muscle weakness, fatigue, and kidney stones. Parathyroid hyperplasia is typically caused by a genetic mutation or a malfunction of the parathyroid glands and can be treated with surgery or medication."},{"name":"Nephrocalcinosis","after":{"null":["Polyuria","Intrinsic AKI"]},"before":{"null":["Hypercalcemia"]},"description":"Nephrocalcinosis is a condition characterized by the accumulation of calcium deposits in the kidneys, leading to the formation of calcium stones or mineral deposits in the renal tissue. It can be caused by various underlying conditions, such as primary or secondary hyperparathyroidism, kidney damage or function impairment, vitamin D toxicity, or genetic disorders, among others. The condition can lead to kidney damage, chronic renal failure, and other complications if not treated promptly."},{"name":"Osteitis Fibrosa Cystica","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Primary Hyperparathyroidism"]},"description":"Osteitis fibrosa cystica is a condition in which bones become weak and brittle due to excess secretion of parathyroid hormone. This is usually caused by an overactive parathyroid gland, which leads to an excess of calcium and phosphorus in the blood. The condition can cause bone pain, fractures, and deformities. Treatment involves managing the underlying cause of the elevated parathyroid hormone levels, and may include measures such as surgery, medication, and dietary adjustments."},{"name":"Surgical excision","after":{"null":["Hypoparathyroidism"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Surgical excision is the removal of a tissue or a part of an organ through surgical means. It is a technique used to eliminate abnormal, diseased, or damaged tissue that cannot be treated through other non-invasive methods. Surgical excision may be performed under general or local anesthesia and involves making an incision and removing the tissue or organ with surgical instruments, such as a scalpel or scissors. This procedure is commonly used in the treatment of tumors, cysts, and other abnormal growths."},{"name":"Hypoglycemia","after":{"null":["Seizure"]},"before":{"Non Insulin-mediated":["Liver Cirrhosis","Hypocortisolism","Malnutrition","Increased glycolysis"],"Insulin-mediated":["Sulfonylurea use","Insulin use","Insulinoma","Decreased insulin excretion"],"null":[]},"description":"Hypoglycemia is a medical condition characterized by low blood sugar levels. Normally, the body regulates the amount of glucose in the blood by producing insulin, a hormone that signals cells to absorb glucose from the bloodstream. However, if there is too much insulin in the blood, or if the body is not producing enough glucose, this can lead to hypoglycemia. Some of the common symptoms of hypoglycemia include weakness, confusion, sweating, shakiness, and fainting. Hypoglycemia is typically managed by increasing the intake of glucose-rich food or taking medication that increases blood sugar levels. Severe cases of hypoglycemia require immediate medical attention."},{"name":"Insulinoma","after":{"null":["Hypoglycemia","High C-Peptide"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Insulinoma is a rare type of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor that produces excessive amounts of insulin, leading to hypoglycemia. It is characterized by symptoms such as confusion, weakness, sweating, and a rapid heartbeat. The tumor is usually benign and treated through surgery to remove it. However, in some cases, the tumor can be malignant, and treatment may require additional interventions such as chemotherapy and radiation therapy."},{"name":"Sulfonylurea use","after":{"null":["Hypoglycemia","High C-Peptide","Low C-Peptide"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Sulfonylureas are a class of oral medications commonly used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. They work by stimulating the pancreas to release insulin, which helps to lower blood glucose levels. Sulfonylureas are often used in combination with other diabetes medications, such as metformin or insulin, to improve blood glucose control. Common sulfonylurea drugs include glipizide, glyburide, and gliclazide."},{"name":"High C-Peptide","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Insulinoma","Sulfonylurea use"]},"description":"High C-peptide refers to an elevated level of C-peptide in the blood. C-peptide is a byproduct of insulin production and is released in equal amounts as insulin. High C-peptide levels can indicate increased insulin production by the pancreas, which may be a result of insulin resistance or other underlying conditions such as type 2 diabetes, insulinomas (tumors of the pancreas), or pancreatitis. Testing C-peptide levels can help diagnose and monitor these conditions."},{"name":"Low C-Peptide","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Sulfonylurea use"]},"description":"Low C-peptide refers to a low level of the peptide hormone C-peptide in the blood. C-peptide is produced by the pancreas along with insulin, and levels of C-peptide are often used to evaluate insulin production in the body. Low C-peptide levels may indicate reduced insulin production, which can be associated with diseases such as type 1 and type 2 diabetes."},{"name":"Adrenal Carcinoma","after":{"null":["Primary Hypercortisolism"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Adrenal carcinoma is a rare type of cancer that affects the adrenal glands, which produce hormones that help regulate a variety of bodily functions such as metabolism, blood pressure, and responses to stress. Adrenal carcinoma typically develops in the outer layer of the adrenal gland and can cause excessive production of hormones leading to hormonal imbalances and various symptoms such as weight gain, high blood pressure, and abnormal menstrual cycles. Treatment of adrenal carcinoma usually involves surgery to remove the affected gland, followed by radiation or chemotherapy."},{"name":"21-Hydroxylase Deficiency","after":{"null":["Hypoaldosteronism","Primary Hypocortisolism","Adrenal Hyperandrogenism"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Most common enzyme deficiency found in Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia. Deficient levels of 21-Hydroxylase leads to elevated Renin activity, 17-Hydroxyprogesterone levels, sex hormones, and potassium with associated decreased levels of mineralocorticoids and cortisol with associated hypotension"},{"name":"Adrenal Hyperandrogenism","after":{"null":["Clitoromegaly","Precocious puberty","Aggression"]},"before":{"null":["21-Hydroxylase Deficiency"]},"description":"Adrenal hyperandrogenism is a medical condition in which the adrenal glands produce excessive amounts of androgen hormones, such as testosterone. This can lead to the development of masculine traits in women, such as excess body hair, acne, and a deepened voice. It can also cause irregular menstrual periods and fertility problems. Adrenal hyperandrogenism can be caused by a variety of conditions, including adrenal tumors, congenital adrenal hyperplasia, and adrenal enzyme deficiencies."},{"name":"Clitoromegaly","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Adrenal Hyperandrogenism"]},"description":"Clitoromegaly refers to an enlargement of the clitoris that is larger than what is considered normal for a female. It is usually caused by excess androgen hormones in the body, which can lead to the development of male-like features in females. Clitoromegaly can occur at any age and may be congenital or acquired as a result of certain medical conditions or medications. It may or may not be accompanied by other symptoms, depending on the underlying cause. Treatment for clitoromegaly depends on the cause and may include medications, surgery, or lifestyle changes."},{"name":"Precocious puberty","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Adrenal Hyperandrogenism"]},"description":"Precocious puberty is a medical condition in which a child begins puberty at an unusually early age, before the age of 8 in girls and 9 in boys. The physical changes of puberty, such as breast development, pubic hair growth, and menstrual periods in girls, and testicular and penis growth, pubic hair growth, and voice change in boys, occur much earlier than expected. Precocious puberty can be caused by a variety of factors, including hormonal imbalances, genetic disorders, and certain medical conditions. It requires evaluation and treatment by a pediatric endocrinologist."},{"name":"Aggression","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Hypergonadism","Adrenal Hyperandrogenism"]},"description":"Aggression refers to a wide range of behaviors that are intended to cause physical or psychological harm to others. These behaviors can include physical violence, verbal attacks, and social exclusion. Aggression can be a normal part of human behavior, but it can also be a sign of underlying psychological or psychiatric disorders."},{"name":"Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome (hemorrhagic necrosis)","after":{"null":["Adrenal Insufficiency (Addison Disease)"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome (hemorrhagic necrosis) is a rare and potentially fatal condition characterized by sudden and severe hemorrhage into the adrenal glands, leading to acute adrenal insufficiency, shock, and often multiple organ failure. It is commonly caused by bacterial infections, particularly meningococcal infections, and can rapidly progress and become life-threatening, especially in children. Classic symptoms include fever, lethargy, vomiting, and purpura due to disseminated intravascular coagulation. Treatment involves prompt administration of antibiotics, intravenous fluids, and sometimes steroids to support adrenal function."},{"name":"Increased Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone (MSH)","after":{"null":["Hyperpigmentation"]},"before":{"null":["Adrenal Insufficiency (Addison Disease)","Pituitary ACTH (Cushing Disease)"]},"description":"Increased melanocyte stimulating hormone, also known as hypermelanosis, refers to a condition characterized by an excessive production of melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) by the pituitary gland. MSH is a hormone that regulates the production of melanin, the pigment that gives color to the skin, hair, and eyes. When there is an overproduction of MSH, it can lead to hyperpigmentation, or darkening of the skin, in certain areas of the body, such as the face, neck, and hands. It can be caused by several factors, including hormonal imbalances, certain medications, and underlying medical conditions."},{"name":"Hyperpigmentation","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Hemochromatosis","Increased Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone (MSH)"]},"description":"Hyperpigmentation is a common skin condition that occurs when the skin produces too much melanin, resulting in dark patches or spots on the skin. This can be caused by a variety of factors including sun damage, hormonal changes, inflammation, and skin injuries or trauma. Hyperpigmentation is often considered a cosmetic concern, but it can also be a symptom of underlying medical conditions or skin disorders."},{"name":"Acute Mastitis","after":{"null":["Nipple Discharge"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Acute mastitis is a bacterial infection of the breast tissue that causes inflammation, swelling, and pain. It typically affects women who are breastfeeding and can occur when bacteria enter the breast through a crack or sore in the nipple. Symptoms of acute mastitis may include breast pain, swelling, redness, warmth to the touch, fever, and flu-like symptoms. Prompt treatment with antibiotics is typically required to alleviate symptoms and prevent the infection from worsening or spreading."},{"name":"Nipple Discharge","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Acute Mastitis","Mammary Duct Ectasia","Intraductal Papilloma"]},"description":"Nipple discharge is the release of fluid from the nipple of the breast. It can be a normal occurrence, especially during pregnancy or breastfeeding, or it can be a symptom of an underlying medical condition. The discharge can be clear, milky, yellow, green, or bloody and may occur spontaneously or only upon squeezing the nipple. It is essential to seek medical attention if the discharge is accompanied by other symptoms such as pain, swelling, or changes in the breast or nipple."},{"name":"Mammary Duct Ectasia","after":{"null":["Nipple Discharge","Breast Mass"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Mammary duct ectasia is a benign condition in which the lactiferous ducts of the breast become widened and thickened, leading to inflammation and the accumulation of fluid and\/or debris within the ducts. It most commonly affects women over the age of 50 and often presents with symptoms such as nipple discharge, breast pain, and swelling. Although mammary duct ectasia is not usually harmful, in rare cases it can lead to the formation of an abscess or increase the risk of developing breast cancer."},{"name":"Breast Mass","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Mammary Duct Ectasia","Fat Necrosis","Fibrocystic Change","Intraductal Papilloma","Fibroadenoma","Phyllodes Tumor","Ductal Carcinoma","Lobular Carcinoma"]},"description":"A breast mass refers to any abnormal growth of tissue in the breast, including lumps, bumps, or irregular nodules. It can be felt during a physical examination or seen on imaging studies such as mammography, ultrasound, or MRI. Breast masses may be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous) and should always be evaluated by a healthcare provider to determine the cause and appropriate treatment."},{"name":"Fat Necrosis","after":{"null":["Breast Mass"]},"before":{"null":["Trauma to Breast"]},"description":"Fat necrosis is a type of cellular injury that occurs when adipose (fat) tissue dies due to a lack of blood supply or trauma. The dead fat cells release their contents, causing inflammation and creating areas of hardened, swollen, and sometimes painful tissue. Fat necrosis can occur in various parts of the body, including the breasts, pancreas, and skin, and can be detected through imaging scans, biopsy, or physical examination. Treatment depends on the severity and location of the condition, but may include surgery, medication, or monitoring."},{"name":"Trauma to Breast","after":{"null":["Fat Necrosis"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Trauma to breast refers to any physical injury or damage to the breast tissue that can occur due to a variety of reasons such as blunt force trauma, accidents, sports injuries, physical assault, or surgery. Trauma to the breast can result in pain, swelling, bruising, and damage to the underlying structures such as blood vessels, nerves, and milk ducts. It can potentially lead to breast cancer or other health complications if left untreated."},{"name":"Fibrocystic Change","after":{"null":["Breast Mass"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Fibrocystic change is a non-cancerous condition in the breast tissue that results in the formation of lumps and cysts. It is a benign condition that can cause discomfort or pain in the breasts, especially before menstruation. The changes occur due to hormonal fluctuations during the menstrual cycle, which cause the breast tissue to become more lumpy and dense. Fibrocystic changes do not increase the risk of breast cancer, but they can make it harder to detect breast cancer as the lumps can mimic the appearance of a cancerous lump on a mammogram or ultrasound."},{"name":"Intraductal Papilloma","after":{"null":["Nipple Discharge","Breast Mass"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Intraductal papilloma is a non-cancerous growth or benign tumor that develops in the milk ducts of the breast. It is characterized by the growth of small, wart-like bumps on the lining of the milk ducts, which can cause pain and discomfort. Intraductal papillomas are often small and only diagnosed after routine mammograms or breast exams, but they can also present as a breast lump, discharge from the nipple, or pain around the breast area. Although they are not cancerous, they can increase the risk of developing breast cancer and may sometimes require surgical removal."},{"name":"Fibroadenoma","after":{"null":["Breast Mass"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Fibroadenoma is a non-cancerous (benign) breast tumor that is made up of glandular and fibrous tissue. It is common in women between the ages of 15 and 35 years old, and usually presents as a painless, mobile lump in the breast. Although fibroadenomas are not usually harmful, they should be monitored by a healthcare professional to ensure that they do not grow or change over time. In some cases, fibroadenomas may need to be removed if they are causing discomfort or are interfering with breast function."},{"name":"Phyllodes Tumor","after":{"null":["Breast Mass"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Phyllodes tumor is a rare type of breast tumor that develops in the connective (stromal) tissue of the breast. It is also known as cystosarcoma phyllodes. Phyllodes tumors can be benign, borderline, or malignant, with malignant phyllodes tumors being the most aggressive and rarest form. These tumors can grow rapidly or slowly and can be either painless or painful. Treatment may involve surgical removal of the tumor or in some cases, radiation therapy."},{"name":"BRCA mutation","after":{"null":["Ovarian Cancer","Ductal Carcinoma","Lobular Carcinoma"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"BRCA mutation is a genetic alteration in the BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes, which are responsible for producing proteins that help to suppress cancer growth. When there is a mutation in these genes, it can increase the risk of developing breast, ovarian, and other cancers. Women who inherit a BRCA mutation have a much higher risk of developing breast or ovarian cancer than those who do not have the mutation. Men with BRCA mutations also have an increased risk of developing certain cancers, such as prostate cancer."},{"name":"Ductal Carcinoma","after":{"null":["Breast Mass"]},"before":{"null":["Increased estrogen exposure","BRCA mutation"]},"description":"Ductal carcinoma refers to a type of breast cancer that begins in the milk ducts of the breast. It is the most common type of breast cancer, accounting for about 80% of cases, and is characterized by the gradual growth of abnormal cells within the ducts, which can then spread to other parts of the breast or to other parts of the body. Ductal carcinoma can be non-invasive (also known as ductal carcinoma in situ or DCIS) or invasive, meaning the cancer cells have spread into nearby tissue. Early detection and treatment of ductal carcinoma is important for a positive outcome and treatment usually involves surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these therapies."},{"name":"Lobular Carcinoma","after":{"null":["Breast Mass"]},"before":{"null":["Increased estrogen exposure","BRCA mutation"]},"description":"Lobular carcinoma is a type of breast cancer that originates in the lobules of the breast. It is characterized by abnormal cells that form a solid mass or tumor in the breast tissue. Lobular carcinoma accounts for about 10-15% of all breast cancers. It is more commonly found in older women and is typically discovered through mammography, ultrasound, or biopsy. Symptoms of lobular carcinoma may include a lump or thickening in the breast tissue, nipple discharge, and changes in breast size or shape. Treatment options may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and hormone therapy."},{"name":"Lower Motor Neuron Disease (Flaccid Paralysis)","after":{"null":["Hyporeflexia","Muscle Atrophy","Fasciculations on exam","Fibrillations on EMG"]},"before":{"null":["Polio","Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)"]},"description":"Lower Motor Neuron Disease (LMND) or Flaccid Paralysis is a disorder that affects the motor neurons located in the spinal cord and brainstem. This results in a progressive weakness and wasting of the muscles, loss of muscle tone, and decreased reflexes. LMND can be caused by various factors such as viral infections, genetic mutations, trauma, or exposure to toxins. The symptoms usually affect the limbs and muscles of the face, causing difficulty with movement, swallowing, speech, and breathing. There is currently no cure for LMND, but treatments such as physical therapy, medication, and assistive devices can help manage symptoms and improve quality of life."},{"name":"Polio","after":{"null":["Lower Motor Neuron Disease (Flaccid Paralysis)"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Polio, also known as poliomyelitis, is a highly infectious viral disease that mainly affects young children. It is caused by the poliovirus, which is transmitted through contaminated food, water, or feces. The virus attacks the nervous system, leading to paralysis, muscle weakness, and in severe cases, respiratory failure and death. Polio has been eradicated in most countries through widespread vaccination, but cases still occur in some parts of the world."},{"name":"Muscle Atrophy","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Hypogonadism","Lower Motor Neuron Disease (Flaccid Paralysis)","Low Growth Hormone"]},"description":"Muscle atrophy is a condition characterized by the loss of muscle tissue due to various factors such as disuse, injury, or disease. In atrophy, the muscle fibers become smaller in size, leading to a decrease in muscle mass, strength, and function. This can cause weakness, reduced mobility, and difficulty performing day-to-day tasks. Muscle atrophy can affect any part of the body but is commonly seen in the legs, arms, and back. It can be temporary or permanent, and treatment options depend on the underlying cause."},{"name":"Fasciculations on exam","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Lower Motor Neuron Disease (Flaccid Paralysis)"]},"description":"Fasciculations are involuntary muscle twitches or contractions that can occur in any muscle group, usually as a result of nerve damage or irritation. They can be visible under the skin and are commonly seen in the eyelids, arms, and legs. Fasciculations can be a symptom of various neurological disorders, such as motor neuron disease or multiple sclerosis, or can be a benign condition."},{"name":"Fibrillations on EMG","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Lower Motor Neuron Disease (Flaccid Paralysis)"]},"description":"Fibrillations on an electromyogram (EMG) are spontaneous, abnormal electrical activities in individual muscle fibers that occur during rest. They are characterized by very brief, small-amplitude, and irregular muscle contractions that are not detectable by physical exam, but can be recorded by EMG. Fibrillations can occur due to several reasons such as nerve or muscle damage, myopathy, or disorders of the neuromuscular junction. They are often seen in conditions such as motor neuron diseases, muscular dystrophies, and neuropathies."},{"name":"Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)","after":{"null":["Weakness","Lower Motor Neuron Disease (Flaccid Paralysis)","Upper Motor Neuron Disease (Spastic Paralysis)"]},"before":{"null":["SOD1 mutation"]},"description":""},{"name":"Upper Motor Neuron Disease (Spastic Paralysis)","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Ischemic Stroke","Hemorrhagic Stroke (Intracerebral Hemorrhage)","Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)","Multiple Sclerosis","Adrenoleukodystrophy","Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy"]},"description":"Upper Motor Neuron Disease, also known as spastic paralysis, is a neurological condition that affects the part of the nervous system that controls voluntary muscle movements. It results from damage or degeneration of the upper motor neurons that originate in the brain and travel down the spinal cord to connect with the lower motor neurons. The condition causes increased muscle tone, spasticity, exaggerated reflexes, weakness, and eventually, loss of control of voluntary movements. It can affect one or more limbs or the entire body, leading to disability and significant impairment in daily activities."},{"name":"SOD1 mutation","after":{"null":["Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"SOD1 mutation refers to a genetic mutation that affects the function of the SOD1 gene, which is responsible for producing an important antioxidant enzyme called superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1). This enzyme helps to break down harmful molecules called free radicals and protect cells from damage. However, when a mutation occurs in the SOD1 gene, it can lead to problems with the production or function of the SOD1 enzyme, resulting in a buildup of free radicals and oxidative damage to cells. SOD1 mutations have been linked to a rare genetic disorder called familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), which affects nerve cells that control muscle movement."},{"name":"Charcot-Bouchard microaneurysms of lenticulostriate vessels","after":{"null":["Hemorrhagic Stroke (Intracerebral Hemorrhage)"]},"before":{"null":["Hyaline Arteriolosclerosis of lenticulostriate vessels"]},"description":"Charcot-Bouchard microaneurysms of lenticulostriate vessels are small, localized dilations in the small vessels that supply blood to the deep structures of the brain, such as the basal ganglia and thalamus. These microaneurysms are typically associated with hypertension and are a common cause of intracerebral hemorrhage. They are named after French physicians Jean-Martin Charcot and Charles Bouchard, who first described them in the late 19th century."},{"name":"Hyaline Arteriolosclerosis of the aortic vaso vasorum","after":{"null":["Aortic Dissection"]},"before":{"null":["Hyaline Arteriolosclerosis"]},"description":"As an AI language model, I cannot provide medical advice or diagnose conditions. However, I can define Hyaline Arteriolosclerosis and the aortic vaso vasorum. Hyaline Arteriolosclerosis is a condition in which there is thickening and hardening of the walls of small arteries and arterioles due to deposits of a protein called hyaline. It is commonly seen in conditions such as diabetes, hypertension, and chronic kidney disease.The aortic vaso vasorum refers to the small blood vessels that supply the walls of the aorta, which is the main artery carrying blood from the heart to the rest of the body. The aortic vaso vasorum play a crucial role in providing oxygen and nutrients to the cells of the aortic wall."},{"name":"Hyaline Arteriolosclerosis of efferent arteriole","after":{"null":["Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)"]},"before":{"null":["Hyaline Arteriolosclerosis"]},"description":"Hyaline arteriolosclerosis is a medical condition that affects the walls of small arteries and arterioles, primarily in the kidneys. Specifically, it is the accumulation of hyaline material in the walls of the arterioles, which may eventually lead to a narrowing of the artery and reduced blood flow to the surrounding tissues. In the case of the efferent arterioles, which are the tiny blood vessels that carry blood out of the capillary beds in the kidneys, hyaline arteriolosclerosis can contribute to the development of a condition called nephrosclerosis, which can impair kidney function."},{"name":"Hyaline Arteriolosclerosis of lenticulostriate vessels","after":{"null":["Charcot-Bouchard microaneurysms of lenticulostriate vessels","Lacunar Stroke"]},"before":{"null":["Hyaline Arteriolosclerosis"]},"description":"Hyaline arteriolosclerosis is a type of arteriolosclerosis that refers to thickening and hardening of the walls of small arterioles. Lenticulostriate vessels are small blood vessels that supply blood to certain regions of the brain. Hyaline arteriolosclerosis of lenticulostriate vessels is a condition where the walls of these small blood vessels become thickened and hardened due to deposition of a protein-like substance known as hyaline. This condition can lead to reduced blood flow to the brain and may contribute to the development of hypertension-related cerebrovascular disease."},{"name":"Lacunar Stroke","after":{"null":["Ischemic Stroke"]},"before":{"null":["Hyaline Arteriolosclerosis of lenticulostriate vessels"]},"description":"Lacunar stroke is a type of stroke that occurs when there is blockage or damage to one of the small blood vessels deep within the brain. These small blood vessels are called lacunar arteries and are responsible for supplying blood to areas that are important for movement and coordination. Lacunar strokes can cause a range of symptoms including weakness or numbness on one side of the body, difficulty speaking, and problems with vision or balance."},{"name":"Epidural Hematoma","after":{"null":["Increased intracranial pressure"]},"before":{"null":["Head Trauma"]},"description":"Epidural hematoma is a traumatic brain injury that occurs when blood collects between the outer layer of the brain and the skull, called the dura mater and the bone. The bleeding is usually caused by a head injury, such as a skull fracture or other blunt trauma to the head. Symptoms may include headache, confusion, loss of consciousness, and seizures. In some cases, emergency surgery may be required to remove the hematoma and prevent further brain damage."},{"name":"Multiple Sclerosis","after":{"null":["Upper Motor Neuron Disease (Spastic Paralysis)","Internuclear ophthalmoplegia","Optic Neuritis","Central Vertigo"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic neurological disease that affects the central nervous system (CNS) including the brain, spinal cord and optic nerves. MS is caused by damage to the myelin sheath that surrounds and protects nerve fibers, resulting in a variety of neurological symptoms such as muscle weakness, fatigue, difficulty with coordination and balance, blurred vision, and cognitive impairment. MS is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system mistakenly attacks and damages the myelin sheath, leading to inflammation and scarring (sclerosis) of the affected areas. There is no cure for MS, but medications and other treatments can help manage symptoms and slow the progression of the disease."},{"name":"s","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Unfortunately, I cannot provide a clear answer without additional context. \"s\" can have multiple meanings depending on the subject matter. Can you please give more information or context to your question?"},{"name":"Age-related cerebral atrophy","after":{"null":["Subdural Hematoma"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Age-related cerebral atrophy refers to a general, progressive shrinkage or loss of brain volume that occurs naturally as a person ages. It is a normal and expected part of the aging process, as the brain gradually loses cells and connections over time. This can lead to cognitive decline, memory loss, and other age-related changes in brain function. However, it is important to note that while some degree of cerebral atrophy is normal with aging, excessive or accelerated atrophy may indicate underlying health issues or diseases."},{"name":"Adrenoleukodystrophy","after":{"null":["Adrenal Insufficiency (Addison Disease)","Upper Motor Neuron Disease (Spastic Paralysis)"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) is an inherited disorder characterized by the buildup of very long chain fatty acids (VLCFA) in the brain and adrenal glands, which can lead to neurological and adrenal dysfunction. It is caused by mutations in the ABCD1 gene which codes for a protein that transports VLCFA into peroxisomes for breakdown. As a result, VLCFA accumulate in tissues and damage the myelin sheath surrounding nerve fibers in the brain. ALD progresses rapidly in some individuals, leading to severe cognitive and physical disability, while others may experience only mild symptoms or adrenal dysfunction. There is currently no cure for ALD, but early detection and treatment can improve outcomes."},{"name":"Internuclear ophthalmoplegia","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Multiple Sclerosis"]},"description":"Internuclear ophthalmoplegia (INO) is a visual disorder that results from damage to the medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF), a bundle of nerve fibers that connects the cranial nerve nuclei responsible for eye movement. It leads to a difficulty in moving one eye outward while the other eye moves inward. INO is often caused by a stroke, multiple sclerosis, or a brain tumor."},{"name":"Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy","after":{"null":["Dementia","Upper Motor Neuron Disease (Spastic Paralysis)"]},"before":{"null":["Immunosuppresion","JC Virus infection"]},"description":"Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a rare, viral disease that causes damage to the white matter of the brain. It is caused by the JC virus, which is a common virus that is usually harmless. However, in people with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV\/AIDS or those who have undergone bone marrow or organ transplants and are taking immunosuppressive drugs, the virus can cause PML. The symptoms of PML may include dementia, difficulty with coordination and movement, vision problems, and speech impairment. There is no cure for PML, but treatment options are available to help manage symptoms and slow the progression of the disease."},{"name":"JC Virus infection","after":{"null":["Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"JC virus infection is a type of viral infection caused by the JC virus, which is a small, circular DNA virus. This virus is common and is often present in the general population, but it usually causes no symptoms or disease. However, in people with weakened immune systems, such as those with AIDS or who are receiving immunosuppressive therapy, the JC virus can cause a serious and sometimes fatal brain infection called progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML)."},{"name":"Central Pontine Myelinolysis","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Rapid hyponatremia correction"]},"description":"Central Pontine Myelinolysis (CPM) is a rare neurological disorder that occurs due to the destruction of myelin, a layer of insulation surrounding nerve fibers in the brainstem. It is usually caused by a rapid and severe shift in sodium levels in the body, such as during abrupt correction of hyponatremia. The destruction of myelin results in a range of symptoms, including difficulty speaking and swallowing, weakness in the limbs, and changes in mental status. In severe cases, CPM can cause paralysis, coma, and even death."},{"name":"Rapid hyponatremia correction","after":{"null":["Central Pontine Myelinolysis"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Rapid hyponatremia correction refers to the quick reversal of low sodium levels in the blood. This can be achieved through certain interventions such as intravenous infusion of hypertonic saline solution or administration of medications that promote the elimination of excess fluid. However, rapid correction of hyponatremia can also pose significant risks, such as the risk of brain damage or coma. Therefore, careful monitoring and controlled correction of sodium levels are crucial in preventing these complications."},{"name":"Presinilin mutation","after":{"null":["Alzheimer Disease"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":""},{"name":"Down Syndrome","after":{"null":["Alzheimer Disease"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Down syndrome is a genetic disorder caused by the presence of an extra chromosome 21. It is characterized by intellectual disability, distinctive facial features, and a range of physical and medical issues. People with Down syndrome may also have developmental delays, reduced muscle tone, and a higher risk of certain health conditions such as heart defects, hearing and vision problems, and digestive issues. Down syndrome is a lifelong condition, but early intervention and appropriate medical care can help individuals with Down syndrome to lead happy and active lives."},{"name":"APOE4 allele","after":{"null":["Alzheimer Disease"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":""},{"name":"Cerebral atrophy","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Alzheimer Disease"]},"description":"Cerebral atrophy refers to the loss of brain cells or neurons that leads to a decrease in brain size and volume. This can result from some neurological disorders, medical conditions, or aging. The reduction in brain volume and mass is a normal part of the aging process but excessive atrophy could be associated with dementia or cognitive decline. Symptoms of cerebral atrophy may include memory problems, difficulty speaking, walking, or carrying out routine tasks, and impaired intelligence."},{"name":"Extracellular Amyloid Beta Plaques","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Alzheimer Disease"]},"description":""},{"name":"Intracellular Neurofibrillary Tangles","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Alzheimer Disease"]},"description":""},{"name":"Resting Tremor","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Parkinson Disease"]},"description":""},{"name":"Rigidity","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Parkinson Disease"]},"description":"Rigidity is the quality or state of being stiff, inflexible, or difficult to bend or move. It can refer to physical objects, such as materials or structures, as well as to mental or emotional states, such as fixed beliefs or attitudes. Rigidity can also imply a lack of adaptability or openness to change."},{"name":"Bradykinesia","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Parkinson Disease"]},"description":""},{"name":"Postural Instability","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Postural instability is a condition in which an individual has difficulty maintaining their balance or stability while standing, sitting or walking. This could be due to weakness or changes in the nervous system, muscles or joints that control posture and balance. It can affect people of all ages, but it is more common in older adults. Postural instability can increase the risk of falls and injuries, and it is often a symptom of underlying medical conditions or neurological disorders. Treatment options may vary depending on the cause and severity of the condition, but they typically involve physical therapy, exercise, medication, or surgery."},{"name":"Urinary Incontinence","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Overflow Incontinence","Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus","Stress Incontinence","Urge Incontinence (Detrusor Overactivity)"]},"description":"Urinary incontinence is the involuntary leakage of urine from the bladder, or the inability to control the flow of urine. This can be caused by a variety of factors, including weakened pelvic floor muscles, nerve damage, and bladder or prostate problems. It can affect people of all ages and genders, and can have a significant impact on daily life if left untreated."},{"name":"Spongiform Encephalopathy (Creutzfeldt-Jakob)","after":{"null":["Dementia","Myoclonus","14-3-3 Protein in CSF"]},"before":{"null":["Creutzfeldt-Jacob Disease","Mad Cow Disease"]},"description":"Spongiform encephalopathy (Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease) is a rare, degenerative, and fatal brain disorder that affects humans and animals. It is caused by an abnormal protein called a prion that causes the brain to form holes or vacuoles, resulting in a sponge-like appearance. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease can be sporadic, inherited, or acquired through contaminated food or medical procedures. Symptoms include dementia, personality changes, movement disorders, and eventually, coma and death. There is no cure for Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, and treatment is focused on managing symptoms."},{"name":"Creutzfeldt-Jacob Disease","after":{"null":["Spongiform Encephalopathy (Creutzfeldt-Jakob)"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is a rare, degenerative, fatal brain disorder that affects about one in every one million people worldwide. It belongs to a group of diseases called prion diseases, which occur when normal prion protein, found on the surface of many cells, becomes abnormally folded and causes other normal prion protein to adopt the abnormal shape. This leads to the accumulation of the abnormal protein in the brain, causing neuronal damage and death. CJD is characterized by rapidly progressive dementia, changes in behavior, and, in some cases, myoclonic jerking and rigidity. It has no known cure or effective treatment."},{"name":"Mad Cow Disease","after":{"null":["Spongiform Encephalopathy (Creutzfeldt-Jakob)"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Mad Cow Disease (also known as Bovine spongiform encephalopathy or BSE) is a progressive, fatal disease that affects the nervous system of cattle. It is caused by the abnormal folding and buildup of prion proteins in the brain and spinal cord. The disease is believed to be transmitted through infected animal products such as meat and bone meal that are fed to cattle. It can also be transmitted to humans who consume contaminated beef, causing variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD), a rare and fatal condition with no cure. Symptoms of Mad Cow Disease include behavioral changes, loss of coordination, and eventually paralysis and death."},{"name":"Brain Tumor","after":{"null":["Mass effect"]},"before":{"null":["Medulloblastoma","Glioblastoma","Craniopharyngioma","Meningioma","Schwannoma","Oligodendroglioma","Pilocytic Astrocytoma","Ependymoma"]},"description":"A brain tumor is a mass, or growth, of abnormal cells in the brain. These growths can be either benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous), and can interfere with normal brain function. Brain tumors can originate from the brain itself (primary tumors) or from other parts of the body and spread to the brain (secondary tumors). Symptoms of brain tumors can vary depending on their location and size, and may include headaches, cognitive changes, seizures, or motor dysfunction. Treatment options for brain tumors include surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy."},{"name":"Meningioma","after":{"null":["Brain Tumor"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Meningioma is a type of brain tumor that develops in the meninges, the protective membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord. These tumors can be benign or malignant and may cause symptoms such as headaches, seizures, vision problems, and changes in sensation or motor function. Meningiomas can be treated through surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy, depending on their size, location, and grade."},{"name":"Schwannoma","after":{"null":["Brain Tumor"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"A schwannoma (also known as neurilemmoma) is a type of benign nervous system tumor that arises from Schwann cells that protect and support peripheral nerves. These tumors can occur anywhere in the body where there are nerve fibers, but are most commonly found in the head, neck, and the flexor aspect of the limbs. They are usually slow-growing but can cause symptoms such as pain, numbness, and weakness if they compress adjacent nerves. Treatment typically involves surgical removal."},{"name":"Oligodendroglioma","after":{"null":["Brain Tumor"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Oligodendroglioma is a type of brain tumor that arises from the cells called oligodendrocytes, which are responsible for producing the myelin that insulates nerve cells in the brain. These tumors are classified as primary brain tumors, meaning that they originate in the brain rather than spreading there from other parts of the body. Oligodendrogliomas are rare, slow-growing tumors and account for less than 5% of all brain tumors. They may occur in any part of the brain but are more commonly found in the frontal and temporal lobes. The exact cause of oligodendroglioma is unknown, but it is thought to be related to genetic mutations that lead to uncontrolled growth of oligodendrocyte cells. Treatment for oligodendroglioma typically involves surgery to remove as much of the tumor as possible, followed by radiation therapy and chemotherapy."},{"name":"Pilocytic Astrocytoma","after":{"null":["Brain Tumor"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Pilocytic astrocytoma is a type of brain tumor that starts from specialized cells called astrocytes, which are responsible for supporting and nourishing nerve cells in the brain. It is a slow-growing tumor and is considered benign in most cases. Pilocytic astrocytomas are most commonly found in children and young adults, and can develop anywhere in the brain or spinal cord. Symptoms may vary depending on the location of the tumor, and treatment options include surgery, radiation therapy and chemotherapy."},{"name":"Ependymoma","after":{"null":["Brain Tumor"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Ependymoma is a type of brain tumor that arises from the ependymal cells lining the ventricles or central canal of the spinal cord. It is a rare tumor that can occur in both children and adults. Ependymomas are generally slow-growing tumors, but they can vary in their aggressiveness and can sometimes spread to other parts of the brain or spinal cord. Symptoms of ependymoma include headache, nausea, vomiting, seizures, difficulty walking or balancing, and changes in mood or behavior. Treatment options include surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy."},{"name":"Osteopetrosis","after":{"null":["Myelophthisic Process","Pathological Fracture","Impingement on cranial nerve","Narrowing of foramen magnum"]},"before":{"null":["Carbonic Anhydrase II mutation"]},"description":"Osteopetrosis, also known as marble bone disease, is a genetic disorder that causes abnormally dense bone tissue to form, resulting in bones that are brittle and prone to breaking. This condition can cause a wide range of symptoms, including pain, bone fractures, dental problems, and hearing loss. Osteopetrosis can be inherited in an autosomal dominant or recessive pattern, and there are several different types of the condition that vary in severity and presentation. Treatment options for osteopetrosis typically involve supportive care, such as pain management and physical therapy, as well as bone marrow or stem cell transplantation in severe cases."},{"name":"Carbonic Anhydrase II mutation","after":{"null":["Renal Tubular Acidosis, Type II (Proximal)","Osteopetrosis"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Carbonic anhydrase II mutation refers to a genetic alteration in the carbonic anhydrase II (CA II) gene, which codes for an enzyme that plays a crucial role in regulating acid-base balance in the body. The mutation disrupts the production or function of CA II, leading to a range of health problems, including metabolic acidosis, osteopetrosis, and renal tubular acidosis. The mutation is inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern, meaning that a single copy of the mutated gene is sufficient to cause the disorder."},{"name":"Pathological Fracture","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Osteoporosis","Bone lytic lesions","Osteomalacia","Bone Metastases","Osteopetrosis","Paget Disease of Bone","Osteogenesis Imperfecta","Osteosarcoma"]},"description":"A pathological fracture is a broken bone that occurs as a result of a disease or condition that weakens the bone, such as osteoporosis, bone cancer, or bone infection. This is in contrast to a traumatic fracture, which occurs as a result of an injury or accident. Pathological fractures are often more difficult to treat and may require specialized medical care to help the bone heal properly."},{"name":"Impingement on cranial nerve","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Osteopetrosis","Paget Disease of Bone"]},"description":"Impingement on a cranial nerve refers to a condition where there is compression or irritation of one or more of the 12 cranial nerves that emerge from the brain and control various functions such as vision, hearing, smell, taste, movement of the face and head, and regulation of organs. This can result in a range of symptoms depending on which nerve is affected, such as pain, numbness, weakness, paralysis, dizziness, and loss of sensation or function in specific regions of the body. Causes of cranial nerve impingement include tumors, inflammation, infections, injury, and degenerative conditions, and treatment may involve medications, surgery, or therapy depending on the underlying cause and severity of symptoms."},{"name":"Narrowing of foramen magnum","after":{"null":["Hydrocephalus"]},"before":{"null":["Osteopetrosis"]},"description":"Narrowing of the foramen magnum refers to a condition in which the opening at the base of the skull through which the spinal cord passes becomes smaller than usual. This narrowing can occur due to various reasons such as congenital abnormalities, growth of abnormal tissue or tumors within the skull, or degenerative conditions like arthritis. This constriction of the foramen magnum can put pressure on the spinal cord and the brainstem, leading to a variety of symptoms such as headaches, neck pain, numbness or tingling in the extremities, difficulty with balance and coordination, and even paralysis."},{"name":"Decreased sun exposure","after":{"null":["Vitamin D Deficiency"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Decreased sun exposure refers to reduction in the amount of exposure that a person gets to sunlight. This can happen due to various reasons such as staying indoors for longer periods of time, wearing protective clothing, using sunscreen, or living in areas with limited sunlight. Decreased sun exposure can lead to vitamin D deficiency, which can cause various health problems such as weakened bones, muscle weakness, low immunity, depression, and a higher risk of chronic diseases."},{"name":"Paget Disease of Bone","after":{"null":["Pathological Fracture","Impingement on cranial nerve","Increasing hat size","AV shunts within bone"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Paget disease of bone is a condition that causes abnormal bone growth and remodeling, resulting in weakened, enlarged, or deformed bones. This disease typically affects older adults and can occur in any bone in the body, but it most commonly affects the spine, skull, pelvis, and long bones of the legs. Paget disease of bone can cause bone pain, deformities, fractures, and nerve compression. The cause of this disease is not well understood, but it is believed to be related to a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Treatment options may include medications, surgery, and physical therapy."},{"name":"Increasing hat size","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Paget Disease of Bone"]},"description":"Increasing hat size refers to a gradual increase in the dimensions of a hat, usually in terms of its circumference, to accommodate a larger head size. Hat sizes typically range from 6 3\/4 to 8 1\/4, with each size increment representing a 1\/8 inch increase in head circumference. An increase in hat size may be necessary due to genetic factors, medical conditions, or simply larger head size."},{"name":"Osteogenesis Imperfecta","after":{"null":["Pathological Fracture"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Osteogenesis Imperfecta (OI) is a genetic disorder that causes bones to be brittle and easily broken. It is also known as Brittle Bone Disease. OI affects the production of collagen, a protein that provides strength and flexibility to bones, making them weaker and more prone to fractures. OI can range from mild to severe, and can also affect other parts of the body, including the teeth, eyes, skin, and connective tissues. There is currently no cure for OI, but treatment options are available to help manage symptoms and prevent complications."},{"name":"AV shunts within bone","after":{"null":["Heart Failure (Left Sided)"]},"before":{"null":["Paget Disease of Bone"]},"description":"AV (arteriovenous) shunts within bone refer to channels or connections between arteries and veins in the bone that allow blood to bypass the capillaries and flow directly from the arterial system to the venous system. These shunts are found in various bone structures, including the skull, ribs, and pelvis, and serve to regulate blood flow and temperature within the bone. The presence and size of AV shunts are influenced by various factors, including age, sex, and hormonal status."},{"name":"Osteomyelitis","after":{"null":["Bacteremia","Bone pain"]},"before":{"null":["Hematogenous Spread","Contiguous Spread"]},"description":"Osteomyelitis is an infection of the bone, usually caused by bacteria. It can affect any bone in the body but most commonly affects the long bones in the arms and legs, the spine, and the pelvis. Symptoms include pain in the affected bone, swelling, redness, and warmth around the affected area, fever, and chills. Treatment typically involves antibiotics and surgery to remove any infected tissue or bone."},{"name":"Hematogenous Spread","after":{"null":["Osteomyelitis"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Hematogenous spread refers to the dissemination of cancer cells or infectious agents through the blood vessels, allowing them to spread from their original site of origin to distant organs or tissues throughout the body. This is a common method of spreading for many types of cancer, and can lead to the development of secondary tumors or metastases in other parts of the body."},{"name":"Contiguous Spread","after":{"null":["Osteomyelitis"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Contiguous Spread refers to the spread or transmission of a disease or infection from one person to another through physical contact or close proximity. It is characterized by the close proximity of individuals, which increases the likelihood of the disease or infection spreading from person to person. Contiguous Spread can occur rapidly in crowded places and is one of the primary methods of transmission for many infectious diseases, including COVID-19."},{"name":"Osteosarcoma","after":{"null":["Bone pain","Pathological Fracture"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Osteosarcoma is a type of bone cancer that arises from bone-forming cells called osteoblasts. It usually occurs in teenagers and young adults, and commonly affects the long bones, such as the legs or arms, but can also arise in the pelvis or other bones. It is a rare form of cancer, but it can be a highly aggressive and rapidly growing tumor that can spread to other parts of the body if not treated early. Symptoms may include bone pain, swelling or stiffness, and weakness in the affected area."},{"name":"Osteoid osteoma","after":{"null":["Bone pain"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Osteoid osteoma is a benign bone tumor that typically occurs in the long bones of the body, such as the femur or tibia. It is characterized by the presence of a small, pain-producing mass of bone tissue within the affected area. The tumor is usually less than 1 cm in diameter and can cause intense pain, particularly at night. Treatment typically involves surgical excision or radiofrequency ablation to destroy the tumor, followed by physical therapy to help restore function and mobility to the affected area."},{"name":"Osteoblastoma","after":{"null":["Bone pain"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Osteoblastoma is a rare benign bone tumor that arises from the cells responsible for bone formation (osteoblasts). It most commonly affects individuals below the age of 30 years and is usually located in the spine or long bones of the extremities. Osteoblastomas are typically slow-growing tumors that cause localized pain and may lead to bone degeneration and fractures if left untreated. Treatment options include surgical resection, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy in some cases. Overall, the prognosis for patients with osteoblastoma is generally good, with a low risk of recurrence or metastasis."},{"name":"Ewing Sarcoma","after":{"null":["Bone pain"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Ewing sarcoma is a rare type of cancer that occurs in bones or in the soft tissue surrounding bones. It most commonly affects children and young adults and is characterized by the formation of malignant tumors in bones, including the pelvis, arms, legs, ribs, and spine. The cancer arises from abnormal cells within the bone or soft tissue and can spread to other parts of the body, particularly the lungs and other bones. Symptoms may include pain, swelling, and tenderness in affected areas, as well as fever, fatigue, and weight loss. Treatment typically involves a combination of surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy."},{"name":"Giant cell tumor","after":{"null":["Bone pain"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"A giant cell tumor is a rare, noncancerous tumor that grows in the bones. It often forms near the ends of the long bones, such as the thigh bone or shin bone, but can also occur in the bones of the hand or foot. The tumor is characterized by the presence of large, multinucleated cells called giant cells, which are found in a background of smaller tumor cells. It can cause pain, swelling, and a loss of mobility in the affected area. Treatment may involve surgery, radiation therapy, or medication to relieve symptoms."},{"name":"Chondrosarcoma","after":{"null":["Bone pain"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Chondrosarcoma is a type of cancer that arises from the cells that produce cartilage, a flexible tissue that cushions the joints and lines certain structures such as the nose, ears and bronchi. It is a malignant tumor that grows slowly and can occur in any part of the body that contains cartilage, including bones. Chondrosarcoma is the second most common type of bone cancer, accounting for about 20% of all malignant bone tumors. Symptoms may include pain, swelling and stiffness in the affected area, as well as weakness or numbness if the tumor presses on nearby nerves. Treatment usually involves surgery to remove the tumor, which may be followed by radiation therapy and chemotherapy in certain cases."},{"name":"Trauma to joint","after":{"null":["Osteoarthritis"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Trauma to joint refers to an injury or damage to the ligaments, cartilage, bones, or other structures of a joint caused by a sudden or severe force. Trauma to the joint can result from accidents, sports activities, falls, or any other physical impact to the joint. Trauma to the joint can cause pain, swelling, stiffness, and limited range of motion. In severe cases, trauma to the joint can lead to permanent joint damage and chronic pain. Treatment for trauma to the joint may include rest, physical therapy, medications, or surgery, depending on the severity of the injury."},{"name":"Baker Cyst","after":{"null":["Knee Pain"]},"before":{"null":["Rheumatoid Arthritis"]},"description":"A Baker\u2019s cyst, also known as a popliteal cyst, is a swelling behind the knee caused by excessive fluid buildup in the popliteal bursa. The popliteal bursa is a small fluid-filled sac located behind the knee that helps to lubricate and cushion the joint. When there is an increase in fluid production or a blockage of fluid drainage, the bursa can become swollen and form a Baker\u2019s cyst. These cysts are typically not harmful and may go away on their own, but they can cause pain and discomfort, especially when bending or straightening the knee."},{"name":"Knee Pain","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"Anterior":["Patellofemoral Syndrome","Patellar Tendonitis"],"Medial":["MCL Injury","Medial Meniscus Tear","Pes Anserine Bursitis","Medial Plica Irritation"],"Lateral":["Iliotibial Band Syndrome","LCL Injury","Lateral Meniscus Tear"],"Posterior":["Baker Cyst","Biceps Femoris Tendonitis"],"null":["Arthritis"]},"description":"Knee pain refers to discomfort, soreness, or aching in or around the knee joint. It may be caused by a variety of conditions, including injury, overuse, arthritis, or other medical conditions. Knee pain can vary in severity and may be accompanied by swelling, stiffness, redness, or difficulty moving the knee joint."},{"name":"Rheumatoid nodules","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Rheumatoid Arthritis"]},"description":"Rheumatoid nodules are small, firm bumps under the skin that occur in people with rheumatoid arthritis. These nodules usually appear near joint areas, such as the hands, wrists, elbows, knees, or feet. They are caused by inflammation in the joints and appear as a result of immune system cells clumping together. Rheumatoid nodules can vary in size and often feel firm or rubbery to the touch. They are generally harmless, but may cause discomfort or pain if they press on nerves or surrounding tissue."},{"name":"Autoimmune Hypoparathyroidism","after":{"null":["Hypoparathyroidism"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Autoimmune hypoparathyroidism is a condition in which the immune system mistakenly attacks the parathyroid glands, which are responsible for producing parathyroid hormone (PTH). As a result, there is a decrease in PTH levels, causing low calcium levels in the blood and symptoms such as muscle cramps, tingling sensations, weak bones, and abnormal heart rhythms. In some cases, autoimmune hypoparathyroidism can occur in conjunction with other autoimmune disorders."},{"name":"HLA-DR4","after":{"null":["Type I Diabetes","Rheumatoid Arthritis"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"HLA-DR4 (Human Leukocyte Antigen DR4) is a genetic variant of the HLA-DR gene that codes for an MHC (major histocompatibility complex) class II cell surface receptor protein. This molecule is found on certain immune cells, including B cells, T cells, and antigen-presenting cells, and plays a crucial role in the function of the immune system. HLA-DR4 is also associated with some autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, type 1 diabetes, and certain forms of lupus."},{"name":"Biceps Femoris Tendonitis","after":{"null":["Knee Pain"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Biceps femoris tendonitis is a medical condition in which the tendon of the biceps femoris muscle, located in the back of the thigh, becomes inflamed or irritated due to repetitive use or injury. This can cause pain, tenderness, and swelling in the affected area, as well as difficulty with movements such as walking, running, or jumping. Treatment may involve rest, ice, compression, and physical therapy exercises to help reduce inflammation and improve range of motion. Severe cases may require surgery to repair the damaged tendon."},{"name":"MCL Injury","after":{"null":["Knee Pain"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"MCL (Medial Collateral Ligament) injury is a common knee injury that occurs when the ligament on the inner side of the knee is stretched, partially torn, or completely torn due to a sudden twisting or bending motion. The MCL is responsible for stabilizing the knee joint and preventing it from bending inward. Symptoms of an MCL injury may include knee pain, swelling, stiffness, and difficulty walking or bending the knee. Treatment for an MCL injury may include rest, ice, compression, elevation, physical therapy, or surgery in severe cases."},{"name":"Medial Meniscus Tear","after":{"null":["Knee Pain"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"A medial meniscus tear is a common injury that affects the cartilage in the knee. The meniscus is a C-shaped piece of cartilage that acts as a cushion between the thighbone (femur) and shinbone (tibia) in the knee joint. A tear to the medial meniscus occurs when there is damage to the inner edge of the meniscus, which is closest to the other knee. This can be caused by a sudden twisting or pivoting movement, or by wear and tear over time. Symptoms of a medial meniscus tear can include pain, swelling, stiffness, and difficulty moving the knee joint. Treatment may include rest, ice, compression, and physical therapy, or in more severe cases, surgery may be necessary to repair or remove the damaged cartilage."},{"name":"Pes Anserine Bursitis","after":{"null":["Knee Pain"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Pes Anserine Bursitis is an inflammation of the bursa located between the tendons of the sartorius, gracilis, and semitendinosus muscles, which attach to the proximal medial aspect of the tibia. It is a common cause of knee pain in athletes and individuals with osteoarthritis. The condition can be caused by overuse, strain, or direct injury to the area. Symptoms may include pain, swelling, and stiffness of the knee joint, particularly on the inner side."},{"name":"Medial Plica Irritation","after":{"null":["Knee Pain"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Medial plica irritation, also known as plica syndrome, is a condition that occurs when there is irritation or inflammation of the medial plica, which is a fold of synovial tissue located in the knee joint. This can lead to pain, swelling, and stiffness in the knee and may be caused by overuse, trauma, or degenerative changes in the joint. Treatment may include rest, physical therapy, medication, or in severe cases, surgery."},{"name":"Iliotibial Band Syndrome","after":{"null":["Knee Pain"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Iliotibial band syndrome (ITBS) is a common overuse injury that affects the outer part of the thigh and knee. It is caused by inflammation and irritation of the iliotibial band, a thick band of fibrous tissue that runs from the hip to the knee along the outside of the thigh. This condition is common in runners and can also occur in cyclists, hikers, and other athletes who engage in repetitive motion activities. Symptoms of ITBS include pain and inflammation on the outside of the knee, usually worsening with activity."},{"name":"LCL Injury","after":{"null":["Knee Pain"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"LCL injury refers to damage or tearing of the lateral collateral ligament (LCL) which is a thick band of tissue that runs on the outer side of the knee, connecting the femur (thigh bone) to the fibula (the smaller bone of the lower leg). LCL injury commonly occurs as a result of a sudden twisting or direct impact on the knee, such as during sports activities. Symptoms of LCL injury may include pain, swelling, tenderness, instability, and difficulty walking or bending the knee. Treatment may involve rest, ice, compression, elevation, physical therapy, or surgery in severe cases."},{"name":"Lateral Meniscus Tear","after":{"null":["Knee Pain"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"A lateral meniscus tear refers to a type of injury to the meniscus in the knee joint that affects the outer (lateral) portion of the cartilage. The meniscus is a C-shaped piece of connective tissue in the knee joint that helps to distribute weight and absorb shock during movement. When the lateral meniscus is torn, it can cause pain, swelling, and limited mobility in the knee. Treatment may involve rest, ice, physical therapy, and in some cases, surgery."},{"name":"Patellofemoral Syndrome","after":{"null":["Knee Pain"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Patellofemoral syndrome (PFS) is a common knee problem that causes pain in the front of the knee, particularly around the kneecap (patella). It occurs when the patella does not track smoothly in the femoral groove, which can cause irritation and inflammation in the soft tissues around the knee joint. PFS is often associated with activities that involve repetitive bending and straightening of the knee, such as running, jumping, squatting, and climbing stairs. It may also be caused by biomechanical issues such as tight or weak muscles around the knee, flat feet, or a misaligned patella."},{"name":"Patellar Tendonitis","after":{"null":["Knee Pain"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Patellar tendonitis, also known as jumper\u2019s knee, is an injury to the tendon that connects the kneecap (patella) to the shinbone (tibia). It is a common condition that occurs due to overuse or repetitive stress on the patellar tendon, often seen in athletes who participate in sports that require jumping or sudden changes of direction. The symptoms may include pain and swelling around the kneecap, and difficulty in bending or straightening the knee. Treatment usually involves rest, ice, physical therapy, and sometimes surgery in severe cases."},{"name":"Anterior","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Anterior refers to the front or forward part of a structure or organism. It is the opposite of posterior, which means the back or rear part. In human anatomy, the anterior side of the body is facing forward, while the posterior side is facing backward. The term can be used to describe various parts of the body, such as the anterior chamber of the eye or the anterior lobe of the brain."},{"name":"Medial","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Medial refers to something located in or related to the middle, center, or inside part of an object or structure, such as the medial side of the thigh or the medial plane of the body. It is often used in anatomy and biology to describe the position or direction of an organ, structure, or body part. Medial can also refer to a type of communication or advertising that targets a specific audience or group of people who share common interests, values, or characteristics."},{"name":"Lateral","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Lateral refers to the side of something, which is situated or pointing away from the midline of the body or structure. It is an adjective that is used to describe a position or direction that is situated slightly at the side or away from the center of something. It can also refer to the area located on the same side of the body as a particular structure or organ."},{"name":"Posterior","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Posterior refers to the backside or rear part of something, particularly the back part of an animal or human body. In anatomical terms, it refers to the side of the body that is away from the front-facing anterior portion of the body. It is the opposite of anterior and is often used to describe the location of body structures or organs. In statistical analysis, the term posterior is sometimes used to describe a probability distribution, estimated based on collected data or prior knowledge."},{"name":"Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome (HGPRT deficiency)","after":{"null":["Hyperuricemia","Mental retardation","Self-mutilation"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome is a rare genetic disorder that results in a deficiency of the enzyme hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRT). This enzyme is involved in the salvage pathway for purine metabolism, which means it helps to recycle purine nucleotides (building blocks of DNA and RNA) within the body. Without enough HGPRT, purine nucleotides are not efficiently recycled, leading to excessive uric acid production and accumulation in the body. This can cause a range of symptoms including gout, kidney stones, muscle weakness and uncontrollable self-injurious behavior. It is an X-linked recessive disorder, which means it primarily affects males and is passed down from a mother who carries the mutated gene."},{"name":"Self-mutilation","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome (HGPRT deficiency)"]},"description":"Self-mutilation refers to intentionally harming oneself in a way that causes physical injury or pain, with no intention of dying. This harmful behavior can include cutting, burning, scratching, banging, or hitting oneself, and it is often a sign of underlying emotional or mental health issues. Self-mutilation can provide a temporary release of tension or emotional pain, but it is not a healthy or sustainable coping mechanism. Treatment for self-mutilation often involves addressing the underlying psychological factors and developing more positive coping strategies."},{"name":"Tophi","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Gout"]},"description":"Tophi are small, white, chalky lumps or nodules that develop under the skin, typically around the joints and in areas where there is frequent impact or pressure. These lumps are caused by a buildup of uric acid crystals, which can occur in people who suffer from chronic gout. Tophi can be painful and cause joint damage if left untreated."},{"name":"Dermatomyositis","after":{"null":["Weakness","Heliotrope rash (upper eyelids)","Grotton papules (elbows, knuckles, knees)","ANA positivity on labs","Anti-Jo-1 antibody on labs","Creatine Kinase elevation on labs"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Dermatomyositis is a rare autoimmune disorder that causes inflammation and damage to the muscles and skin. It is characterized by muscle weakness, skin rashes, and internal organ involvement. It can affect people of all ages but is more commonly diagnosed in adults. The exact cause of dermatomyositis is unknown but it is thought to be related to abnormal immune system activity. Treatment typically involves medications to suppress the immune system and physical therapy to maintain muscle strength and function."},{"name":"Heliotrope rash (upper eyelids)","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Dermatomyositis"]},"description":"Heliotrope rash, also known as \"lilac rash\", is a skin condition that primarily affects the upper eyelids and appears as a violet or purple discoloration. It is often associated with dermatomyositis, a rare autoimmune disease that causes muscle weakness and skin rashes. The rash may also be accompanied by edema (swelling) or a gritty feeling in the eyes. Other symptoms of dermatomyositis may include muscle pain, fatigue, difficulty swallowing, and shortness of breath. Treatment typically involves managing the underlying condition with medications such as corticosteroids or immunosuppressants."},{"name":"Grotton papules (elbows, knuckles, knees)","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Dermatomyositis"]},"description":"Groton papules, also known as lichen nitidus, are small, raised, skin-colored or pink papules that commonly appear on the elbows, knuckles, knees, wrists, and ankles. They are usually around 1-2mm in diameter and may occasionally be itchy. The exact cause of Groton papules is unknown, but it is thought to be related to a viral infection or a hypersensitivity reaction. The condition can often resolve on its own, but it may persist for several years. Treatment options include topical or systemic corticosteroids, topical calcineurin inhibitors, and phototherapy."},{"name":"ANA positivity on labs","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Dermatomyositis"]},"description":"ANA (antinuclear antibody) positivity on labs refers to the presence of antibodies in the blood that bind to the cell nucleus. These antibodies can be indicative of an autoimmune disease, such as lupus or rheumatoid arthritis, but can also occur in healthy individuals. A positive ANA test does not provide a diagnosis on its own, but may require additional testing and evaluation by a healthcare provider."},{"name":"Anti-Jo-1 antibody on labs","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Dermatomyositis"]},"description":"Anti-Jo-1 antibody is an autoimmune antibody that is commonly found in patients with polymyositis and dermatomyositis. This antibody targets histidyl-tRNA synthetase enzyme, which is involved in protein synthesis in cells. Testing for Anti-Jo-1 antibody is done using a blood test and can be helpful in diagnosing these autoimmune disorders, particularly when combined with clinical symptoms and other laboratory tests."},{"name":"Creatine Kinase elevation on labs","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Rhabdomyolysis","Dermatomyositis","Muscular Dystrophy"]},"description":"Creatine kinase (CK) is an enzyme found in muscles and the brain. CK levels can be measured in the blood to indicate muscle damage or stress. An elevation in CK levels on laboratory tests indicates damage to skeletal muscles or myocardial cells. Common causes of elevated CK levels include injury, strenuous physical activity, statin medications, viral infections, and certain medical conditions such as muscular dystrophy or myocardial infarction."},{"name":"Polymyositis","after":{"null":["Weakness"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Polymyositis is a rare autoimmune disease characterized by muscle inflammation, which results in muscle weakness and fatigue. The cause of polymyositis is unknown, but it is thought to be triggered by a malfunction of the immune system, leading to inflammation of the muscles and the destruction of muscle fibers. The disease mainly affects the skeletal muscles around the shoulders, hips, neck, and back, but can also affect other muscles in the body. Polymyositis can occur at any age, but it is most common in adults over the age of 50. The disease can be diagnosed through blood tests, electromyography, muscle biopsy, and imaging studies. Treatment typically involves immunosuppressive medications, which help to reduce inflammation and improve muscle strength."},{"name":"Muscular Dystrophy","after":{"null":["Weakness","Creatine Kinase elevation on labs"]},"before":{"null":["Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy","Becker Muscular Dystrophy","Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD)"]},"description":"Muscular dystrophy is a group of genetic disorders characterized by progressive muscle weakness and degeneration. It is caused by mutations in genes that control muscle function and structure. The most common form of muscular dystrophy is Duchenne muscular dystrophy, which primarily affects boys and typically causes significant disability and shortened lifespan. There is currently no cure for muscular dystrophy, but various therapies and treatments can help manage symptoms and improve quality of life."},{"name":"Becker Muscular Dystrophy","after":{"null":["Muscular Dystrophy"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Becker muscular dystrophy is an inherited disorder that causes progressive muscle weakness and wasting. It is a milder form of Duchenne muscular dystrophy and is caused by mutations in the same gene. This condition primarily affects males and usually becomes noticeable in adolescence or early adulthood. Symptoms can include difficulty with movement, weakness in the lower limbs, and difficulty breathing. There is currently no cure for Becker muscular dystrophy, but treatments can help manage symptoms and improve quality of life."},{"name":"Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD)","after":{"null":["Muscular Dystrophy"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) is a genetic disorder characterized by progressive muscle weakness and wasting, particularly in the face, shoulders, and upper arms. It is caused by abnormalities in the genetic material on chromosome 4 and is inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern, meaning that a person only needs to inherit one copy of the mutated gene from one parent in order to develop the condition. FSHD typically manifests in adolescence or early adulthood, and the severity of symptoms can vary widely between individuals. In some cases, FSHD may also affect muscles in the lower legs and torso, as well as the ability to swallow and speak. There is currently no cure for FSHD, although symptomatic treatments and physical therapy can help manage its effects."},{"name":"Myasthenia Gravis","after":{"null":["Weakness","Ptosis","Thymoma","Anti-acetylcholine receptor antibodies"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Myasthenia gravis is a neuromuscular disorder characterized by weakness and fatigue of voluntary muscles, particularly those controlling eye movements, facial expressions, chewing, swallowing, speaking, and breathing. This condition occurs due to an abnormality in the transmission of nerve impulses to the muscles, which is often caused by an autoimmune attack on the receptors at the neuromuscular junction. The symptoms of myasthenia gravis can range from mild weakness to severe disability, depending on the muscles affected and the extent of nerve damage."},{"name":"Ptosis","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Myasthenia Gravis"]},"description":"Ptosis refers to the drooping or sagging of one or both eyelids and is caused by a weakening or damage to the muscles that control the eyelids. This can lead to a decrease in the field of vision, as the drooping eyelids may partially or fully block the eyes. Ptosis can occur in one eye or both eyes and can be present at birth or develop later in life due to aging, injury, or certain medical conditions."},{"name":"Thymoma","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Myasthenia Gravis"]},"description":"Thymoma is a type of tumor that develops in the thymus gland, which is a part of the immune system. Thymomas are rare tumors and can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). They can grow slowly or rapidly and may also spread to nearby structures in the chest such as the lungs or the heart. Symptoms of thymomas may include chest pain, shortness of breath, coughing, fatigue, weakness, and fever. Treatment options for thymoma depend on the stage and type of the tumor and may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these treatments."},{"name":"Lambert-Eaton Syndrome (presynaptic calcium channel Ab)","after":{"null":["Weakness"]},"before":{"null":["Paraneoplastic syndrome"]},"description":"Lambert-Eaton Syndrome (LES) is a neuromuscular disorder characterized by muscle weakness and fatigue. It is caused by antibodies that attack the calcium channels in the presynaptic nerve terminals, leading to a decrease in the release of acetylcholine, which is essential for muscle contraction. This results in muscle weakness, particularly in the limbs, as well as other symptoms such as difficulty in walking, talking, and swallowing. LES is often associated with an underlying cancer, most commonly small cell lung cancer, but can also occur in patients with autoimmune diseases or as an idiopathic condition. Treatment typically involves immunosuppressive therapy to reduce the attack on calcium channels and improve muscle function."},{"name":"Paraneoplastic syndrome","after":{"null":["Lambert-Eaton Syndrome (presynaptic calcium channel Ab)"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Paraneoplastic syndrome refers to a group of rare disorders that occur as a result of an underlying cancer. The cancer cells produce abnormal proteins or antibodies that trigger an immune response in the body, which causes damage to healthy tissues and organs. These symptoms are not directly caused by the cancer itself, and can affect the nervous system, skin, blood, and other parts of the body. Symptoms may include muscle weakness, joint pain, nausea, vomiting, fever, difficulty swallowing, and more. Early detection and treatment of the underlying cancer can help alleviate the symptoms of paraneoplastic syndrome."},{"name":"Cellulitis","after":{"null":["Peripheral Edema","Bacteremia","Necrotizing Fasciitis"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Cellulitis is a type of bacterial skin infection that causes redness, swelling, and pain in the affected areas. It usually develops in the deep layers of the skin and can occur anywhere on the body but most commonly develops in the legs, arms, and face. Cellulitis is caused by bacteria entering the skin through a cut, wound, or insect bite, and it can spread quickly if left untreated. Common symptoms of cellulitis include fever, chills, fatigue, and a general feeling of illness. Treatment typically involves antibiotics and rest, and in severe cases, hospitalization may be required."},{"name":"Unilateral","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Unilateral means done or affecting only one side or party involved, without the agreement or participation of the other. It can refer to actions, decisions, agreements, or relationships. It is the opposite of bilateral, which refers to actions or agreements that involve both sides or parties. In law, unilateral actions can occur when a party makes an offer or promise without requiring acceptance or consideration from the other party."},{"name":"HLA-B27","after":{"null":["Ankylosing Spondylitis"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"HLA-B27 is a genetic variant of the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) protein system, which is located on the surface of immune cells. This protein is involved in the presentation of foreign antigens to the immune system and plays a role in the recognition of self and non-self cells. HLA-B27 is associated with several autoimmune diseases, including ankylosing spondylitis, reactive arthritis, and inflammatory bowel disease. Testing for HLA-B27 can help diagnose these conditions."},{"name":"Fusion of vertebrae (bamboo spine)","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Ankylosing Spondylitis"]},"description":"Fusion of vertebrae, also known as bamboo spine, is a medical condition in which there is abnormal growth of bone tissue in the spine, resulting in the fusion of the vertebrae. This can cause stiffness and limited range of motion in the spine, resembling the rigid stalks of a bamboo plant. Bamboo spine is commonly seen in people with ankylosing spondylitis, a type of inflammatory arthritis affecting the spine and joints."},{"name":"Aortitis","after":{"null":["Aortic Dissection","Aortic Regurgitation","Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm"]},"before":{"null":["Takayasu Arteritis","Temporal (Giant Cell) Arteritis","Ankylosing Spondylitis","Syphillis"]},"description":"Aortitis is an inflammation of the aorta, the largest artery in the body. It can be caused by a variety of conditions, including autoimmune diseases, infections, and certain forms of vasculitis. Aortitis can lead to the weakening of the aortic wall, bulging or dilation of the aorta (aneurysm), or narrowing of the aortic lumen (stenosis), which can cause serious complications such as aortic dissection, rupture, or heart failure. Treatment of aortitis depends on the underlying cause and may involve medication, surgery, or both."},{"name":"Reactive Arthritis (Reiter Syndrome)","after":{"null":["Arthritis","Urethritis","Conjunctivitis"]},"before":{"null":["Chlamydia"]},"description":"Reactive arthritis, also known as Reiter syndrome, is a type of inflammatory arthritis that occurs as a result of a bacterial infection in another part of the body (such as the urinary or gastrointestinal tract). The condition causes joint pain, stiffness, and inflammation, as well as other symptoms such as eye inflammation and skin rashes. It is considered a type of spondyloarthritis and can affect both men and women. While the condition can be painful and uncomfortable, most cases of reactive arthritis are mild and improve with treatment."},{"name":"Urethritis","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Reactive Arthritis (Reiter Syndrome)"]},"description":"Urethritis is an inflammation of the urethra, the tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body. It is typically caused by a bacterial or viral infection and can lead to pain or burning during urination, an increased urge to urinate, and discharge from the penis or vagina. Urethritis can be treated with antibiotics or antivirals and may resolve on its own. However, if left untreated, it can lead to complications like bladder or kidney infections."},{"name":"Conjunctivitis","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Reactive Arthritis (Reiter Syndrome)","Reactive Arthritis"]},"description":"Conjunctivitis, commonly known as pink eye, is an inflammation or infection of the conjunctiva, the thin, transparent membrane that covers the inner surface of the eyelid and the white part of the eyeball. This condition causes redness, itchiness, swelling, and discharge from the eye. It can be caused by a virus, bacteria, allergens, or irritants. Conjunctivitis can be highly contagious and can spread from person to person through direct contact or through contaminated objects."},{"name":"Psoriatic Arthritis","after":{"null":["Arthritis","Dactylitis (Sausage fingers and toes)"]},"before":{"null":["Psoriasis"]},"description":"Psoriatic arthritis is a chronic autoimmune disease that causes joint inflammation and skin problems. It typically affects people with psoriasis, a skin condition characterized by patches of red, scaly skin. The symptoms of psoriatic arthritis can vary widely from person to person, but commonly include joint pain, stiffness, and swelling, as well as skin rashes and nail changes. Over time, psoriatic arthritis can lead to joint damage and disability if left untreated."},{"name":"Dactylitis (Sausage fingers and toes)","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Psoriatic Arthritis"]},"description":"Dactylitis, commonly known as sausage fingers and toes, is a medical condition characterized by inflammation and swelling of an entire digit (finger or toe), resulting in a sausage-like appearance. It is often a sign of an underlying medical condition such as psoriatic arthritis, reactive arthritis, or sickle cell disease. Common symptoms include pain, stiffness, and limited range of motion in the affected digit. Treatment usually involves managing the underlying condition and using medications to reduce inflammation and alleviate symptoms."},{"name":"HLA-C","after":{"null":["Psoriasis"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"HLA-C is a gene that provides instructions for making a protein located on the surface of cells called human leukocyte antigen-C (HLA-C). HLA-C plays a critical role in the immune system by presenting antigens to T cells, which helps the body recognize and attack foreign invaders such as viruses, bacteria, and cancer cells. HLA-C is part of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), a group of genes that code for proteins involved in immune system function. Variations in the HLA-C gene can affect how well the immune system works and increase the risk of developing certain diseases."},{"name":"Micaceous Plaques","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Psoriasis"]},"description":"Micaceous plaques are skin lesions characterized by the presence of silvery scales on a reddish base. They are typically seen in conditions such as psoriasis, lichen planus, eczema, and other skin disorders. These plaques are caused by the buildup of dead skin cells on the surface of the skin, which leads to scaling and flaking. The term \"micaceous\" refers to the appearance of the scales, which appear shiny and metallic, resembling the mineral mica."},{"name":"Erythema Multiforme","after":{"null":["Stevens-Johnson Syndrome \/ Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis"]},"before":{"null":["Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection","Herpes Simplex Infection","Sulfonamide use"]},"description":"Erythema multiforme is a skin disorder characterized by a rash of varying shapes and sizes that may appear on the face, trunk, or limbs. It can occur as a result of an allergic or immune reaction to a medication, infection, or other trigger. The rash usually consists of red or pink spots that may be raised, blistered, or crusty. In severe cases, the condition can cause painful lesions in the mouth or genital area."},{"name":"Herpes Simplex Infection","after":{"null":["Erythema Multiforme"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Herpes Simplex Infection is a viral infection caused by the herpes simplex virus. It commonly causes oral herpes, which includes cold sores and fever blisters, and genital herpes, which includes symptoms like blisters, itching, and pain in the genital area. The virus can also cause other less common infections, such as herpes keratitis (an eye infection) and herpes encephalitis (a brain infection). The virus spreads through contact with infected skin, mucous membranes, or bodily fluids. While there is no cure for herpes, antiviral medications can help control symptoms and reduce the risk of transmission."},{"name":"Sulfonamide use","after":{"null":["Erythema Multiforme"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Sulfonamide use refers to the therapeutic use of drugs containing the sulfonamide functional group, such as sulfamethoxazole or sulfasalazine. Sulfonamides are commonly used as antibiotics to treat bacterial infections, but they can also be used to treat other conditions, such as malaria, rheumatoid arthritis, and inflammatory bowel disease. Sulfonamides work by inhibiting the growth and reproduction of bacteria and parasites, and they can also reduce inflammation and pain in certain conditions."},{"name":"Necrotizing Fasciitis","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Cellulitis"]},"description":"Necrotizing fasciitis is a serious bacterial infection that affects the soft tissues of the body, such as the skin, muscles, and fat. It is also known as flesh-eating disease, because it can cause tissue death and other complications if left untreated. The infection is usually caused by streptococcus or staphylococcus bacteria, and it can spread rapidly to other parts of the body. Symptoms of necrotizing fasciitis include redness, swelling, severe pain, and fever. Treatment typically involves antibiotics, surgery to remove infected tissue, and supportive care."},{"name":"Epidermolysis","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome","Pemphigus Vulgaris","Stevens-Johnson Syndrome \/ Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis"]},"description":"Epidermolysis is a condition characterized by the separation of the epidermis from the underlying dermis, which leads to blisters, erosions, and skin fragility. This condition can be inherited or acquired and is caused by mutations in genes that encode for structural proteins in the skin. Epidermolysis can be mild or severe, and some forms can result in life-threatening complications. Treatment options include wound care, pain management, and genetic counseling for those with inherited forms."},{"name":"Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome","after":{"null":["Epidermolysis"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome (SSSS) is a rare skin disorder caused by an infection with specific types of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. SSSS is characterized by large areas of skin that become red, blistered, and eventually peel off in sheets, as if the skin has been scalded. The condition primarily affects infants and young children, as well as individuals with weakened immune systems. SSSS is usually treated with antibiotics and supportive care to manage symptoms."},{"name":"Pemphigus Vulgaris","after":{"null":["Epidermolysis"]},"before":{"null":["IgG against desmoglein"]},"description":"Pemphigus vulgaris is a rare autoimmune disorder that causes blistering and erosions of the skin and mucous membranes. The immune system attacks the cells that hold the skin and mucous membranes together, leading to the formation of blisters and erosions. It can affect people of any age, gender, or race, but is most common in middle-aged or older adults. Pemphigus vulgaris is a chronic condition that can be life-threatening if left untreated."},{"name":"Stevens-Johnson Syndrome \/ Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis","after":{"null":["Epidermolysis"]},"before":{"null":["Erythema Multiforme"]},"description":"Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) are severe skin disorders that cause the epidermis to separate from the dermis, leading to the death of large areas of skin tissue. The conditions are usually caused by an adverse drug reaction or a viral infection. Symptoms include fever, skin peeling, blistering, and mucous membrane erosion. SJS typically affects less than 10% of the body surface area, while TEN affects more than 30%. Both conditions are medical emergencies that require immediate hospitalization and management in a burn unit."},{"name":"Lichen Planus","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Hepatitis C"]},"description":"Lichen planus is a type of inflammatory skin condition, characterized by flat-topped, itchy, purple or reddish bumps on the skin or mucous membranes, typically on the wrists, ankles or inside the mouth. It is not contagious and is thought to be caused by an autoimmune reaction."},{"name":"IgG against desmoglein","after":{"null":["Pemphigus Vulgaris"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"IgG against desmoglein refers to the presence of immunoglobulin G antibodies that target desmoglein proteins, which are located in the intercellular spaces of epithelial cells. These antibodies play a crucial role in the development of autoimmune diseases, such as pemphigus vulgaris, in which they attack and destroy the desmosomes that hold skin cells together, leading to blistering and erosion of the skin and mucous membranes. Detection of IgG against desmoglein is a key diagnostic marker for pemphigus vulgaris."},{"name":"Bullous Pemphigoid","after":{"null":["Bullae (Blisters)"]},"before":{"null":["IgG against basement membrane collagen"]},"description":"Bullous pemphigoid is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the formation of blisters on the skin and\/or mucous membranes. It occurs when the immune system produces antibodies that mistakenly attack the layer between the outer layer of skin (epidermis) and the next layer (dermis). This separation leads to the formation of fluid-filled blisters or bullae that can be itchy and painful. Bullous pemphigoid is more common in older adults and can affect various parts of the body, including the arms, legs, trunk, and mucous membranes such as the mouth and genitals. It can be treated with oral or topical corticosteroids or other immunosuppressive medications."},{"name":"IgG against basement membrane collagen","after":{"null":["Bullous Pemphigoid"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"IgG against basement membrane collagen refers to the presence of immunoglobulin G antibodies in the blood that specifically target the collagen present in the basement membrane. The basement membrane is a specialized extracellular matrix that forms a barrier between the epithelial and connective tissues. The presence of IgG antibodies against basement membrane collagen is often associated with autoimmune diseases such as Goodpasture syndrome, where the antibodies attack the basement membrane of the kidneys and lungs, leading to renal and pulmonary dysfunction."},{"name":"Bullae (Blisters)","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Bullous Pemphigoid"]},"description":"Bullae, commonly known as blisters, are raised fluid-filled lesions on the skin that are larger than 5mm in diameter. They form due to a variety of causes including burns, insect bites, friction, allergies, and infections. Bullae can be filled with clear fluid, blood, or pus, and can be painful or itchy. They usually heal on their own within a few days or weeks, but larger or persistent bullae may require medical attention."},{"name":"Catecholaminergic Polymorphic Ventricular Tachycardia","after":{"null":["Ventricular Tachycardia"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT) is a rare genetic heart disorder characterized by abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias) that can cause fainting, seizures, or sudden cardiac arrest. These arrhythmias are triggered by physical exercise or emotional stress, which leads to an increase in the level of catecholamines, such as adrenaline, in the body. CPVT usually presents in childhood and can be life-threatening if left untreated. It is caused by mutations in genes encoding proteins that regulate calcium signaling in the heart muscle cells."},{"name":"Short QT Syndrome","after":{"null":["Ventricular Tachycardia"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Short QT syndrome is a rare genetic condition characterized by an abnormally short QT interval on an electrocardiogram (ECG). It can increase the risk of life-threatening abnormal heart rhythms and sudden cardiac arrest. Symptoms can include palpitations, dizziness, fainting, and cardiac arrest. Treatment may involve medication, implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) devices, or surgical intervention."},{"name":"Syncope","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"<10%":["Neurologic Syncope"],"15%":["Cardiogenic Syncope"],"20%":["Orthostasis"],"60%":["Neurocardiogenic Syncope"],"null":[]},"description":"Syncope is a medical condition characterized by a sudden and temporary loss of consciousness and muscle strength, caused by a lack of oxygen to the brain. It is also known as a fainting spell or blackout. Syncope can be caused by various factors such as low blood pressure, dehydration, heart problems, neurological disorders, and medication side effects. It is important to seek medical attention if a person experiences syncope, as it may be a sign of a serious underlying health issue."},{"name":"Neurocardiogenic Syncope","after":{"null":["Syncope"]},"before":{"null":["Carotid Sinus Syndrome","Vasovagal","Situational"]},"description":"Neurocardiogenic syncope, also known as vasovagal syncope, is a condition characterized by a sudden drop in blood pressure and a decrease in heart rate, resulting in a loss of consciousness. It occurs when there is an abnormal reflex response between the brain and the heart, causing a decrease in blood flow to the brain. It is a common type of syncope or fainting, and it often occurs in response to certain triggers, such as fear, pain, emotional stress, dehydration, prolonged standing, or sudden changes in position. The symptoms of neurocardiogenic syncope can include dizziness, lightheadedness, nausea, sweating, pale skin, and a temporary loss of consciousness. The condition is usually not serious and can be managed with lifestyle changes, such as avoiding triggers, staying well-hydrated, and maintaining a healthy diet and exercise routine. In some cases, medications or surgical interventions may be necessary to manage the symptoms of neurocardiogenic syncope."},{"name":"Orthostasis","after":{"null":["Syncope"]},"before":{"null":["Hypovolemia","Autonomic Dysfunction"]},"description":"Orthostasis, also known as orthostatic hypotension, is a medical condition in which blood pressure drops significantly upon standing up from a sitting or lying position. This can lead to dizziness, lightheadedness, or fainting. It may also be accompanied by other symptoms such as blurred vision, nausea, and heart palpitations. Orthostasis is often caused by a temporary drop in blood volume or a malfunction in the autonomic nervous system. It can be diagnosed with a simple blood pressure measurement while lying down, sitting, and standing up. Treatment can include lifestyle changes, medications, or addressing underlying medical conditions."},{"name":"Autonomic Dysfunction","after":{"null":["Orthostasis"]},"before":{"null":["Diabetes Mellitus","Lewy Body Disease","Parkinson Disease"]},"description":"Autonomic dysfunction refers to a malfunction or failure of the autonomic nervous system, which controls the involuntary functions of the body such as heart rate, breathing, digestion, and blood pressure. This dysfunction can result in a wide range of symptoms, including dizziness, fainting, rapid heartbeat, abnormal sweating, constipation, or diarrhea. It can be caused by a variety of underlying conditions, including neurological disorders, autoimmune diseases, medication side effects, or trauma to the nervous system. Treatment depends on the underlying cause and may include medication, lifestyle changes, or physical therapy."},{"name":"Hemorrhage","after":{"null":["Hypovolemia"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Hemorrhage is the medical term used to describe an excessive or abnormal bleeding from blood vessels, either internally or externally. It can occur in various parts of the body, including the brain, lungs, gastrointestinal tract, and uterus. Hemorrhage can be a life-threatening condition that requires immediate medical attention, particularly if it causes significant blood loss or affects vital organs."},{"name":"Cardiogenic Shock","after":{"null":["Shock"]},"before":{"null":["Myocardial Infarction","Takotsubo (Stress) Cardiomyopathy","Ventricular Tachycardia","Valvular Heart Disease"]},"description":""},{"name":"Septic Shock","after":{"null":["Shock"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Septic shock is a severe and life-threatening condition that occurs when an infection causes a person\u2019s blood pressure to drop dangerously low, leading to organ failure and potentially death. This condition is caused by an overwhelming immune response to an infection, causing the body to release large amounts of chemicals that can damage the organs and limit blood flow throughout the body. Symptoms of septic shock include low blood pressure, rapid heart rate, high fever, confusion, and difficulty breathing. Treatment for septic shock typically involves aggressive medical support, such as IV fluids, oxygen therapy, and broad-spectrum antibiotics, to stabilize the patient and prevent further complications."},{"name":"Anaphylactic Shock","after":{"null":["Shock"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Anaphylactic shock is a severe and potentially life-threatening allergic reaction that occurs when the immune system overreacts to a particular allergen. The body releases a flood of chemicals that can cause a sudden drop in blood pressure and other symptoms such as difficulty breathing, rapid pulse, swelling, and hives. Anaphylactic shock requires immediate medical attention and treatment with epinephrine, antihistamines, and other medications to manage symptoms and prevent a potentially fatal outcome."},{"name":"Hypovolemic Shock","after":{"null":["Shock"]},"before":{"null":["Hypovolemia"]},"description":"Hypovolemic shock is a medical emergency that occurs when the body loses too much blood or other fluids, resulting in a decrease in the volume of circulating blood and inadequate oxygenation and perfusion of the tissues. This can be caused by bleeding from trauma, internal bleeding, vomiting, diarrhea, or excessive perspiration. The symptoms of hypovolemic shock include low blood pressure, rapid heart rate, confusion, decreased urine output, and cold and clammy skin. If left untreated, it can be life-threatening. Treatment involves replacing lost fluids and blood to restore adequate circulation and oxygenation to the tissues."},{"name":"Neurogenic Shock","after":{"null":["Shock"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":""},{"name":"Neurologic Syncope","after":{"null":["Syncope"]},"before":{"null":["Seizure","Ischemic Stroke","Hemorrhagic Stroke (Intracerebral Hemorrhage)"]},"description":"Neurologic syncope refers to a type of fainting or loss of consciousness that is caused by a disruption in the normal functioning of the nervous system. This can be due to underlying medical conditions such as a brain or spinal cord injury, seizure disorder, or autonomic dysfunction. It can also be triggered by certain activities or conditions that affect the nervous system, such as standing up too quickly or being exposed to extreme heat. Neurologic syncope can be dangerous if left untreated, so it is important to seek medical attention if you have experienced symptoms of syncope."},{"name":"Vasovagal","after":{"null":["Neurocardiogenic Syncope"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Vasovagal refers to a medical condition characterized by a sudden drop in heart rate and blood pressure, leading to fainting or syncope. This condition is caused by the stimulation of the vagus nerve, which regulates the heart rate and blood pressure. It can be triggered by various factors such as emotional stress, pain, prolonged standing, dehydration, and overheating. Vasovagal reactions are generally harmless and resolve on their own but can be a sign of an underlying medical condition in some cases."},{"name":"Situational","after":{"null":["Neurocardiogenic Syncope"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Situational refers to the particular circumstances or conditions that are present in a certain situation or context. It refers to the environment, events, and factors that affect or influence a situation, including the physical, social, cultural, and historical aspects of the situation. Situational factors can have a significant impact on the decisions and actions of individuals or groups, and can affect the outcomes or results of a particular situation."},{"name":"Peaked T Waves on EKG","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Hyperkalemia","Myocardial Infarction","Increased intracranial pressure","Left Ventricular Hypertrophy (LVH)","Left Bundle Branch Block (LBBB)"]},"description":"Peaked T waves on an EKG (electrocardiogram) refer to a pattern where the T waves in the cardiac cycle appear more pointed and elevated than usual. This can be a sign of a variety of cardiac conditions, including hyperkalemia (high potassium levels in the blood), hypertension (high blood pressure), coronary artery disease, and myocardial infarction (heart attack). The specific cause of the peaked T wave pattern needs to be evaluated by a doctor in order to determine the appropriate treatment."},{"name":"GI Chest Pain","after":{"null":["Chest Pain"]},"before":{"null":["Peptic Ulcer","GERD","Esophageal Spasm","Esophageal Rupture (Boerhaave Syndrome)","Mallory Weiss Tear"]},"description":"GI (gastrointestinal) chest pain is a type of chest discomfort or pain that originates from the digestive system, specifically the esophagus, stomach, or other parts of the gastrointestinal tract. This type of chest pain is different from cardiac chest pain, which is caused by reduced blood flow to the heart. GI chest pain may be caused by acid reflux, indigestion, inflammation, or other digestive issues. It is typically characterized by a burning or sharp pain in the chest that may be accompanied by other symptoms such as bloating, nausea, and vomiting."},{"name":"Pulmonary Chest Pain","after":{"null":["Chest Pain"]},"before":{"null":["Pulmonary Embolism","Pneumothorax","Pleurisy","Pulmonary Hypertension","Lung Cancer"]},"description":"Pulmonary chest pain refers to discomfort or pressure felt in the chest due to a problem with the lungs or respiratory system. This type of pain is often described as sharp, stabbing, or burning and may be accompanied by coughing, wheezing, or shortness of breath. Pulmonary chest pain can be caused by various conditions such as pneumonia, pulmonary embolism, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), or lung cancer. It is important to seek medical attention if you are experiencing persistent chest pain to rule out any serious underlying conditions."},{"name":"Superficial Chest Pain","after":{"null":["Chest Pain"]},"before":{"null":["Costochondritis","Panic Attack","Herpes Zoster"]},"description":"Superficial chest pain is a type of chest pain that is felt on the surface of the chest, rather than deep within the chest cavity. It is generally described as a sharp, burning, or stabbing pain that may be localized or spread over a larger area. Superficial chest pain may be caused by a variety of factors, including muscle strain, inflammation, trauma, or nerve irritation. While superficial chest pain is typically not a medical emergency, it is important to seek medical attention if the pain is severe, persistent, or associated with other symptoms such as shortness of breath or dizziness."},{"name":"Chest Pain","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Cardiac Chest pain","GI Chest Pain","Pulmonary Chest Pain","Superficial Chest Pain"]},"description":"Chest pain is discomfort or pain that you feel anywhere along the front of your body between your neck and upper abdomen. It may be a sign of a serious underlying condition, such as a heart attack, or it may be a relatively minor problem, such as acid reflux or muscle strain. Chest pain can be sharp or dull, or feel like pressure or tightness in your chest. It may also radiate to your arms, neck, jaw, or back. If you experience chest pain, it is important to seek medical attention immediately."},{"name":"Ventricular Reentrant Circuit","after":{"null":["Ventricular ectopy (PVCs)"]},"before":{"null":["Myocardial Infarction"]},"description":"A ventricular reentrant circuit is an abnormal electrical pathway within the heart\u2019s ventricles that can cause tachycardia (rapid heart rate). The circuitous pathway of electrical impulses causes abnormal heartbeats that can lead to fainting and other symptoms. It occurs when electrical impulses in the ventricles follow a path other than the normal electrical pathway, causing the heart to beat too quickly and inefficiently. It is sometimes treated with medications or surgery to interrupt the abnormal pathway and restore normal heart rhythms."},{"name":"Increased automaticity","after":{"null":["Ventricular ectopy (PVCs)"]},"before":{"null":["Hypokalemia"]},"description":"Increased automaticity refers to an increased ability of specialized cells in the heart to generate electrical impulses spontaneously and independent of external stimuli. This can lead to abnormal heart rhythms such as tachycardia or arrhythmia. It can be caused by various factors such as medications, metabolic disorders, or certain medical conditions."},{"name":"Early After Depolarizations","after":{"null":["Ventricular ectopy (PVCs)"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Early after depolarizations (EADs) are abnormal electrical impulses that occur during the repolarization phase of the action potential in cardiac muscle cells. They occur when there is a delay in potassium ion channels closing, causing the membrane potential to temporarily reverse and depolarize. This can cause an additional wave of electrical activity to occur, potentially leading to arrhythmias or other cardiac disorders. EADs can occur due to a variety of factors, including electrolyte imbalances, genetic mutations, and certain medications."},{"name":"Delayed After Depolarizations","after":{"null":["Ventricular ectopy (PVCs)"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Delayed After Depolarizations (DADs) are abnormal electrical signals that occur in cardiac muscle cells during the repolarization phase of the action potential. These are depolarizations that occur after the resting membrane potential has been re-established at the end of an action potential. DADs are caused by the release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum in the heart muscle cells. They can be triggered by a variety of factors including increased sympathetic nervous system activity, electrolyte imbalances, and certain medications. DADs can lead to arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death."},{"name":"Cardio","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Cardio is short for cardiovascular exercise, which is any type of workout or activity that increases heart rate and promotes the health of the heart and lungs. This includes activities such as running, cycling, swimming, and aerobics. Cardio exercise strengthens the heart, improves blood circulation, promotes weight loss, and helps reduce the risk of chronic diseases such as heart disease, stroke, and diabetes."},{"name":"Pulm","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"As an AI language model, I do not have access to the term \"Pulm\". Could you please clarify or provide more context for me to better understand your question?"},{"name":"Heme\/other","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Heme is a component of hemoglobin, a protein found in red blood cells that transports oxygen throughout the body. It is a complex molecule that contains an iron atom and a porphyrin ring. Other similar molecules include myoglobin, which stores oxygen in muscle cells, and cytochromes, which play a role in electron transport in the respiratory chain."},{"name":"Decreased insulin excretion","after":{"null":["Hypoglycemia"]},"before":{"null":["Renal Failure (ESRD)"]},"description":"decreased insulin excretion would mean a reduction in the release or elimination of insulin from the body. This could be due to a variety of factors such as pancreatic damage, insulin resistance, or certain medications. A decrease in insulin excretion could lead to high blood sugar levels and potentially result in diabetes if left untreated."},{"name":"Increased glycolysis","after":{"null":["Hypoglycemia"]},"before":{"null":["Sepsis","State of Malignancy"]},"description":"Increased glycolysis refers to the process by which the body converts glucose into energy in high quantities through the glycolysis pathway, resulting in higher levels of lactic acid production. This process is often observed in cancer cells as they require an increased supply of energy for their rapid growth and proliferation. Increased glycolysis may also occur in response to certain diseases or conditions, such as inflammation, infection, and metabolic disorders."},{"name":"Insulin-mediated","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Insulin-mediated refers to the process by which insulin regulates the uptake and usage of glucose by the cells in the body. Insulin is a hormone that is produced by the pancreas and is responsible for controlling blood sugar levels. When insulin levels are high, cells in the body are able to absorb glucose and use it for energy. This process is called insulin-mediated glucose uptake. However, when cells become resistant to insulin, they are not able to absorb glucose properly, which can lead to high blood sugar levels and the development of type 2 diabetes."},{"name":"Non Insulin-mediated","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Non-insulin mediated refers to any process or mechanism that regulates blood sugar levels without the involvement of insulin. For example, glucose uptake by skeletal muscles and adipose tissues can occur via non-insulin-mediated pathways, such as glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4) and other glucose transporters. The liver can also release glucose into the bloodstream via non-insulin-mediated pathways such as the release of stored glycogen. Non-insulin-mediated glucose metabolism can play an important role in glucose homeostasis particularly in people with type 2 diabetes."},{"name":"Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm","after":{"null":["Aortic Dissection","Widened mediastinum on chest xray","Aortic Regurgitation"]},"before":{"Genetic (20%)":["Marfan Syndrome","Turner Syndrome (X0)","Bicuspid Aortic Valve","Familial Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm and Dissection","Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome"],"Acquired (80%)":["Hypertension","Aortitis"],"null":[]},"description":"Thoracic aortic aneurysm is a condition where there is a bulging or weakening in the wall of the aorta, the main artery that carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body, within the chest. This can be caused by a variety of factors, including age, genetic conditions, and high blood pressure. If left untreated, it can lead to a potentially life-threatening rupture or dissection of the aorta."},{"name":"Familial Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm and Dissection","after":{"null":["Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Familial thoracic aortic aneurysm and dissection is a genetic disorder that affects the aorta, the largest artery in the body. This condition is characterized by the formation of aneurysms (weak spots) and tears (dissections) in the walls of the aorta, which can lead to rupture and life-threatening bleeding. This condition is inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern, which means that an affected individual has a 50% chance of passing the gene mutation on to their offspring. Familial thoracic aortic aneurysm and dissection can be caused by mutations in several genes, including the ACTA2, MYH11, and MYLK genes."},{"name":"Straining","after":{"null":["Hemorrhoids"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Straining refers to the act of exerting excessive effort or pressure in order to accomplish a task or activity. It can also refer to the act of filtering or removing solids from a liquid or mixture by passing it through a sieve, cheesecloth, or similar device. Straining is a common technique in cooking and food preparation, and is used to achieve a smoother, finer texture or to remove unwanted particles from a dish. In a physiological context, straining may refer to the act of exerting oneself to the point of physical exhaustion or injury, as in weightlifting or athletics."},{"name":"Painless chancre","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Syphillis"]},"description":"A painless chancre is a symptom of syphilis where a painless, ulcer-like lesion or sore appears on the genitals, anus, or mouth. It is typically the first sign of infection and can appear 10-90 days after exposure to the bacteria. The lesion may heal on its own after a few weeks, but without treatment, the infection can progress to the next stage, causing more severe symptoms. Painless chancres can be diagnosed through blood tests or examination by a healthcare professional."},{"name":"Neurosyphillis","after":{"null":["Subacute Combined Degeneration of the Spinal Cord","Altered Mental Status","Tabes Dorsalis"]},"before":{"null":["Syphillis"]},"description":"Neurosyphilis is a disease that occurs due to the spread of the bacterium Treponema pallidum to the nervous system, typically following the initial infection of syphilis. It can affect various parts of the central nervous system, such as the brain, spinal cord, and cerebrospinal fluid, leading to various neurological symptoms. Neurosyphilis can occur at any stage of syphilis infection and can manifest with a wide range of symptoms such as headache, visual disturbances, sensory loss, mood changes, memory and cognitive impairment, and even seizures and paralysis."},{"name":"Gummas","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Syphillis"]},"description":"Gummas are soft, tumor-like growths that can develop in any tissue of the body, but are most commonly found on the skin, bones, and liver. They are a late manifestation of syphilis, a sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum. Gummas are characterized by their tendency to destroy tissue and create cavities or ulcers. They can also cause a range of symptoms depending on their location and size, including pain, swelling, and dysfunction of affected organs or structures. In the past, gummas were often seen as a sign of advanced syphilis and were associated with severe health complications and a poor prognosis. However, with the advent of effective antibiotics, gummas are now relatively rare and can be managed effectively with appropriate treatment."},{"name":"Tabes Dorsalis","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Neurosyphillis"]},"description":"Tabes dorsalis is a degenerative disorder of the nervous system caused by untreated syphilis infection. It affects the spinal cord and causes symptoms such as pain, weakness, loss of coordination, and abnormal gait. Other symptoms may include bladder and bowel dysfunction and vision problems. The condition can be managed with antibiotics and symptom treatment, but if left untreated, it can lead to severe complications."},{"name":"Tertiary","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"The term tertiary can have several meanings depending on the context: 1. In geology, tertiary refers to a period of time between 66 million and 2.6 million years ago, when mammals and birds became the dominant land animals after the disappearance of the dinosaurs.2. In education, tertiary refers to higher education institutions such as universities, colleges, and trade schools that offer post-secondary education beyond high school.3. In chemistry, tertiary refers to a type of carbon atom in a molecule that is bonded to three other carbon atoms.4. In economics, tertiary refers to a sector of the economy that includes services such as healthcare, education, entertainment, finance, and other industries that do not involve the production of goods."},{"name":"Redistribution","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Redistribution refers to the process of taking something from one group or individual and allocating it to another group or individual. In a political and economic context, it often refers to the transfer of wealth or resources from those who have more to those who have less, typically through progressive taxation or welfare programs. The aim of redistribution is to promote greater equality and reduce income and wealth disparities within a society."},{"name":"Decreased Excretion","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Decreased excretion refers to a reduction in the ability of the body to rid itself of waste products and excess fluids. This may occur due to a variety of factors such as kidney disease, liver disease, heart failure, dehydration, or medications. A decrease in excretion can lead to a buildup of toxins in the body, which can cause serious health problems if not addressed. Symptoms of decreased excretion may include swelling in the legs and feet, fatigue, difficulty breathing, changes in urine output or color, and abdominal pain."},{"name":"Insulin Deficiency","after":{"null":["Hyperkalemia"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Insulin deficiency refers to a condition where the pancreas is not producing enough insulin, the hormone that regulates blood glucose levels in the body. This can lead to high blood sugar levels and the development of conditions such as diabetes mellitus. Insulin deficiency can be caused by various factors, including autoimmune diseases, trauma or surgery to the pancreas, and genetic abnormalities. It is typically treated with insulin replacement therapy to manage blood sugar levels and prevent complications from developing."},{"name":"Renal Losses","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Renal losses refer to the loss of certain substances from the body through the kidneys. This can include the loss of water, electrolytes (such as sodium, potassium, and chloride), and other important substances, such as glucose or amino acids. Renal losses can be caused by a variety of factors, including kidney disease, dehydration, or certain medications. The management of renal losses often involves addressing the underlying cause and restoring proper fluid and electrolyte balance in the body."},{"name":"GI Losses","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"GI losses refer to the loss of fluid or electrolytes from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract through vomiting, diarrhea, or other gastrointestinal disorders. These losses can lead to dehydration and electrolyte imbalances, which must be treated appropriately to restore normal bodily functions."},{"name":"Beta agonist use","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Use of beta agonists, which are commonly inhaled in the treatment of COPD or asthma"},{"name":"Osmotic Diuresis","after":{"null":["Hypovolemia"]},"before":{"null":["Diabetic Ketoacidosis","Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar Syndrome"]},"description":"Osmotic diuresis is a condition in which the kidneys produce a large volume of urine due to the presence of certain substances, such as glucose, in the filtrate. Normally, glucose is reabsorbed in the kidneys and returned to the bloodstream, but in some conditions, such as uncontrolled diabetes, there is too much glucose in the blood and the kidneys are unable to reabsorb it all. The excess glucose in the filtrate draws water with it, leading to increased urine output and dehydration. Osmotic diuresis can also be caused by other substances that can increase osmotic pressure in the kidney tubules, such as high doses of intravenous mannitol or urea."},{"name":"Loop diuretic use","after":{"null":["Hypokalemia","Metabolic Alkalosis"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Loop diuretic use refers to the use of medications that act on the loop of Henle in the kidney to increase urine output and decrease fluid retention. These drugs are commonly used in the treatment of conditions such as heart failure, edema, and hypertension. They work by blocking the reabsorption of sodium and chloride ions in the loop of Henle, which leads to increased excretion of water and electrolytes in the urine. Common examples of loop diuretics include furosemide, bumetanide, and torsemide. Loop diuretic use is important for managing fluid balance in patients with certain medical conditions, but can also have side effects such as electrolyte imbalances, dehydration, and low blood pressure."},{"name":"Thiazide diuretic use","after":{"null":["Hypokalemia","Metabolic Alkalosis"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Thiazide diuretic use refers to the use of medications that belong to the class of thiazide diuretics, which are primarily used to treat high blood pressure (hypertension) and edema (water retention) by reducing the amount of salt and water in the body. These medications work by blocking the reabsorption of sodium and chloride in the kidneys, which promotes the excretion of water and electrolytes in the urine. Some examples of thiazide diuretics include hydrochlorothiazide, chlorthalidone, and indapamide."},{"name":"Diabetic Ketoacidosis","after":{"null":["Osmotic Diuresis","Ketoacidosis"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a serious complication of diabetes that occurs when the body produces high levels of blood acids called ketones. This happens when the body is not able to use glucose as a source of energy and starts burning fat instead, leading to the production of ketones. DKA can occur in people with type 1 or type 2 diabetes and is more common in people who have not been diagnosed or are not properly managing their diabetes. Symptoms of DKA include high blood sugar levels, dehydration, vomiting, and confusion. If left untreated, DKA can lead to coma or even death."},{"name":"Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar Syndrome","after":{"null":["Osmotic Diuresis"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar Syndrome (HHS) is a serious medical condition that occurs when your blood glucose levels become extremely high, usually over 600 milligrams per deciliter (mg\/dL). This condition is more common in people with type 2 diabetes and can be life-threatening if left untreated. HHS is caused by a combination of high blood sugar levels and dehydration, leading to high levels of blood glucose and blood osmolarity. Symptoms of HHS include extreme thirst, frequent urination, dry skin, confusion, seizures, and coma. Treatment involves slowly lowering blood sugar levels with insulin and aggressive hydration to restore fluid balance in the body."},{"name":"Non-cardiac","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Non-cardiac refers to medical conditions or symptoms that are not directly related to the heart or the cardiovascular system. For example, non-cardiac chest pain may be caused by gastrointestinal issues such as acid reflux, rather than a heart problem. Non-cardiac symptoms may include problems with the digestive system, nervous system, respiratory system, or other organs and systems in the body."},{"name":"Anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis","after":{"null":["Metabolic Acidosis"]},"before":{"null":["Renal Failure (ESRD)","Rhabdomyolysis","Ethylene glycol poisoning","Lactic Acidosis","Ketoacidosis","Salicylate ingestion","Methanol ingestion"]},"description":"Anion gap metabolic acidosis is a type of acid-base disorder in which the concentration of anions (negatively charged ions) in the blood increases, leading to a decrease in the pH level of the blood. This can occur when there is an excess production of acidic substances in the body or when there is a loss of bicarbonate (a base) from the body. Common causes include kidney failure, lactic acidosis (resulting from anaerobic metabolism), and ketoacidosis (resulting from the breakdown of fatty acids)."},{"name":"Non-Anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis","after":{"null":["Metabolic Acidosis"]},"before":{"null":["Hypoaldosteronism","Type IV Renal Tubular Acidosis","Spironolactone use","Renal Tubular Acidosis, Type I (Distal)","Renal Tubular Acidosis, Type II (Proximal)","Diarrhea","Acetazolamide use","Ureterosigmoidostomy"]},"description":"Non-Anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis is a type of metabolic acidosis where the levels of acid are increased in the bloodstream due to a buildup of acids in the body that are not related to an increase in anion concentration. This may occur due to excess loss of bicarbonate ions, accumulation of acid in the body, or a decrease in renal function, leading to impaired elimination of acidic substances from the body. Causes of non-anion gap metabolic acidosis can include diarrhea, renal tubular acidosis, and hyperchloremia. Treatment typically involves addressing the underlying cause of the acidosis and correcting any electrolyte imbalances."},{"name":"Lactic Acidosis","after":{"null":["Anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis"]},"before":{"null":["Shock"]},"description":"Lactic acidosis is a condition that occurs when the body produces too much lactic acid and cannot remove it quickly enough. Lactic acid is produced when the body breaks down carbohydrates for energy, and under normal circumstances, it is quickly metabolized by the liver and kidneys. However, in cases where the body is not getting enough oxygen, like during intense exercise or certain medical conditions, lactic acid can build up in the blood and cause symptoms such as nausea, fatigue, and even organ damage. Lactic acidosis can be acute or chronic, and can be caused by conditions such as liver failure, kidney disease, sepsis, and certain medications. Treatment may involve addressing the underlying condition and administering fluids or medications to help remove excess lactic acid from the blood."},{"name":"Ketoacidosis","after":{"null":["Abdominal Pain","Nausea","Anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis","Fruity breath odor"]},"before":{"null":["Diabetic Ketoacidosis","Alcoholic Ketoacidosis","Starvation Ketosis"]},"description":"Ketoacidosis is a metabolic state characterized by an increase in the concentration of ketone bodies in the blood. It occurs when there is a lack of insulin or when cells are not able to use insulin effectively, resulting in the breakdown of fats into ketones as an alternative energy source. This condition is commonly associated with diabetes mellitus, but can also occur in other health conditions. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, confusion, and deep and rapid breathing. It is a life-threatening condition that requires immediate medical attention."},{"name":"Alcoholic Ketoacidosis","after":{"null":["Ketoacidosis"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Alcoholic ketoacidosis (AKA) is a metabolic complication that can occur due to prolonged and heavy alcohol consumption. It is characterized by an increase in blood ketones, which are produced when the liver breaks down fat for energy in the absence of carbohydrate intake. This leads to an accumulation of ketones in the blood, resulting in a metabolic acidosis (acidic blood pH) that can be life-threatening if left untreated. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, confusion, and dehydration. Treatment involves rapid rehydration, electrolyte correction, and potentially insulin therapy to normalize blood glucose levels and reduce the production of ketones."},{"name":"Starvation Ketosis","after":{"null":["Ketoacidosis"]},"before":{"null":["Malnutrition"]},"description":"Starvation ketosis is a metabolic state in which the body produces ketones (a type of molecule that the body can use for energy) due to a lack of carbohydrates. It typically occurs when an individual is deprived of food or carbohydrates for an extended period, causing the body to break down stored fat to produce energy. This process can cause a buildup of ketones in the bloodstream, resulting in a condition known as ketosis. While this can provide an alternative energy source for the body, it can also lead to potential health risks if maintained for too long."},{"name":"Salicylate ingestion","after":{"null":["Acute Tubular Necrosis","Anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis","Tinnitus"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Salicylate ingestion refers to the ingestion or consumption of aspirin or other medications or substances containing salicylates, which are compounds derived from salicylic acid. Salicylate ingestion can cause a range of symptoms, including stomach pain, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, confusion, and in more severe cases, breathing difficulties and seizures. Salicylate toxicity can also occur with overuse of aspirin or other salicylate-containing medications. Treatment for salicylate ingestion may include administration of activated charcoal, the use of medications to manage symptoms, and in severe cases, hospitalization and supportive care."},{"name":"Methanol ingestion","after":{"null":["Anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Methanol ingestion refers to the consumption or ingestion of methanol, a toxic chemical substance commonly found in antifreeze, windshield wiper fluids, and other household cleaners. Methanol can cause serious health issues when ingested, including blurred vision, headaches, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, seizures, and even death. Methanol poisoning is considered a medical emergency and should be treated immediately to prevent severe health consequences."},{"name":"Acetazolamide use","after":{"null":["Non-Anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Use of acetazolamide, a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, which inhibitos reabsorption of sodium bicarbonate in the proximal tubule of the nephron"},{"name":"Right Ventricular Volume Overload","after":{"null":["Diastolic septal flattening on echo"]},"before":{"null":["Tricuspid Regurgitation","Pulmonic Regurgitation","Atrial Level Shunt"]},"description":"Right ventricular volume overload is a condition where there is an increased volume of blood in the right ventricle of the heart, leading to an increase in pressure and enlargement of the chamber. This can be caused by a variety of conditions such as pulmonary hypertension, tricuspid valve regurgitation, and congenital heart defects. The increased workload on the right ventricle can eventually lead to heart failure if left untreated. Symptoms may include shortness of breath, fatigue, and peripheral edema."},{"name":"Atrial Level Shunt","after":{"null":["Left to right heart shunt","Right Ventricular Volume Overload"]},"before":{"null":["Atrial Septal Defect (LA to RA)","Unroofed Coronary Sinus (LA to CS)","Sinus Venosus Defect (PV to VC)","Partial Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return (PV to VC)","Gerbode Defect (LV to RA)","Coronary Artery Fistula (Cor to RA)"]},"description":"An atrial level shunt refers to an abnormal connection between the two upper chambers (atria) of the heart, allowing blood to flow from one atrium to the other. This can occur due to various congenital heart defects such as atrial septal defect (ASD) or patent foramen ovale (PFO), where there is a hole between the atria, or due to abnormal blood flow caused by other conditions. An atrial level shunt can lead to increased blood flow to the lungs and may result in symptoms such as shortness of breath and fatigue."},{"name":"Ventricular Level Shunt","after":{"null":["Left to right heart shunt"]},"before":{"null":["Ventricular Septal Defect","Patent Ductus Arteriosus"]},"description":"A ventricular level shunt is a surgical procedure that relieves hydrocephalus by creating a path for the excess cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to drain from the ventricles of the brain to another area of the body, such as the abdomen. This shunt system typically consists of a catheter placed into the ventricles and a one-way valve that regulates the flow of CSF. The shunt system helps to reduce the pressure on the brain caused by the accumulation of excess CSF, improving symptoms and preventing brain damage."},{"name":"Unroofed Coronary Sinus (LA to CS)","after":{"null":["Atrial Level Shunt"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Unroofed Coronary Sinus (LA to CS) is a congenital heart defect where there is an abnormal connection between the left atrium and the coronary sinus, resulting in a communication between the oxygenated and deoxygenated blood circulation systems. This can lead to cyanosis, pulmonary hypertension, and congestive heart failure. Treatment for this condition often requires surgical intervention to repair the connection and improve blood flow."},{"name":"Sinus Venosus Defect (PV to VC)","after":{"null":["Atrial Level Shunt"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Sinus Venosus Defect (PV to VC) refers to a congenital heart defect in which there is an abnormal opening in the wall that separates the upper chambers (atria) of the heart. Specifically, the defect is located in the area where the pulmonary vein and the superior vena cava enter the right atrium, causing blood from the pulmonary vein to flow into the right atrium instead of the left atrium. This can lead to a variety of symptoms and complications, depending on the size and location of the defect."},{"name":"Partial Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return (PV to VC)","after":{"null":["Atrial Level Shunt"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Partial Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return (PV to VC) is a congenital heart defect in which one or more pulmonary veins that normally carry oxygen-rich blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart are abnormally connected to the right atrium or the inferior vena cava. This can cause blood to flow in the wrong direction and put strain on the heart, leading to symptoms such as shortness of breath, fatigue, and heart palpitations. Treatment may involve surgery to redirect the affected veins to the correct location."},{"name":"Gerbode Defect (LV to RA)","after":{"null":["Atrial Level Shunt"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Gerbode defect is a rare type of congenital heart defect in which there is a communication (opening) between the left ventricle (LV) and the right atrium (RA) of the heart. This defect allows oxygen-rich blood from the LV to flow directly into the RA and then to the lungs, resulting in increased blood flow to the lungs. It can cause symptoms such as shortness of breath, fatigue, and heart failure. Gerbode defect can be corrected with surgery or catheter-based procedures."},{"name":"Coronary Artery Fistula (Cor to RA)","after":{"null":["Stable Angina","Atrial Level Shunt"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Coronary Artery Fistula (Cor to RA) refers to an abnormal connection, or fistula, between a coronary artery (a blood vessel that supplies oxygen-rich blood to the heart) and the right atrium (one of the chambers of the heart that receives blood from the body). This condition is relatively rare and can be congenital (present at birth) or acquired due to trauma or other factors. It can lead to symptoms such as chest pain, palpitations, and shortness of breath, and in some cases may require medical or surgical intervention."},{"name":"Right Ventricular Pressure Overload","after":{"null":["Systolic septal flattening on echo"]},"before":{"null":["Pulmonary Hypertension","Pulmonic Stenosis"]},"description":"Right ventricular pressure overload is a condition occurring when the pressure in the right ventricle of the heart becomes too high. This can occur due to a variety of underlying conditions, such as pulmonary hypertension or pulmonary valve stenosis, which can lead to an increase in the pressure in the pulmonary artery. As a result, the right ventricle has to work harder to pump blood into the pulmonary circulation, which can eventually lead to hypertrophy or enlargement of the right ventricle and ultimately, heart failure."},{"name":"Systolic septal flattening on echo","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Right Ventricular Pressure Overload"]},"description":"Systolic septal flattening on echo refers to the abnormal flattening of the interventricular septum during systole (contraction phase of the heart) as seen on an echocardiogram. This is usually associated with left ventricular pressure overload due to conditions such as hypertension, aortic stenosis, or hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. It is a sign of an increase in the left ventricular pressure, which causes the septum to flatten due to the pressure gradient across the ventricular septum during systole."},{"name":"Diastolic septal flattening on echo","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Right Ventricular Volume Overload"]},"description":"Diastolic septal flattening refers to a condition that occurs when the septum, the wall that separates the left and right ventricles of the heart, appears flattened or pressed against the left ventricle during the relaxation phase of the heartbeat (diastole). This flattening can be seen on an echocardiogram, a non-invasive imaging test that uses sound waves to create a picture of the heart. This condition may be indicative of increased pressure in the left ventricle, which can occur due to a variety of cardiovascular conditions such as hypertension, aortic stenosis, or hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. It can also be seen in patients with abnormal heart rhythms or in those with significant lung disease. The presence of diastolic septal flattening on echocardiogram is an important finding for the diagnosis and treatment of these underlying conditions."},{"name":"Lung Cancer","after":{"null":["State of Malignancy","Hemoptysis","Pulmonary Chest Pain","SVC Syndrome"]},"before":{"null":["Small Cell Carcinoma of the Lung","Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Lung","Adenocarcinoma of the Lung"]},"description":"Lung cancer is a malignant growth or tumor that begins in the cells of the lungs. It is primarily caused by smoking or exposure to other harmful substances such as asbestos, air pollution or chemicals. Lung cancer can cause abnormalities in the lung tissues, which can affect breathing and may spread to other parts of the body. It is a serious condition and can be fatal if left untreated. Early diagnosis and treatment can improve the chances of successful recovery."},{"name":"Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Lung","after":{"null":["Hypercalcemia","Lung Cancer"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Lung (SCCL) is a type of non-small cell lung cancer that starts in the flat, thin cells (squamous cells) that line the airways of the lungs. It typically develops in the central part of the lungs and is often associated with a history of smoking. SCCL can sometimes spread to nearby lymph nodes and other parts of the body, but it is usually slow-growing and tends to be less aggressive than other types of lung cancer. Symptoms may include persistent cough, chest pain, shortness of breath, wheezing, and coughing up blood. Treatment options may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy, depending on the stage and location of the cancer."},{"name":"Adenocarcinoma of the Lung","after":{"null":["Lung Cancer"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Adenocarcinoma of the lung is a type of lung cancer that begins in the cells that line the glands in the lung and produces mucus. This type of lung cancer is the most common form of non-small cell lung cancer, accounting for about 40% of all lung cancer cases. Adenocarcinoma of the lung can occur in people who have never smoked, but it is also strongly associated with smoking and exposure to secondhand smoke. Symptoms can include coughing, shortness of breath, chest pain, and fatigue, and treatment options include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and targeted therapy depending on the stage and severity of the cancer."},{"name":"Clubbing","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Hypoxia","Interstitial Lung Disease"]},"description":"Clubbing refers to a physical sign observed on examination of the fingers and toes. It is characterized by the bulbous enlargement of the distal (end) part of the fingers or toes, giving them a drumstick-like appearance. Clubbing is caused by various underlying conditions, including cardiovascular, respiratory, gastroenterological, and hepatic disorders. It is commonly observed in individuals with chronic lung diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or pulmonary fibrosis. It may be a sign of an underlying serious medical condition and requires prompt evaluation by a healthcare professional."},{"name":"SVC Syndrome","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Lung Cancer"]},"description":"Superior vena cava (SVC) syndrome is a group of symptoms that occur when the superior vena cava, a large vein that carries blood from the upper body to the heart, becomes partially or completely blocked. This blockage can be caused by a tumor or other mass pressing on the vein, or by blood clots or narrowings within the vein itself. Symptoms of SVC syndrome can include swelling of the face, arms, or neck, difficulty breathing or speaking, dizziness or fainting, and a feeling of fullness in the head. Treatment may involve addressing the underlying cause of the blockage, using medication or radiation therapy to reduce swelling or tumor size, or surgery to remove the blockage."},{"name":"Transudative","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Transudative refers to the type of fluid that passes through a membrane or into tissues due to a change in pressure or osmotic gradient, rather than as a result of inflammation or injury. It is commonly seen in conditions like heart failure, cirrhosis, and kidney disease, where changes in blood pressure and fluid volume can affect the balance of fluids in the body. Transudative fluids are typically low in protein and cellular components, and may be clear or pale yellow in color."},{"name":"Exudative","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Exudative refers to a type of secretion or discharge that is excessive and contains a significant amount of protein and cellular debris. It is often associated with inflammation or infection in the affected area. Examples of exudative fluids include pus, blood, or cerebrospinal fluid."},{"name":"Hilar lymphadenopathy","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Sarcoidosis"]},"description":"Hilar lymphadenopathy refers to the enlargement of lymph nodes in the hilum of the lung. This can be a sign of underlying conditions such as infections, inflammatory diseases, or cancer. It is often detected on chest X-rays or CT scans of the chest."},{"name":"Aspiration","after":{"null":["Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Aspiration refers to the act of breathing in or inhaling, or the strong desire to achieve something."},{"name":"Transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI)","after":{"null":["Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI) is a rare but potentially life-threatening syndrome that occurs as a result of the transfusion of blood products, such as red blood cells, platelets, or plasma. TRALI is characterized by the sudden onset of acute respiratory distress, often accompanied by hypoxemia and bilateral infiltrates on chest radiography, within 6 hours of transfusion. The pathogenesis of TRALI is thought to involve an immune-mediated response, either through antibodies in the blood product or through transfused white blood cells that become activated and release inflammatory mediators. Due to its potential severity and unpredictability, TRALI is an important consideration in the management of patients undergoing transfusion and is the leading cause of transfusion-related mortality in the United States."},{"name":"pO2\/FiO2<200","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)"]},"description":"pO2\/FiO2<200 refers to a ratio between the partial pressure of oxygen (pO2) in arterial blood and the fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2) that is supplied to a patient receiving oxygen therapy. A value of less than 200 indicates that the patient is experiencing severe respiratory failure and requires intensive care. It is a commonly used measure for acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)."},{"name":"Atlantoaxial instability","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Rheumatoid Arthritis"]},"description":"Atlantoaxial instability refers to the excessive movement or instability between the first and the second vertebrae of the neck (atlas and axis), which can lead to compression of the spinal cord, spinal nerve roots, and blood vessels. This can cause symptoms such as neck pain, headaches, numbness, weakness, and difficulty with coordination and balance. Atlantoaxial instability can be congenital or acquired and is often associated with conditions such as Down syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, or trauma to the neck. Treatment may include immobilization, surgery, or physical therapy."},{"name":"Systemic Inflammation","after":{"null":["Anemia of Chronic Disease","Atherosclerosis","Elevated ESR","Elevated CRP","Reactive Thrombocytosis"]},"before":{"null":["Rheumatoid Arthritis","Lupus","HIV","Ankylosing Spondylitis","Scleroderma"]},"description":"Systemic inflammation is a response from the immune system that leads to the production of inflammatory markers, such as cytokines and chemokines, throughout the body. It can be triggered by various factors, such as infections, tissue injury, or chronic health conditions, and can lead to a range of symptoms, including fever, joint pain, fatigue, and organ dysfunction. Systemic inflammation can also contribute to the development or worsening of chronic diseases, such as diabetes, heart disease, and cancer."},{"name":"Elevated ESR","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Systemic Inflammation"]},"description":"Elevated ESR (erythrocyte sedimentation rate) is a laboratory marker of inflammation. It is a measurement of how quickly red blood cells in a blood sample settle to the bottom of a tube within a certain period of time. A higher-than-normal ESR indicates the presence of inflammation in the body, although it does not specify the cause or location of the inflammation. Elevated ESR levels may be seen in many different conditions, such as infection, autoimmune diseases, cancer, and other inflammatory conditions."},{"name":"Elevated CRP","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Systemic Inflammation"]},"description":"Elevated CRP refers to a higher than normal concentration of C-reactive protein (CRP) in the blood. CRP is a protein produced by the liver in response to inflammation, infection, or tissue damage. Elevated levels of CRP in the blood can indicate that there is an inflammatory or infectious process occurring in the body. It is often used as a marker for monitoring the progression and response to treatment of conditions such as autoimmune diseases, infections, and cardiovascular disease."},{"name":"Malar Rash","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Lupus"]},"description":"Malar rash is a type of skin rash that appears on the cheeks and nose, often in a butterfly shape. It is commonly associated with autoimmune disorders such as lupus, and is characterized by redness, swelling, and a flat or raised texture. The rash can be mild or severe and may be accompanied by other symptoms such as fever, fatigue, and joint pain. It is important to seek medical attention if you have a persistent malar rash or any other skin changes that are concerning."},{"name":"Discoid Rash","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Lupus"]},"description":"Discoid rash is a type of skin rash that is characterized by the presence of well-defined, circular or oval lesions on the skin. The lesions are usually red, raised, scaly, and can range in size from a few millimeters to several centimeters in diameter. They can be found on any part of the body, but typically appear on the face, scalp, and arms. Discoid rash is often associated with autoimmune diseases such as lupus and can lead to scarring if left untreated."},{"name":"Pericardial Effusion","after":{"null":["Cardiac Tamponade"]},"before":{"null":["Hypothyroidism","Pericarditis","Ventricular wall rupture"]},"description":"Pericardial effusion is a medical condition where an abnormal accumulation of fluid around the heart in the pericardial sac occurs. This can cause compression on the heart, limiting its ability to work efficiently and leading to serious health complications, such as cardiac tamponade or heart failure. Common symptoms of pericardial effusion include chest pain, shortness of breath, difficulty in breathing, or pressure in the chest. Medical intervention is necessary to diagnose and treat pericardial effusion to prevent further complications."},{"name":"Sclerodactyly","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Scleroderma"]},"description":"Sclerodactyly is a medical condition characterized by thickening and tightening of the skin on the fingers and toes. It is a common feature of scleroderma, a chronic autoimmune disease that affects the connective tissue. The condition can cause a range of symptoms, including stiffness, difficulty moving the affected joints, and changes in the shape of the fingers and toes. In severe cases, sclerodactyly may lead to disability and a decreased ability to perform daily activities."},{"name":"Sjogren Syndrome","after":{"null":["Renal Tubular Acidosis, Type I (Distal)","Lymphoma","Xerophthalmia (dry eyes)","Xerostomia (dry mouth)","Dyspareunia"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Sjogren Syndrome is an autoimmune disorder that affects the moisture-producing glands of the body, causing dryness of the eyes, mouth, and other parts of the body. It can also cause joint pain, fatigue, and other symptoms."},{"name":"Xerophthalmia (dry eyes)","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Sjogren Syndrome"]},"description":"Xerophthalmia is a medical condition characterized by dryness and inflammation of the conjunctiva and cornea of the eye. It can cause discomfort, itching, burning, and blurry vision. The condition is usually caused by a lack of tear production or poor quality tears that do not adequately lubricate the eye. Xerophthalmia can be related to aging, environmental factors, certain medications, and certain autoimmune diseases. Treatment may include artificial tears, prescription eye drops, and lifestyle changes. In severe cases, surgery may be necessary."},{"name":"Xerostomia (dry mouth)","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Sjogren Syndrome"]},"description":"Xerostomia, also known as dry mouth, is a condition in which the salivary glands in the mouth do not produce enough saliva to keep the mouth moist. This can lead to discomfort and difficulty in speaking, swallowing, and tasting. It can also increase the risk of dental decay and infections in the mouth. Xerostomia can be caused by various factors, including medications, age, and systemic diseases."},{"name":"Dyspareunia","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Sjogren Syndrome"]},"description":"Dyspareunia is the medical term for painful intercourse or difficulty during sexual intercourse, causing discomfort or pain in the genital area. It may affect both men and women and can occur either during or after sexual intercourse."},{"name":"Reactive Arthritis","after":{"null":["Arthritis","Conjunctivitis"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Reactive arthritis is a type of inflammatory arthritis that occurs as a reaction to an infection in another part of the body. It typically affects the joints, but can also cause inflammation in the eyes, skin and urinary tract. The condition is usually triggered by bacterial infections, such as those caused by chlamydia, Salmonella, Shigella or Campylobacter, and is more common in young men. Symptoms of reactive arthritis may include joint pain, swelling, and stiffness, as well as eye irritation, skin rashes, and urinary problems. Treatment usually involves the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and other medications to relieve symptoms, as well as antibiotics to treat any underlying infection. Physical therapy and other supportive measures may also be recommended. With proper treatment, most people with reactive arthritis can recover completely within several months."},{"name":"Cerebral Vein Thrombus","after":{"null":["Increased intracranial pressure","Headache"]},"before":{"null":["Hypercoagulable State"]},"description":"Cerebral vein thrombus is a medical condition in which a blood clot forms within the veins that drain blood from the brain. This can cause a variety of symptoms such as headaches, seizures, and changes in vision and behavior. If left untreated, cerebral vein thrombus can lead to serious complications such as stroke and brain damage."},{"name":"Papilledema","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Increased intracranial pressure"]},"description":"Papilledema is the swelling of the optic disc in the eye due to increased intracranial pressure. It can be caused by various conditions, such as brain tumors, meningitis, or hydrocephalus. Symptoms include blurred vision, headaches, and nausea. Treatment involves addressing the underlying cause and reducing intracranial pressure, such as through medication or surgery."},{"name":"Cord Compression","after":{"null":["Low Back Pain"]},"before":{"null":["Bone Metastases","Spinal Epidural Abscess"]},"description":"Cord compression refers to any condition that puts pressure on the spinal cord. This can result in a variety of symptoms, including pain, numbness, weakness, and difficulty with coordination. Common causes of cord compression include herniated discs, spinal tumors, spinal stenosis, and degenerative disc disease. Treatment for cord compression typically involves a combination of pain management, physical therapy, and sometimes surgery."},{"name":"Spinal Epidural Abscess","after":{"null":["Cord Compression"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"A spinal epidural abscess is a collection of pus that forms in the epidural space of the spinal column. The epidural space is the area between the spinal cord and the vertebrae that surround it. The abscess can compress the spinal cord and cause neurological symptoms such as back pain, fever, weakness and paralysis. It is a medical emergency that requires immediate treatment with antibiotics and may require surgery to drain the abscess. Spinal epidural abscess is a rare condition but can be life-threatening if left untreated."},{"name":"Copper Deficiency","after":{"null":["Subacute Combined Degeneration of the Spinal Cord","Impaired wound healing"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Copper deficiency refers to a state or condition where the body does not have enough copper. Copper is a trace mineral that is essential for various biological functions, such as the production of red blood cells, maintenance of healthy bones, and regulation of the immune system. Lack of copper in the body can cause a range of symptoms, including anemia, bone abnormalities, nervous system disorders, and impaired immune function. Copper deficiency can occur due to a variety of factors, such as inadequate dietary intake, malabsorption, and certain medical conditions."},{"name":"Optic Neuritis","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Multiple Sclerosis"]},"description":"Optic neuritis is a condition in which the optic nerve, which connects the eye to the brain, becomes inflamed and damaged. This can cause sudden vision loss, blurry or distorted vision, and eye pain or discomfort. It is often associated with autoimmune disorders such as multiple sclerosis. Treatment may include corticosteroids to reduce inflammation and manage symptoms."},{"name":"Pseudotumour Cerebri","after":{"null":["Increased intracranial pressure","Headache"]},"before":{"null":["Vitamin A Intoxication"]},"description":"Pseudotumour cerebri, also known as idiopathic intracranial hypertension, is a condition characterized by increased pressure inside the skull (intracranial pressure), without evidence of a space-occupying lesion or tumour. The symptoms of pseudotumour cerebri include headache, vision problems, ringing in the ears, nausea and vomiting. It typically occurs in overweight women of childbearing age, but it can also occur in men, children and individuals who are not overweight. Treatment of pseudotumour cerebri involves managing the symptoms and reducing the intracranial pressure through weight loss, medication and sometimes surgery."},{"name":"Vertigo","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Central Vertigo","Peripheral Vertigo"]},"description":"Vertigo is a type of dizziness that causes a person to feel as though they or their surroundings are spinning or moving, even when they are not. It is typically characterized by a sudden onset and can be temporary or persistent. Vertigo can be caused by various factors such as inner ear disorders, neurological problems, medication side effects, and psychological disorders. Symptoms may include nausea, vomiting, sweating, and difficulty standing or walking."},{"name":"Central Vertigo","after":{"null":["Vertigo","Vertical nystagmus"]},"before":{"null":["Multiple Sclerosis","Vertebrobasilar Migraine"]},"description":"Central Vertigo refers to a type of vertigo caused by a problem in the brain or the central nervous system. It is usually associated with more serious medical conditions such as stroke, migraine, multiple sclerosis, or a brain tumor. Symptoms of central vertigo may include dizziness, unsteadiness, difficulty in maintaining balance, and nausea. It requires immediate medical attention and proper diagnosis for appropriate treatment."},{"name":"Peripheral Vertigo","after":{"null":["Vertigo","Horizontal Nystagmus"]},"before":{"Hearing Loss":["Acoustic Neuroma","Labyrinthitis","Meniere Disease","Endolymphatic Hydrops","Perilymphatic Fistula"],"No Hearing Loss":["Benign Positional Vertigo","Vestibulitis"],"null":[]},"description":"Peripheral vertigo is a type of vertigo that results from problems within the inner ear or vestibular system, such as inflammation, fluid buildup, or damage to the sensory cells or nerve fibers. It is characterized by episodes of dizziness, spinning sensations, and loss of balance or coordination, often triggered by head movements or positional changes. Peripheral vertigo is typically brief and self-limiting, but it can be quite debilitating, and may require medication or vestibular rehabilitation to manage symptoms and prevent recurrence."},{"name":"Vertebrobasilar Migraine","after":{"null":["Central Vertigo"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Vertebrobasilar migraine is a type of migraine headache that is characterized by a collection of neurological symptoms that usually occur in the back of the head and neck, and are caused by constriction or dilation of the blood vessels that supply blood to the brainstem and cerebellum. Symptoms can include vertigo, loss of balance or coordination, temporary blindness or impaired vision, double vision or seeing spots or flashing lights, loss of or diminished hearing, ringing in the ears or other unusual sounds, and difficulty swallowing. Attacks can last several hours to days, and are often accompanied by customary migraine symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, and sensitivity to light and sound."},{"name":"Vertical nystagmus","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Central Vertigo"]},"description":"Vertical nystagmus is an involuntary rhythmic movement of the eyes that occurs in a vertical pattern. It refers to a jerky or oscillatory movement of the eyes in an up-and-down direction. This can be a symptom of certain medical conditions, including brainstem dysfunction, vestibular disorders, or drug intoxication. It can also be caused by peripheral vestibular lesions or certain medications that affect the vestibular system. Vertical nystagmus is often associated with dizziness, vertigo, and impaired balance."},{"name":"Acoustic Neuroma","after":{"null":["Peripheral Vertigo"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Acoustic Neuroma, also known as vestibular schwannoma, is a non-cancerous tumor that develops on the sheath surrounding the vestibular nerve that connects the ear to the brain. This tumor grows slowly over time and can cause symptoms such as hearing loss, tinnitus, balance problems, and facial numbness or weakness. It is usually diagnosed through imaging tests such as MRI or CT scan, and treatment may involve observation, radiation therapy, or surgical removal of the tumor."},{"name":"Labyrinthitis","after":{"null":["Peripheral Vertigo"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Labyrinthitis is an inner ear disorder that occurs when the labyrinth part of the ear, which plays a role in balance and hearing, becomes inflamed. This inflammation can cause symptoms like dizziness, vertigo, nausea, and hearing loss. It is often caused by a viral or bacterial infection in the ear, and can be treated with medication and lifestyle changes."},{"name":"Meniere Disease","after":{"null":["Peripheral Vertigo"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":""},{"name":"Horizontal Nystagmus","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Peripheral Vertigo"]},"description":"Horizontal nystagmus is a type of involuntary eye movement where the eyes move quickly and repetitively back and forth in a horizontal direction. This movement may be side-to-side, left-to-right, or right-to-left. Horizontal nystagmus can be a sign of various medical conditions and may be tested as part of a neurological examination."},{"name":"Endolymphatic Hydrops","after":{"null":["Peripheral Vertigo"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Endolymphatic hydrops is a condition that affects the inner ear and can cause vertigo, hearing loss, and ringing in the ears (tinnitus). It occurs when there is an excess amount of fluid in the endolymphatic space, which is within the inner ear. This can put pressure on the delicate structures of the ear, leading to symptoms and damage over time. Endolymphatic hydrops can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetic predisposition, head injuries, and infections. Treatment may include medications, dietary changes, and surgery in severe cases."},{"name":"Perilymphatic Fistula","after":{"null":["Peripheral Vertigo"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Perilymphatic fistula is a condition in which there is a small tear or hole in the membrane that separates the inner ear from the middle ear. This can cause the fluid from the inner ear, called perilymph, to leak out into the middle ear. This can lead to symptoms such as dizziness, vertigo, hearing loss, tinnitus, and a feeling of pressure or fullness in the ear. It can be caused by a variety of factors, including head injury, sudden changes in pressure, or changes in the middle ear due to disease or surgery. Treatment may include rest, medication, or surgical repair of the tear."},{"name":"Benign Positional Vertigo","after":{"null":["Peripheral Vertigo"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Benign Positional Vertigo (BPV) is a type of dizziness that occurs when the head is placed in certain positions. It is caused by disturbances in the inner ear or the vestibular system, which help control balance and spatial orientation. BPV is typically short-lived and is not associated with any serious medical conditions. Symptoms include a spinning sensation, loss of balance, and sometimes nausea or vomiting. BPV can be treated with specific head and body movements designed to reposition the tiny crystals in the inner ear."},{"name":"Vestibulitis","after":{"null":["Peripheral Vertigo"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Vestibulitis is a condition characterized by inflammation of the vestibule, a small area located at the entrance of the vagina. It can cause pain and discomfort during sexual activity or with other activities that put pressure on the area. The condition may be caused by a variety of factors including infection, trauma, hormonal changes or dermatological conditions. Treatment typically involves medication, topical creams, or surgical intervention in severe cases."},{"name":"Tinnitus","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Salicylate ingestion"]},"description":"Tinnitus is a medical condition that is characterized by the perception of ringing, buzzing, or other sounds in the ears or head in the absence of any external sound. It is often described as a high-pitched or low-pitched whistling, hissing, roaring, or clicking sound, and can be constant or intermittent. Tinnitus can be caused by many factors, including exposure to loud noise, ear infections, hearing loss, and certain medications. It is not a disease in itself but a symptom of an underlying condition."},{"name":"Hearing Loss","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Hearing loss is a medical condition that affects a person\u2019s ability to hear sounds or understand speech. It can range from mild, where a person has difficulty hearing faint or distant sounds, to profound, where a person is unable to hear any sounds at all. Hearing loss may occur gradually over time or suddenly, and it can be caused by a variety of factors including aging, noise exposure, genetics, infections, diseases, and certain medications."},{"name":"No Hearing Loss","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"No hearing loss refers to a condition in which an individual has normal hearing abilities. This means that the person can hear sounds at different frequencies and volumes without any difficulty. No hearing loss is typically defined as having pure-tone thresholds of 25 dB or better at all tested frequencies (250 to 8,000 Hz) in both ears. Individuals with no hearing loss are able to communicate effectively with others and typically do not need any assistance or accommodations for their hearing."},{"name":"Guillain-Barre Syndrome","after":{"null":["Weakness","Peripheral Neuropathy"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Guillain-Barre Syndrome (GBS) is a rare but serious autoimmune disorder in which the immune system attacks the nervous system, leading to muscle weakness and paralysis. It is characterized by symptoms such as tingling, weakness, and\/or numbness in the limbs, which can progress to muscle weakness throughout the body, and in severe cases, lead to respiratory and cardiac failure. The exact cause of GBS is unknown, but it is believed to be triggered by a viral or bacterial infection, surgery or vaccination. Treatment usually involves hospitalization and supportive care to manage symptoms, such as pain and breathing difficulties. With proper treatment, most people with GBS recover fully, but some may experience long-term complications."},{"name":"Mononeuritis Multiplex","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Amyloidosis","Vasculitis","Rheumatoid Arthritis","Polyarteritis Nodosa","Eosinophilic Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis (Churg-Strauss)","Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis","Microscopic Polyangiitis"]},"description":"Mononeuritis multiplex is a neurological condition characterized by inflammation and damage to multiple peripheral nerves in different parts of the body, resulting in weakness, numbness, and pain in the affected areas. It is often caused by underlying medical conditions such as diabetes, vasculitis, or infections, and can sometimes be a side effect of certain medications or toxins. Treatment typically involves addressing the underlying cause, managing symptoms, and sometimes using immunosuppressant or anti-inflammatory medications."},{"name":"Anti-acetylcholine receptor antibodies","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Myasthenia Gravis"]},"description":"Anti-acetylcholine receptor antibodies are autoantibodies produced by the immune system that target and bind to the acetylcholine receptors found on the muscles and nerves of the neuromuscular junction. These antibodies interfere with the normal functioning of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter that is crucial for the contraction and relaxation of muscles, and can cause neuromuscular disorders such as myasthenia gravis. The presence of these antibodies in the blood is a diagnostic marker for autoimmune diseases that affect the neuromuscular junction."},{"name":"Shuffling gait","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Parkinson Disease"]},"description":""},{"name":"Micrographia","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Parkinson Disease"]},"description":""},{"name":"Hypomimia","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Parkinson Disease"]},"description":""},{"name":"Restless Leg Syndrome","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Iron Deficiency"]},"description":"Restless Leg Syndrome (RLS) is a neurological disorder characterized by an irresistible urge to move one\u2019s legs due to uncomfortable sensations such as creeping, crawling, tingling, or burning in the legs, particularly at night or during periods of inactivity. RLS can disrupt sleep, causing excessive daytime tiredness, and impact the quality of life."},{"name":"Increased IGF-1","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Acromegaly"]},"description":"Increased IGF-1 refers to a condition where the levels of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) hormone in the body have risen above the normal range. IGF-1 is primarily produced by the liver in response to growth hormone (GH) stimulation and plays an important role in promoting cell growth, differentiation, and development. Elevated levels of IGF-1 have been associated with various health conditions such as acromegaly, gigantism, insulin resistance, and increased cancer risk."},{"name":"Low Growth Hormone","after":{"null":["Muscle Atrophy"]},"before":{"null":["Hypopituitarism"]},"description":"Low Growth Hormone (GH) refers to a medical condition in which the pituitary gland does not produce enough growth hormone, which is essential for growth, development, and maintenance of various body tissues. This condition can occur in children and adults, and it may result in symptoms such as short stature, delayed puberty, decreased muscle mass, decreased bone density, and increased body fat. Low GH can be caused by genetic factors, medical conditions, or injury to the pituitary gland, and it can be treated with GH replacement therapy."},{"name":"Hypoprolactinemia","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Hypopituitarism"]},"description":"Hypoprolactinemia is a medical condition characterized by abnormally low levels of prolactin, a hormone produced by the pituitary gland that helps regulate reproductive functions such as lactation and fertility. It can be caused by various factors, including certain medications, tumors, or disorders affecting the pituitary gland or hypothalamus. Symptoms may include irregular menstrual cycles, infertility, decreased libido, and difficulty producing breast milk. Treatment typically involves addressing the underlying cause and may include hormone replacement therapy."},{"name":"Low Oxytocin","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Hypopituitarism"]},"description":"As an AI language model, I do not have personal beliefs or emotions. However, I can provide you with the definition of low oxytocin.Low oxytocin refers to a condition where the levels of oxytocin hormone in the body are below the normal range, which can affect social behavior, emotions, and bonding. It has been associated with a range of conditions, including autism, anxiety disorders, depression, and social phobia. Low oxytocin levels can lead to difficulties in connecting with others, reduced empathy or sensitivity to social cues, and may lead to social isolation and withdrawal."},{"name":"Anterior Pituitary","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"The anterior pituitary gland, also known as the adenohypophysis, is a gland located at the base of the brain that produces and secretes hormones into the bloodstream. These hormones regulate a variety of bodily functions, including growth, metabolism, reproduction, and stress response. The anterior pituitary gland is controlled by releasing hormones produced in the hypothalamus of the brain, which stimulate or inhibit the production of specific hormones in the gland."},{"name":"Posterior Pituitary","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"The posterior pituitary is a part of the endocrine system located at the base of the brain, below the hypothalamus. It is a small, bean-shaped structure that stores and releases two hormones produced by the hypothalamus: oxytocin and vasopressin (also known as antidiuretic hormone). The posterior pituitary does not produce these hormones but rather acts as a storage and release site for them. These hormones play important roles in controlling behaviors such as social bonding, lactation, and water balance in the body."},{"name":"Anti-thyroperoxidase (TPO) Antibodies","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Hashimoto thyroiditis"]},"description":""},{"name":"Reidel Fibrosing thyroiditis","after":{"null":["Thyroiditis"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Reidel fibrosing thyroiditis is a rare chronic inflammatory disorder characterized by the replacement of normal thyroid tissue by fibrous tissue, which can extend beyond the thyroid gland and involve adjacent structures in the neck. It can lead to symptoms such as compression of the trachea, esophagus, blood vessels, and nerves, resulting in dyspnea, difficulty swallowing, hoarseness, and pain. The condition is more common in middle-aged women and may be associated with autoimmune disorders. The treatment includes glucocorticoids, immunosuppressive agents, and surgical intervention."},{"name":"Subacute","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Subacute refers to a condition or disease that is intermediate between acute and chronic. It typically refers to a period of time where symptoms and disease progression are slower than acute, but faster than chronic. Subacute illnesses may last for several weeks to several months. Examples of subacute conditions include subacute thyroiditis, subacute sclerosing panencephalitis, and subacute bacterial endocarditis."},{"name":"Chronic","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Chronic refers to a health condition or disease that persists over a long period of time and typically progresses slowly. Chronic conditions are often not curable and require ongoing management and treatment to manage symptoms and prevent further complications. Common examples of chronic conditions include diabetes, asthma, arthritis, chronic pain, and heart disease."},{"name":"Familial Hypocalciuric Hypercalemia","after":{"null":["Hypercalcemia"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia (FHH) is a genetic condition that causes high levels of calcium in the blood. It is caused by a mutation in the genes that regulate the parathyroid gland, which controls calcium levels in the body. People with FHH have a defective gene that causes their parathyroid glands to produce more parathyroid hormone (PTH) than is needed, leading to hypercalcemia. However, unlike other conditions that cause high calcium levels, FHH is usually benign and does not cause any symptoms or health problems."},{"name":"Vitamin D Intoxication","after":{"null":["Hypercalcemia","Hyperphosphatemia"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Vitamin D intoxication is a medical condition characterized by an excessive amount of vitamin D in the body, which can result in hypercalcemia (an abnormally high level of calcium in the blood). This condition can cause a range of symptoms, including weakness, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, weight loss, kidney stones, and even kidney failure if left untreated. It may occur as a result of taking excessive amounts of vitamin D supplements, consuming a diet too high in vitamin D, or excessive exposure to sunlight."},{"name":"HLA-DR3","after":{"null":["Type I Diabetes"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"HLA-DR3 is a specific allele of the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) gene located on chromosome 6. It is a subtype of the HLA-DR gene that encodes for a protein that mediates immune responses by presenting antigens to T cells. HLA-DR3 is associated with an increased risk for autoimmune diseases such as type 1 diabetes, systemic lupus erythematosus, and celiac disease."},{"name":"Fruity breath odor","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Ketoacidosis"]},"description":"Fruity breath odor refers to the sweet and fruity smell that is often present in the breath of individuals who are experiencing high levels of ketones in their blood. This condition is commonly seen in people with uncontrolled diabetes, as well as in individuals who are on a low-carbohydrate, high-fat diet. The fruity breath odor is caused by the presence of acetone, which is a type of ketone that is produced as a result of the breakdown of fatty acids in the liver. The odor of fruity breath can be a symptom of a serious medical condition and should be addressed by a medical professional."},{"name":"Exogenous growth hormone use","after":{"null":["Acromegaly"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Exogenous growth hormone use refers to the administration of artificially produced growth hormones from outside sources, typically through injections or tablets. This is done to enhance growth, increase muscle mass, and improve athletic performance. However, the use of exogenous growth hormone is illegal in most sports and can have serious health consequences when used improperly."},{"name":"Metastasis to adrenal","after":{"null":["Adrenal Insufficiency (Addison Disease)"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Metastasis to adrenal refers to the spread of cancer cells from their site of origin to the adrenal gland. The adrenal gland is a small organ located above the kidneys and plays an important role in hormone production. Metastasis to the adrenal gland can occur in many different types of cancer, and it can indicate that the cancer has progressed to an advanced stage. Symptoms of metastasis to the adrenal gland can include fatigue, weight loss, abdominal pain, and hormonal imbalances. Treatment options may include surgical removal of the affected gland, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy."},{"name":"Klinefelter Syndrome","after":{"null":["Primary Hypogonadism"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Klinefelter Syndrome (KS) is a genetic condition that occurs in males where they have an extra X chromosome, resulting in a total of 47 chromosomes instead of the typical 46. This results in a range of physical, developmental, and behavioral characteristics, including tall stature, infertility, low testosterone levels, reduced muscle mass and strength, and potential for learning and language difficulties. KS is a lifelong condition that can be managed with appropriate medical care and support."},{"name":"Cryptorchidism","after":{"null":["Primary Hypogonadism"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Cryptorchidism is a medical condition in which one or both testicles fail to descend normally from the abdomen into the scrotum during fetal development, or shortly after birth. This can lead to infertility and an increased risk of testicular cancer if left untreated."},{"name":"Peptic Stricture","after":{"null":["Dysphagia"]},"before":{"null":["GERD"]},"description":"Peptic stricture is a narrowing of the esophagus, duodenum or stomach, caused by scarring and inflammation due to chronic acid reflux or gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). The condition occurs when stomach acid flows back into the esophagus, where it damages the lining and causes inflammation. Over time, this can lead to the formation of scar tissue and the narrowing of the esophagus or other areas of the digestive tract. Symptoms of peptic stricture include difficulty swallowing, chest pain, heartburn, acid reflux, and regurgitation. Treatment options may include medications, changes in diet or lifestyle, or surgery to remove the damaged tissue or widen the affected area."},{"name":"Eosinophilic Esophagitis","after":{"null":["Esophagitis"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is a chronic immune system disease in which a type of white blood cell known as eosinophils builds up in the lining of the tube that connects the mouth to the stomach (esophagus), causing inflammation and damage. This can result in difficulty swallowing, pain or discomfort in the chest or abdomen, and food impaction (when food gets stuck in the esophagus). EoE is commonly triggered by food or environmental allergies, but the exact cause is not yet fully understood. It is often treated with elimination diets, medicines to reduce inflammation, and dilation of the esophagus to help with swallowing."},{"name":"Pill Esophagitis","after":{"null":["Esophagitis"]},"before":{"null":["Bisphosphonate use","Potassium use","Doxycycline use"]},"description":"Pill esophagitis refers to the inflammation of the lining of the esophagus caused by the ingestion of certain medications such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), antibiotics, bisphosphonates, potassium chloride, and iron supplements. When these medications are taken without sufficient water or are not swallowed properly, they can get stuck in the esophagus and cause irritation or chemical burns. Symptoms may include pain or difficulty swallowing, chest pain, nausea, or vomiting. Treatment usually involves stopping the medication that caused the inflammation, taking medication to reduce acid reflux, and managing any discomfort or pain."},{"name":"Odynophagia","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Esophageal Rupture (Boerhaave Syndrome)","Mallory Weiss Tear","Esophagitis"]},"description":"Odynophagia is the medical term for pain or discomfort experienced while swallowing. It can occur due to various underlying conditions, such as infections, inflammation, tumors, or trauma, affecting different parts of the digestive system, including the throat, esophagus, or stomach. Odynophagia can be temporary or chronic, and it may be accompanied by other symptoms, such as difficulty swallowing, cough, hoarseness, or chest pain, depending on the cause and severity of the condition."},{"name":"Esophagitis","after":{"null":["Dysphagia","Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding (UGIB)","Odynophagia"]},"before":{"null":["GERD","Eosinophilic Esophagitis","Pill Esophagitis","Esophageal candidiasis"]},"description":"Esophagitis is the inflammation or irritation of the lining of the esophagus, which is the tube that connects the throat to the stomach. This can be caused by various factors, including acid reflux, medications, infections, allergies, and other medical conditions. Symptoms of esophagitis may include difficulty swallowing, chest pain or discomfort, heartburn, and acid regurgitation. Treatment of esophagitis depends on the underlying cause and may include lifestyle modifications, medications, or surgery in severe cases."},{"name":"Bisphosphonate use","after":{"null":["Pill Esophagitis"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Bisphosphonate use refers to the clinical application of drugs that inhibit the activity of osteoclasts, the bone cells that break down bone tissue. These drugs bind to bone mineral and prevent the release of calcium, leading to reduced bone resorption and increased bone density. Bisphosphonates are widely used in the treatment and prevention of osteoporosis, as well as in the management of bone metastases associated with cancer. They are administered orally or intravenously and include medications such as alendronate, risedronate, ibandronate, zoledronic acid, and pamidronate."},{"name":"Potassium use","after":{"null":["Pill Esophagitis"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"As an AI language model, I do not understand the context of the sentence \"What is the definition of Potassium use\". However, I will provide definitions of Potassium and use separately:Potassium: Potassium is a chemical element with symbol K (from Neo-Latin kalium) and atomic number 19. It is a soft, silvery-white metal that reacts violently with water. Use: Use means to employ something for a particular purpose. It refers to the application of an object or substance to a particular task or function, often to achieve a desired outcome."},{"name":"Doxycycline use","after":{"null":["Pill Esophagitis"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Doxycycline is a broad-spectrum antibiotic that is primarily used to treat bacterial infections. It is commonly used to treat conditions like pneumonia, Lyme disease, acne, chlamydia, and various other infections. Doxycycline belongs to the class of tetracyclines, and it works by preventing the growth and spread of bacteria by inhibiting the production of essential proteins required for bacterial survival. It is available in tablet, capsule, and liquid form and is usually taken once or twice a day, as directed by a doctor."},{"name":"Esophageal candidiasis","after":{"null":["Esophagitis"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Esophageal candidiasis is a fungal infection that occurs in the esophagus, which is the muscular tube that connects the throat to the stomach. This infection is caused by Candida, a type of yeast that is commonly found in the human body. Esophageal candidiasis can cause symptoms such as difficulty swallowing, chest pain, and heartburn. It is most commonly seen in people with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV\/AIDS, cancer, or undergoing chemotherapy, or those who have received radiation therapy to the throat or chest. Treatment usually involves antifungal medications."},{"name":"Mechanical Ventilation","after":{"null":["Peptic Ulcer"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Mechanical ventilation refers to the use of machines to deliver airflow into the lungs in order to assist or replace spontaneous breathing in patients who are unable to breathe effectively on their own. This technique is commonly used in critically ill patients in the intensive care unit, as well as during surgery under general anesthesia. Mechanical ventilation can provide essential support to patients who are experiencing respiratory failure or insufficient oxygenation, and can be adjusted to optimize ventilation parameters such as tidal volume, respiratory rate, and positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP)."},{"name":"Pyoderma Gangrenosum","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Crohn Disease","Ulcerative Colitis"]},"description":"Pyoderma Gangrenosum is a rare inflammatory skin disease characterized by the development of painful, rapidly enlarging wounds with undermined borders and a necrotic center. It is usually found on the legs but can occur in other parts of the body. The exact cause of pyoderma gangrenosum is unknown, but it is believed to be an autoimmune disease. It can occur on its own or in association with other underlying diseases. Treatment typically involves high doses of corticosteroids and other immunosuppressive medications."},{"name":"Ischemic Hepatitis","after":{"null":["Hepatitis"]},"before":{"null":["Shock"]},"description":"Ischemic hepatitis is a medical condition characterized by liver inflammation that occurs due to reduced blood flow to the liver, resulting in hypoxia (lack of oxygen) and cell death. This condition is also known as shock liver and is commonly observed in critically ill patients who experience a sudden drop in blood pressure or shock. The reduced blood flow to the liver can cause damage to the liver cells, leading to liver dysfunction, jaundice, and elevated liver enzymes. Ischemic hepatitis can be a life-threatening condition if left untreated and requires immediate medical attention."},{"name":"Transaminitis","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Hepatitis"]},"description":"Transaminitis is a medical term used to describe an elevation in the levels of transaminases, specifically alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST) in the blood. These enzymes are normally found in liver cells and can leak into the bloodstream when liver cells are damaged or destroyed, indicating some sort of liver injury or inflammation. Transaminitis is often an early indicator of liver damage or disease and may be caused by a range of conditions, including viral hepatitis, liver injury from medications, alcohol abuse, or fatty liver disease."},{"name":"Orthodeoxia","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Hepatopulmonary Syndrome"]},"description":"As an AI language model, I do not think there is a word such as \"Orthodeoxia\". Could it be possible that you meant \"Orthodoxy\"? Orthodoxy means adherence to traditional or established beliefs, especially in religion."},{"name":"Platypnea","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Hepatopulmonary Syndrome"]},"description":"Platypnea is a medical condition in which a person experiences shortness of breath, particularly when sitting or standing upright, but feels relieved when lying flat. It is often accompanied by orthodeoxia, which is a decrease in arterial oxygen saturation brought on by the upright position. Platypnea is considered a rare condition and can be caused by various underlying medical issues such as lung disease, cardiac disease, or metabolic disorders. It can be a debilitating condition and often requires medical intervention to manage symptoms and improve quality of life."},{"name":"Hereditary non-polyposis colon cancer","after":{"null":["Colon Cancer","Ovarian Cancer"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Hereditary non-polyposis colon cancer (HNPCC), also known as Lynch syndrome, is an inherited condition that increases the risk of developing colon, rectal, and other types of cancer. It is caused by mutations in genes that help repair errors in DNA. People with HNPCC have a higher chance of developing cancer at a younger age and often have multiple family members with a history of cancer. Regular screening and genetic testing can help identify and manage the risk of cancer in people with HNPCC."},{"name":"Melena","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding (UGIB)"]},"description":"Melena is a medical term used to describe black, tarry stools that have a characteristic appearance and odor. It is caused by the presence of digested blood in the stool, typically coming from a source in the upper gastrointestinal tract, such as the stomach or small intestine. Melena can be a sign of a serious medical condition, such as a stomach ulcer, gastrointestinal bleeding, or cancer, and requires prompt medical attention."},{"name":"Coffee ground emesis","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding (UGIB)"]},"description":"Coffee ground emesis is a condition where an individual vomits up partially digested blood that has a resemblance to coffee grounds. It is a symptom of gastrointestinal bleeding and can indicate a serious underlying condition, such as ulcers, gastritis, or esophageal varices. Coffee ground emesis can also be a sign of liver disease or severe alcoholism. Immediate medical attention is necessary to diagnose and treat the underlying cause of coffee ground emesis."},{"name":"Progressive Supranuclear Palsy","after":{"null":["Dementia"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Progressive Supranuclear Palsy (PSP) is a rare, neurodegenerative disorder that affects movement, balance, speech, and vision. It is caused by a buildup of abnormal protein in certain parts of the brain, leading to damage and death of nerve cells. Symptoms typically appear in midlife or later, and progress slowly over several years. Common symptoms include difficulty with balance and coordination, stiffness and rigidity of muscles, slurred speech, problems with eye movement and vision, and cognitive decline. There is no cure for PSP, and treatments are mainly supportive to manage symptoms and improve quality of life."},{"name":"Ataxia","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus"]},"description":"Ataxia is a neurological condition characterized by lack of coordination of muscle movements, which may affect various body parts such as limbs, eyes, speech, and even swallowing. It can be caused by damage to parts of the brain that control movement or sensory input. Common symptoms of ataxia include unsteady gait, difficulty with balance, slurring of speech, and tremors. Some types of ataxia are hereditary, while others may be acquired due to conditions such as stroke, brain injury, or multiple sclerosis."},{"name":"Myoclonus","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Spongiform Encephalopathy (Creutzfeldt-Jakob)"]},"description":"Myoclonus is a sudden and involuntary muscle jerk or spasm that can occur either singly or repetitively. It can affect any muscle in the body and can be caused by a variety of factors, including neurological disorders, medications, or metabolic imbalances. Myoclonus can be classified as either physiological or pathological, and can range from mild to severe in severity. It can also occur as a side effect of some epilepsy disorders."},{"name":"14-3-3 Protein in CSF","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Spongiform Encephalopathy (Creutzfeldt-Jakob)"]},"description":"A protein found in cerebral spinal fluid associated with neural development, signaling and protection. Elevated levels of 14-3-3 protein are commonly seen in Creutzfeld-Jakob Disease  "},{"name":"Stress Incontinence","after":{"null":["Urinary Incontinence"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Stress incontinence is a type of urinary incontinence that occurs when pressure or stress is placed on the bladder or urethra, causing an involuntary loss of urine. It can happen during physical activities such as coughing, sneezing, laughing, or exercising, and is more common in women who have had multiple pregnancies or menopause."},{"name":"Urge Incontinence (Detrusor Overactivity)","after":{"null":["Urinary Incontinence"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Urge incontinence is a type of urinary incontinence that is characterized by a sudden and intense urge to urinate, followed by an involuntary loss of urine. It is also known as detrusor overactivity, as it is caused by the involuntary contraction of the muscle in the bladder wall (detrusor muscle). This type of incontinence is often associated with an overactive bladder and can be caused by various factors, including nerve damage, bladder inflammation, and certain medications. Urge incontinence can be managed with lifestyle changes, pelvic floor muscle exercises, medication, and in severe cases, surgery."},{"name":"Pica (ice craving)","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Iron Deficiency"]},"description":"Pica refers to a condition in which an individual has a strong craving for non-food items such as ice, paper, clay, chalk, hair, and dirt. Ice craving, specifically, is a form of pica that involves an intense desire to eat ice or drink cold beverages. This condition is often associated with iron-deficiency anemia and can be a symptom of other underlying health problems."},{"name":"Pancytopenia","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Vitamin B12 Deficiency","Folate Deficiency","Aplastic Anemia","Myelodysplastic Syndrome","Hairy Cell Leukemia","Myelofibrosis","Metastasis to Bone Marrow"]},"description":"Pancytopenia is a condition where there is a reduction in the number of all three types of blood cells (red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets) in the body. This leads to symptoms such as fatigue, weakness, increased risk of infections and bleeding disorders. Pancytopenia can be caused by various factors like bone marrow diseases, certain medications, viral infections, and radiation therapy."},{"name":"5q deletion","after":{"null":["Myelodysplastic Syndrome"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"A rare chromosome abnormality with deletion of the long arm (q) of chromosome 5. Myelodysplastic syndromes are commonly the result of a 5q deletion showing anemia, neutropenia and thrombocytopenia"},{"name":"Pelger-Huet Cell (Bilobed neutrophil nucleus)","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Myelodysplastic Syndrome"]},"description":"Pelger-Huet cell, also known as bilobed neutrophil nucleus, is a type of abnormal white blood cell with a characteristic bilobed or dumbbell-shaped nucleus. This condition is inherited and results in the failure of the nucleus to segment properly during the final stages of maturation, resulting in a nucleus with only two segments instead of the usual three to five segments seen in normal neutrophils. Pelger-Huet cells are often seen in individuals with certain genetic disorders or following chemotherapy treatment. Although the presence of these cells is usually benign, it can sometimes be mistaken for a sign of leukemia or other serious blood disorders."},{"name":"Low Erythropoietin","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Low erythropoietin refers to a condition where the levels of erythropoietin in the body are lower than normal. Erythropoietin is a hormone produced by the kidneys and stimulates the production of red blood cells in the bone marrow. Low erythropoietin levels can lead to a condition called anemia, which is characterized by low levels of oxygen-carrying red blood cells in the body. Common causes of low erythropoietin levels include kidney disease, malnutrition, and medication side effects. Treatment options for low erythropoietin levels may include hormone replacement therapy, dietary changes, and medication adjustments."},{"name":"High Erythropoietin","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Erythropoietin (EPO) is a hormone produced by the kidneys that stimulates the production of red blood cells. High Erythropoietin levels, also known as polycythemia, occur when the body produces more red blood cells than necessary. This can be a result of genetic disorders, certain medical conditions, or the use of performance-enhancing drugs. High levels of EPO can also be a sign of kidney disease or cancer. Symptoms of high erythropoietin levels include fatigue, shortness of breath, dizziness, headaches, and difficulty concentrating. Treatment options include medication, blood transfusions, and reducing the underlying cause of the elevated levels."},{"name":"Reactive Thrombocytosis","after":{"null":["Thrombocytosis"]},"before":{"null":["Systemic Inflammation"]},"description":"Reactive thrombocytosis, also known as secondary thrombocytosis, is a condition in which there is an increase in the number of platelets in the blood due to an underlying condition or disease, such as infections, inflammation, trauma, surgery, cancer, or certain medications. The excess platelets can lead to blood clots, which can increase the risk of heart attack and stroke. Treatment involves addressing the underlying cause and medication may be prescribed to prevent blood clotting if necessary."},{"name":"Metastasis to Bone Marrow","after":{"null":["Pancytopenia"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Metastasis to Bone Marrow refers to the spread of cancer cells from the primary tumor site to the bone marrow, which is the tissue inside bones that produces blood cells. This process is often a sign of advanced cancer and can lead to decreased bone density, increased risk of fractures, and disruption of normal blood cell production. In some cases, bone marrow metastasis can cause symptoms such as bone pain, anemia, and fatigue. Treatment options may include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and medication to alleviate symptoms."},{"name":"BCR\/ABL gene mutation (Philadelphia Chromosome) 9-22","after":{"null":["Chronic Myeloid Leukemia"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"The BCR\/ABL gene mutation, also known as the Philadelphia Chromosome (Ph), is a genetic abnormality that results from a translocation (exchange) of genetic material between chromosomes 9 and 22. This mutation creates a fusion gene that produces a protein known as BCR-ABL, which causes uncontrolled growth and division of white blood cells, leading to the development of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). The BCR-ABL protein is also found in some cases of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)."},{"name":"Destruction","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Destruction is the act of causing something to come to an end or removing it completely, usually resulting in damage or devastation. It can refer to physical destruction, as in the destruction of property or buildings, as well as emotional or psychological destruction, such as the destruction of relationships or mental health."},{"name":"Decreased Production","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Decreased production refers to a reduction in the amount or level of output or goods produced by a business or organization over a certain period of time. It can be caused by various factors such as the decrease in demand for goods or services, shortage of raw materials, lack of manpower or expertise, equipment malfunction or breakdown, economic downturn or any other factors affecting the production process. Decreased production can negatively impact the revenue, profitability, and sustainability of a business, and may lead to staff layoffs or closure of the business."},{"name":"Consumption","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Consumption refers to the act of using certain goods, services, or resources in order to satisfy individual or collective needs and wants. It refers to the process of utilizing goods and services to meet personal or economic objectives, including the satisfaction of basic needs such as food, clothing, and shelter, as well as the acquisition of luxury or non-essential goods and services. The term consumption can also be used to describe the level or pattern of spending or utilization of resources in an economy or society over a given period of time."},{"name":"Brain Abscess","after":{"null":["Headache"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"A brain abscess is a collection of pus or infected material that develops within the brain. This condition is usually caused by a bacterial or fungal infection that has spread from another part of the body to the brain or by an infection that develops within the brain itself. Brain abscesses can cause symptoms such as headaches, fever, confusion, seizures, and neurological deficits. Treatment typically involves antibiotics and\/or surgical drainage of the abscess. Without proper treatment, a brain abscess may be life-threatening."},{"name":"SAAG > 1.1","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"SAAG is an abbreviation for Serum-Ascites Albumin Gradient, which is a measure of the difference in albumin levels between the serum (blood) and ascites (fluid in the abdomen). A SAAG value greater than 1.1 g\/dL indicates a portal hypertension-related ascites, caused by liver cirrhosis and other liver-related diseases. It helps in understanding the underlying cause and severity of ascites."},{"name":"SAAG < 1.1","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"SAAG is the Serum-Ascites Albumin Gradient, which is calculated by subtracting the ascites fluid albumin concentration from the serum albumin concentration. A SAAG value of less than 1.1 g\/dL indicates that the ascites is likely due to a non-portal hypertensive cause, such as malignancy, tuberculosis, or pancreatitis."},{"name":"Prerenal AKI","after":{"null":["Acute Kidney Injury"]},"before":{"null":["Cardiorenal Syndrome","Hypovolemia","Hepatorenal Syndrome","Shock"]},"description":"Prerenal AKI (Acute Kidney Injury) is a type of kidney injury caused by a decrease in blood flow to the kidneys, often due to a sudden drop in blood volume or blood pressure. This results in a reduction in the amount of oxygen and nutrients that reach the kidneys, leading to kidney dysfunction. Prerenal AKI is the most common cause of AKI and can be seen in conditions such as dehydration, blood loss, heart failure, and severe infections. The term \"prerenal\" refers to the fact that the injury is occurring before the kidneys themselves, in the blood vessels that supply them."},{"name":"Intrinsic AKI","after":{"null":["Acute Kidney Injury"]},"before":{"null":["Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura","Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome","Acute Tubular Necrosis","Acute Interstitial Nephritis","Vasculitis","Malignant Hypertension","Cholesterol emboli","Pyelonephritis","Renal Papillary Necrosis","Glomerular disease","Nephrocalcinosis"]},"description":"Intrinsic AKI refers to acute kidney injury that arises directly from damage to the kidney itself, rather than being a result of a problem outside of the kidney, such as decreased blood flow or medications. This can include damage to the renal tubules, glomeruli, interstitial tissue, or blood vessels of the kidney. Causes of intrinsic AKI can include acute tubular necrosis, glomerulonephritis, interstitial nephritis, and renal artery or vein thrombosis, among others."},{"name":"Postrenal AKI","after":{"null":["Acute Kidney Injury"]},"before":{"null":["Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia","Nephrolithiasis (Kidney Stones)","Cervical Cancer","Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Bladder","Adenocarcinoma of the Bladder","Prostate Cancer","Ureteral Stricture"]},"description":"Postrenal AKI is a type of acute kidney injury that occurs due to an obstruction of urine flow from the kidneys to the bladder and out of the body. The obstruction can be caused by factors such as kidney stones, tumors, or an enlarged prostate gland. When urine flow is obstructed, pressure builds up in the kidneys, leading to a decrease in kidney function and potential damage to the kidneys. Treatment of postrenal AKI typically involves removing the obstruction and managing any associated complications."},{"name":"Prostate Cancer","after":{"null":["Postrenal AKI","Hydronephrosis"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Prostate cancer is a malignant tumor that develops in the prostate, a gland in the male reproductive system. It is a type of cancer that grows slowly and may not cause symptoms in its early stages, but can spread to other parts of the body if left untreated. Prostate cancer is the most common type of cancer in men and is usually diagnosed through a combination of physical exam, blood tests, imaging tests, and biopsies. Treatment options include surgery, radiation therapy, and hormone therapy, among others."},{"name":"Hydronephrosis","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia","Nephrolithiasis (Kidney Stones)","Cervical Cancer","Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Bladder","Adenocarcinoma of the Bladder","Prostate Cancer","Ureteral Stricture"]},"description":"Hydronephrosis is a medical condition that occurs when one or both kidneys become swollen due to the accumulation of urine caused by a blockage in the urinary system. This can be caused by a variety of factors, including kidney stones, tumors, or structural abnormalities in the urinary system. Symptoms may include pain in the back or side, frequent urination, and difficulty urinating. Treatment depends on the underlying cause and may involve surgery or the placement of a stent to help urine flow freely."},{"name":"Ureteral Stricture","after":{"null":["Postrenal AKI","Hydronephrosis"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"A ureteral stricture is a narrowing of the ureter, the tube that carries urine from the kidneys to the bladder. It can lead to reduced urine flow, pain, and other complications. Ureteral strictures can be caused by various factors, such as scar tissue from previous surgeries or radiation therapy, inflammation, or injury. They can be diagnosed through imaging tests and treated with various procedures, such as surgical reconstruction, stenting, or dilation."},{"name":"Vitamin A Intoxication","after":{"null":["Pseudotumour Cerebri"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Vitamin A intoxication, also known as hypervitaminosis A, is a condition that occurs when there is an excess amount of vitamin A in the body. This can happen if someone takes high doses of vitamin A supplements or eats excessive amounts of foods containing vitamin A. Symptoms of vitamin A intoxication can include nausea, dizziness, blurred or double vision, headaches, and a skin rash. In severe cases, it can lead to liver damage, bone pain, and even death."},{"name":"Cryoglobulinemia","after":{"null":["Arthritis","Nephritic Syndrome"]},"before":{"null":["Hepatitis C"]},"description":"Cryoglobulinemia is a medical condition in which abnormal proteins called cryoglobulins form and clump together in the blood, leading to inflammation and damage to various organs and tissues. This can cause a range of symptoms, including skin rashes, joint pain, fatigue, organ damage, and potentially life-threatening complications such as kidney failure, heart disease, and neurological dysfunction. Cryoglobulinemia may occur as a primary disorder, or as a secondary condition related to other underlying health problems such as viral infections, autoimmune diseases, or some cancers. Treatment typically involves managing underlying causes and symptoms, using medications to suppress immune system activity, or in rare cases, undergoing plasma exchange or other more aggressive therapies."},{"name":"Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia","after":{"null":["AL Amyloidosis"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia is a rare type of slow-growing lymphoma characterized by the excessive production of abnormal white blood cells (lymphocytes) and a large protein called immunoglobulin M (IgM) in the bone marrow. This leads to the thickening of the blood and an increased risk of blood clotting. Symptoms may include fatigue, weakness, bleeding, and nerve damage. There is no cure for Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia, but treatments can help manage symptoms and slow the progression of the disease."},{"name":"Cell Breakdown","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Cell breakdown, also known as cell lysis, is the process by which a cell is disintegrated or ruptured, leading to the release of its contents into the extracellular space. This can occur naturally as a result of cell death or can be induced through a variety of physical, chemical or biological means. Cell breakdown can be harmful, causing tissue damage and triggering inflammatory responses in the body, but can also be beneficial, allowing for the release and recycling of important cellular components and nutrients."},{"name":"Fanconi Syndrome","after":{"null":["Renal Tubular Acidosis, Type II (Proximal)","Hypophosphatemia","Proteinuria","Glucosuria"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Fanconi Syndrome is a rare disorder that affects the proximal renal tubules in the kidneys, where certain substances that are usually reabsorbed back into the bloodstream from the filtrate are not properly reabsorbed, leading to excessive urine production and loss of vital nutrients such as sodium, potassium, calcium, glucose, bicarbonate, and amino acids. This can result in a wide variety of symptoms and complications including dehydration, weakness, bone deformities, metabolic acidosis, and kidney failure. The condition can be congenital or acquired, and can be caused by various genetic, metabolic, or toxic factors. Treatment typically involves addressing the underlying cause and replacing the lost nutrients and electrolytes."},{"name":"Decreased Absorption","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Decreased absorption refers to a situation where the body is not effectively absorbing nutrients or other substances from the digestive tract. This can be caused by a variety of factors, including malabsorption disorders, inflammation or damage to the intestinal lining, or certain medications that interfere with absorption. Symptoms of decreased absorption may include diarrhea, weight loss, nutrient deficiencies, and other gastrointestinal issues. Treatment may involve dietary changes, supplements, and\/or medication, depending on the underlying cause of the problem."},{"name":"Transcellular Shift","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Transcellular shift refers to the movement of fluids and electrolytes across a cell membrane from one compartment to another, for example, from the extracellular space to the intracellular space, or vice versa. This can occur as a result of osmotic pressure, hormonal stimuli, or electrical gradients. Transcellular shift plays an important role in maintaining body fluid balance and electrolyte homeostasis, as well as in regulating cellular processes such as nutrient uptake and waste removal."},{"name":"Urinary Loss","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":""},{"name":"Ureterosigmoidostomy","after":{"null":["Non-Anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Ureterosigmoidostomy is a surgical procedure that involves rerouting one or both ureters, which are the tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder, to a segment of the sigmoid colon. This allows urine to bypass a damaged or diseased bladder and exit the body through the colon. It is typically performed in cases where the bladder has been removed or is not functioning properly, such as in cases of bladder cancer or spinal cord injuries."},{"name":"Glucosuria","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Fanconi Syndrome"]},"description":"Glucosuria is a medical condition characterized by the presence of glucose in the urine. It occurs when the kidneys cannot reabsorb all the glucose from the blood, leading to high levels of glucose in the urine. Glucosuria is often seen in people with diabetes or other conditions that affect insulin production or utilization. It can also be caused by certain medications, hormonal imbalances, and kidney diseases."},{"name":"Secondary Hyperaldosteronism","after":{"null":["Hypokalemia","Metabolic Alkalosis"]},"before":{"null":["Bartter Syndrome (like furosemide)","Gitelman Syndrome (like thiazide)"]},"description":"Secondary hyperaldosteronism refers to a condition where there is increased secretion of aldosterone from the adrenal glands due to factors outside the adrenal gland. This may be due to an underlying medical condition such as congestive heart failure, liver cirrhosis, or kidney disease, which causes a decrease in blood volume or a decrease in blood flow to the kidney. These external factors stimulate the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), leading to the production of aldosterone, which causes retention of sodium and water and increased excretion of potassium and hydrogen ions. This can lead to hypertension, fluid overload, and hypokalemia."},{"name":"Bartter Syndrome (like furosemide)","after":{"null":["Secondary Hyperaldosteronism"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Bartter syndrome is a rare genetic disorder that affects the kidneys and causes an imbalance of certain electrolytes in the body. It is characterized by low levels of potassium and chloride in the blood, which can lead to muscle weakness, fatigue, cramping, and other symptoms. Furosemide is a type of diuretic medication that is commonly used to treat fluid retention in people with heart failure, kidney disease, and other conditions. It works by blocking the reabsorption of sodium and chloride in the kidneys, which increases urine output and helps to reduce fluid buildup in the body. However, in people with Bartter syndrome, furosemide can exacerbate the electrolyte imbalances and may not be effective in treating fluid retention. Alternative treatments, such as potassium-sparing diuretics and electrolyte supplements, may be necessary to manage the condition."},{"name":"Gitelman Syndrome (like thiazide)","after":{"null":["Secondary Hyperaldosteronism"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Gitelman Syndrome is an inherited renal disorder that affects the electrolyte balance in the body, similar to the mechanism of thiazide diuretics. It is caused by mutations in the SLC12A3 gene, which encodes for a protein called thiazide-sensitive Na-Cl cotransporter in the kidney. This results in impaired reabsorption of sodium, chloride, potassium, and magnesium in the renal tubules, leading to low blood volume, hypotension, hypokalemia, metabolic alkalosis, and muscle weakness. Gitelman Syndrome is typically diagnosed in young adults and can be managed with potassium and magnesium supplementation and avoidance of certain medications and foods that can exacerbate electrolyte imbalances."},{"name":"Liddle Syndrome","after":{"null":["Hypertension","Hypokalemia","Metabolic Alkalosis"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Liddle Syndrome is a rare genetic disorder characterized by a condition called hypokalemic alkalosis, which is marked by low levels of potassium in the blood and increased pH levels. This occurs due to an abnormality that causes excessive retention of sodium in the kidneys. This condition leads to hypertension and can cause damage to the heart, kidneys, and other vital organs. Liddle Syndrome is caused by mutations in genes that regulate the activity of sodium channels in the kidney, which effectively control sodium absorption and excretion. The condition can be treated with medication aimed at reducing blood pressure and potassium-sparing diuretics, which help to increase the excretion of sodium and water while maintaining potassium levels."},{"name":"Adult Polycystic Kidney Disease","after":{"null":["Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)","Mitral Valve Prolapse","Cerebral aneurysm"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Adult Polycystic Kidney Disease (APKD) is a genetic disorder characterized by the growth of multiple cysts in the kidneys, leading to kidney enlargement and impaired kidney function. It is a progressive disease that leads to chronic kidney disease (CKD) over time. The symptoms of APKD include back or abdominal pain, high blood pressure, blood in the urine, and urinary tract infections. The disease may also affect other organs, such as the liver, pancreas, and brain. APKD is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner, meaning that a person has a 50% chance of inheriting the disease if one of their parents has it. There is currently no cure for APKD, and treatment involves managing the symptoms and complications of the disease, such as hypertension and kidney failure."},{"name":"Cerebral aneurysm","after":{"null":["Subarachnoid Hemorrhage"]},"before":{"null":["Adult Polycystic Kidney Disease"]},"description":"A cerebral aneurysm is a weak or thin spot on a blood vessel in the brain that balloons out and fills with blood, potentially leading to a rupture or bleeding in the brain."},{"name":"Tricuspid Stenosis","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Carcinoid Heart Disease"]},"description":"Tricuspid stenosis is a rare condition characterized by the narrowing of the tricuspid valve that separates the right atrium and right ventricle of the heart. This narrowing can impede blood flow and cause symptoms such as fatigue, shortness of breath, and swelling in the legs and abdomen. It is typically caused by congenital defects, rheumatic fever, or other forms of heart disease. Treatment may involve medications, surgical repair or replacement of the valve, or other cardiac interventions."},{"name":"Valve leaflet","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"A valve leaflet is a thin, flat piece of tissue that makes up the flaps of a heart valve. It is also referred to as a valve cuspid or leaf. These leaflets open and close to regulate the flow of blood through the heart, preventing backflow and ensuring proper circulation. The number of leaflets in a valve can vary depending on the location in the heart. For example, the tricuspid valve has three leaflets, while the mitral valve has two."},{"name":"Aortic root disease","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Aortic root disease is a medical condition that affects the aorta, which is the main artery in the body that carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body. It is characterized by an abnormal enlargement, weakening, or inflammation of the aortic root, and can lead to a variety of complications including aneurysms, dissections, and valve disorders. Aortic root disease can be caused by a number of factors including genetic disorders, infections, and high blood pressure, and can be diagnosed through medical imaging, electrocardiography, and other diagnostic tests. Treatment for aortic root disease may involve medications, lifestyle changes, or surgical procedures depending on the severity of the condition and the individual needs of the patient."},{"name":"Diastolic murmur","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Aortic Regurgitation"]},"description":"A diastolic murmur is a type of heart murmur that occurs during the relaxation phase of the heart cycle. It is caused by turbulent blood flow through the heart valves, usually the aortic valve or the mitral valve. This type of murmur is usually indicative of a problem with the heart valve, such as stenosis (narrowing) or regurgitation (leakage). Diastolic murmurs can be heard with a stethoscope during a physical examination and further diagnostic tests may be needed to determine the underlying cause."},{"name":"Macroangiopathic Hemolytic Anemia","after":{"null":["Hemolysis"]},"before":{"null":["Aortic Stenosis"]},"description":"Macroangiopathic hemolytic anemia is a type of hemolytic anemia that occurs as a result of mechanical damage to red blood cells in larger blood vessels. This damage is caused by factors such as artificial heart valves, aortic stenosis, or other cardiovascular diseases that can cause turbulence in blood flow. The condition can lead to symptoms such as fatigue, weakness, and shortness of breath as red blood cells are destroyed faster than they can be replaced. Treatment typically involves addressing the underlying cardiovascular disease and managing symptoms."},{"name":"Impaired wound healing","after":{"null":[]},"before":{"null":["Copper Deficiency","Zinc Deficiency","Vitamin C Deficiency"]},"description":"Impaired wound healing refers to a condition where a wound takes longer than expected to heal or fails to heal at all. It can happen due to various factors, including underlying health conditions, poor nutrition, decreased blood flow to the wound, infection, age, and medication. Impaired wound healing can lead to complications such as infections, chronic wounds, and delayed recovery. It is important to identify the cause of impaired wound healing and treat it promptly to prevent complications."},{"name":"Zinc Deficiency","after":{"null":["Impaired wound healing"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Zinc deficiency is a condition in which the body does not have enough zinc to function properly. Zinc is an essential mineral that is involved in many important functions in the body, including immune function, wound healing, and protein synthesis. A deficiency in zinc can lead to a variety of symptoms, such as slowed growth and development, skin rashes, hair loss, impaired immune function, and loss of appetite. Zinc deficiency is most common in developing countries and in populations with inadequate diets."},{"name":"Vitamin C Deficiency","after":{"null":["Impaired wound healing"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":"Vitamin C deficiency, also known as scurvy, is a condition that occurs when there is a severe lack of vitamin C in the body. This essential nutrient is important for the growth, development, and repair of tissues in the body, as well as for overall health and immune function. When the body does not get enough vitamin C, symptoms such as fatigue, weakness, joint and muscle pain, skin problems, and bleeding gums may occur. If left untreated, vitamin C deficiency can lead to serious health problems, including anemia, infections, and even death in severe cases."},{"name":"Congenital fenestration","after":{"null":["Aortic Regurgitation"]},"before":{"null":[]},"description":""}]